9 Manufacture Substances in Industry

1 | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangMANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRYUnderstanding the manufacture of Sulhuric acidS!nthesising the manufacture of ammonia and its saltsUnderstanding allo!E"aluating uses of Comosite materialsAl!ing uses of glass and ceramicsE"aluating uses of s!nthetic ol!mers#$ %hat is the name of industrial rocess to roduce sulhuric acid& '$ (i"e ) uses of sulhuric acid$ #$ Define allo!$'$ E*lain +h! the allo! is harder than ure metal$ )$,ist ' e*amles of allo!s and list its comositions resecti"el!$-$ ,ist ' e*amles of allo! and their comositions$#$ %hat is s!nthetic ol!mer&'$ ,ist t+o e*amles of s!nthetic ol!mers$ Then state its monomer$)$,ist ) naturall! occurring ol!mers$#$ ,ist the different .et+een glasses and ceramic$'$,ist uses of ceramics$)$State roerties of glass #$ Define comosite material$'$ (i"e an e*amle of comosite material/ e*lain its roerties and its uses$ )$,ist ) e*amles of comosite materials and their comonents#$Descri.e 0a.er 1rocess'$,ist ) uses of ammonia)$Descri.e an e*erimentto reare ammoniumfertili2erT. 9.0#CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTUREDSUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIES2 | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangMANUFACTURE 3F SU,10URIC ACID Manufacturing of sulhuric acidUsesEn"ironmental ollutionStage I4 5Formation of sulphur io!i"Com.ustion of sulfur in o*!gen6 m"tal sulphi" in o*!genS7 3' S3'

Stage II4 5 Formation of sulphur trio!i"Com.ustion in the e*cess o*!gen 8'39'S3'7 3''S3) -9:oC; # atm$Stage III4 5Formation of sulphuri# a#iSulhur trio*ide is added to concentrated sulhuric acid$ S3) 7 0'S3-0'S'3)$Manufacture of detergent$-$Electrol!te in .atter! #$ Manufactured materials of sulhuric acid are usuall! non5.iodegradation'$ The com.ustion could e"ol"e sulhur dio*ide to causes acid rain$)$ The fertili2er ma! cause +ater ollution if use it in e*cess$-$ Detergent ma! cause +ater ollution$ E*lainationContact 1rocessT. 9.1'3 | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangMANUFACTURE 3F AMM3NIA AND ITS SA,TS1roerties of ammonia Manufacturing ammonia in industr!To roduce ammonium fertili2er in la.orator!#$ 1ungent smell'$ Colourless)$ Base-$ Dissol"ed in +ater to form al@ali 0a.er rocess Iron filings N' 7 )0' 'N0))::atm$;9::oC1rearation of ammonium sulhate =N0->'S3-T. 9.2) | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangAllo!ComositionUsageSteelFe ; C 8ehicle; ;.ridgeBrassCu ; An Electrical comonenBron2eCu; SnMedal; statueDuralumiAl ; Mg6CuAirlanesCuronic@el Cu;Ni Coin1e+terSn ;Cu6S.Sou"enir; A$$%&SA$$%&SDefinitionComare the hardness of ure metals and allo!s66Rate of corrosion of iron and steelE!p"rim"ntStructural of atoms =articles> in ure metal and allo!Aim ofma@ing allo!Comosition and uses of allo! Metal atomsMetal atomsForeign atoms1ure metalAllo!Atoms of Pur" m"tal ar" th" sam" in si'"s and arearrange in a r"(ular arran("m"nt$ Therefore the atoms can sli" o"er each other easil! .! force$ M"tal atoms and for"i(n atoms ar" not th" sam" in si'"s and arranged in irr"(ular arran("m"nt$Therefore the atoms are iffi#ult to sli" o)"r "a#h oth"r using force$ %eightMetal .loc@Iron .allMi!tur" of t+o or more elements +hereas one of them is metal mi*ed in a #"rtain #omposition*T. 9.3!To in"rease hardness!To im#ro$e a##earan"e. !To #re$ent rusting-% | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangSYNT0ETIC 13,YMERSDefinitionNatural ol!mers Natural ol!mer; monomer B its usesS!nthetic ol!mers monomers B usesEn"ironmental ollutionA su.stance form .! lin+in( to("th"r man! simler units calls monom"rs$Most of the s,nth"ti# pol,m"rs ar" non- .io"(raa.l" and roducing poisonous (as on .urnin( S!nthetic ol!mers1ol!mer Monomer UsesStarchglucose food1rotein amino acid foodNatural ru..erisorene T!re 1ol!mer B formulaMonomer B formulaUses1ol!thene Ethene1lastic.ottle1ol!ro!lene 1roene1lastic .ag18C 8in!l chloride %ater ieT. 9.9& | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang(,ASS AND CERAMICS(lassCeramicT!e of glass and comosition1roerties of glassT!e of glass; secial roerties and uses#$ 0ard '$ Transarent)$ %ater imermea.le$ -$ Brittle9$ Comress resistanceC$ Electrical insulation

Molten silica 7 CaC3)soa-lim" (lass 7 Na'C3)

Molten silica 7 B'3)Borosili#at" (lassSilica 7 1.3 $"a #r,stal (lass$=Sand> Free2eFree2eFree2eT. 9.%C' | P a g eChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangC3M13SITEMATERIA,E*amles and its comonents and usesComare the roerties of comosite material and its original comonent4Definition Reinforced concrete4 Suer conductor material4Fi.er glass41hoto chromic glass4The future of comosite material1R3FECT4M! comosite material$$$T. 9.&7$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3timum conditions4=i> Temerature 4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=ii> 1ressure 4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=iii> Catal!st 4$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangDUSES %FSU$PHURIC ACIDPaintpigmentProducing DetergentMetal cleaning9 | P a g eSta(" III: Prou#tion of sulphuri# a#iSulhur trio*ide is reacted +ith concentrated acid to form oleum$S3)=g>7 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$The oleum is diluted +ith +ater to roduce concentratedsulhuric acid in large Euantities$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7 0'3=l>$$$$$$0'S3-=l>3. )ul#hur dio*ide "an "ause a"id rain. Acid rain o""urs +hen pH o, the rain is between 2.4 and 5.0.-alan"e the e.uation /elo+ to sho+ the rea"tion o, sul#hur dio*ide +ith rain+ater........ S3'=g> 7 3' =g>7 $$$$$0'3=l> $$$$$$0'S3-=aE>. Explain ho+ sul#huri" a"id and its/y#rodu"ts 0 sul#hur dio*ide1 "ause en$ironmental #ollution.EnvironmentalPollutionExplaination2ir3ater 4The "om/ustion "ould e$ol$e sul#hur dio*ide to "ause a"id rain. 42"id rain "orrodes /uildings and metal stru"tures42"id rain ,lo+ into lakes and ri$er.45akes and ri$er /e"omes a"idi"46ish and other a.uati" organisms die)oilChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN PahangG10 | P a g eB* AMM%NIA AND ITS SA$TS#$ '$ Prop"rti"s of Ammonia$;N0) $$$$=i> Is al@aline=ii> Is a $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$gas=iii> 0as a $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$smell=i"> Is $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$dense than air="> Is "er! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$in +ater="i> (i"es a $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ +hen reacted +ith h!drogen chloride gas; 0Cl$Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang#:USES %FAMM%NIAFertiliserse$g$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$S!nthetic fi.reRa+ material in the 3st+ald 1rocess11 | P a g e)$ The diagram .elo+ sho+s the rocess in manufa#turin( of ammonia$ Comlete the diagram$Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang##,iEuid air Natural gasFractional distillation0!drogenReact +ith steamHa."r Pro#"ss$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7$$$$0' =l> $$$$$$$$$$=i> Temerature 4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=ii> 1ressure 4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$=iii> Catal!st 4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$Ammonia gas; nitrogen gas; h!drogen gas,iEuid ammoniacooledUnreacted N' and 0' are rec!cled12 | P a g e-$ To pr"par" ammonium sulphat"/ 0NH123S%1 f"rtilis"rAaratus4 Retort stand and clam; .urrett; conical flas@; +hite tile; e"aorating dish; fiter funnel; Bunsen .urner; +ire gau2e$Material/ Meth!l orange; ' mol dm5) ammonia; N0) solution ; #$: mol dm5) sulhuric acid; 0'S3-

Based on figure a.o"e; descri.e ho+ !ou can reare ammonium sulhate; =N0->'S3-cr!stals$,ist of aaratus and materials1rocedure 3.ser"ation Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang#'Sulhuric acidAmmonia solution7 meth!l orangeAmmonium sulhate solution0eat13 | P a g eDiscussion C *A$$%&S#$ %hat are allo!s&???????????????????????????????$$???????????????????????????????$$'$ The aim of ma@ing allo!s4=i> ??????????????$$=ii> ??????????????$$=iii> ??????????????$$)$ The comosition; roerties and use of allo!s4Allo, Composition Prop"rti"s Us"sBrass ??????????$$=ii> ??????????$$=iii> ??????????$9$ Comlete the ta.le .elo+ for the the name of monomer and the uses of the gi"en s!nthetic ol!mers$S,nth"ti# pol,m"r Monom"r Us"sN!lon 1erse* 1ol!roene 1ol!"in!l chloride; 18CchloroethaneTer!lene C$ S!nthetic ol!mer s are non .iodegrada.le$It is imortant to safel! disose these1ol!mers to re"ent ollution to the en"ironment$The .est +a! is to rec!cle these items$E* 4$ASS AND CERAMICS#$ Comlete the ta.le .elo+4T,p" of (lass Sp"#ial prop"rti"s Us"sChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang#C1' | P a g eBorosilicate glass5transarent555la.orator! aaratus55Fused silica glass,ead glass50igh densit!555lens55Soda glass'$ State si* roertise of ceramics4=i> ???????????????????=ii> ???????????????????=iii> ???????????????????=i"> ???????????????????="> ???????????????????="i> ???????????????????)$ ,ist three uses of ceramics=i> ????????????????????$=ii> ????????????????????=iii> ???????????????????? Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang#O ' mar@s PChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang'92& | P a g e=iii> The aaratus .elo+ is used to ma@e ammonium nitrate solution$ Ne*t to the arro+; dra+ a diagram of set u of the aaratus used in the rearation of ammonium nitrate cr!stals$[Alat radas di ba%ah digunakan untuk menyediakan larutanammonium nitrat. &isebelah gambar anak panah! lukiskansusunanalat radasyangdigunakanuntukmenyediakankristalammonium nitrat]O ' mar@s P=d> Calculate the ercentage content of nitrogen .! +eight in theFertili2er in =c> =iii>$ =Relati"e atomic mass/ 0; #/N; #-/3; #C>[hitungkan peratus kandungan nitrogen berasaskan berat di dalam baa c 'iii( . [isim atom relati) * ; H! +;N! +";#! +,(O' mar@sPChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang'C2' | P a g e'$ 1ol!mers are long chain molecules made .! Ioining together thousands of smallermolecules called monomers$[polimer adalah molekul berantai panang yang dihasilkan dengan cara menggabungkan beberapa uta molekul yang dinamakan monomer]a> 1ol!roene and ol!"in!l chloride are e*amles of ol!mers$State the name of their monomers$[Poliropene dan poli-inil klorida adalah contoh bagi polimer.Nyatakan nama setiap monomer] i$ 1ol!roene 4QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ[polipropene]ii$ ol!"in!l chloride [poli-inil klorida]O' mar@sP.> 1lastic .ag used in our dail! life is a t!e of s!nthetic ol!mer$State one ad"antage and one disad"antage of lastic .ag$[beg plastik yang digunakan di dalam kehidupan seharian kita adalah polimer sintetik.Nyatakan satu kelebihan dan kelemahanbeg plastik]i$ Ad"antage4[kelebihan]ii$ Disad"antage4[kelemahan] O' mar@sPc> Bron2e is an allo! formed from coer and tin$[.angsa adalah aloi yang terbentuk daripada kuprum dan timah.]i$ State one aim of allo!ing O# mar@P[nyatakan satutuuan pengaloian.]ii$ State one use of .ron2e O# mar@P [nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa]iii$ Dra+ the arrangement of articles in .ron2e$O# mar@P[/ukiskan susunan 0arah di dalam gangsa]i"$ Bron2e is harder than coer$E*lain +h!$ O# mar@P[.angsa lebih keras daripada kuprum. 1erangkan mengapa2])$ Reinforced concrete and hotochromic glass are some e*amles of comosite materials[3onkrit yang diperkukuhkan dan kaca )otokromik adalah beberapa contoh bahan komposit!]a> %hat is the meaning of comosite material& [apakah maksud bahan komposit]O' mar@sP.> Name the material used to ma@e reinforced concrete$[namakan bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat konkit yang diperuuhkan] O# mar@PChemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang' 1hotochromic glass has a secial roert! that ma@es it .etter than glass$State the secial roert! of hotochromic glass$[kaca )otokromik mempunyai si)at istime%a yang menadikannya lebih baik daripada kaca.Nyatakan apakah si)at istime%a kaca )otokromik]O# mar@Pd> Name the su.stance that is added to ma@e hotochromic glass change colour in resonse to sunlight$[Namakan bahan yang di tambah kepada kaca )otokromik bertukar %arna bila terdedah kepada cahaya matahari]O# mar@Pe> (i"e t+o e*amle of comosite materials$[4erikan 5 contoh bagi bahan komposit] O' mar@sPf> The use of s!nthetic ol!mers e*tensi"el! in our dail! lifes has .ecome an issue of en"ironmental ollution$[Penggunaan polimer sintetik secara berlebihan di dalam kehidupan seharian telah menadi isu kepada pencemaran alam sekitar]i$ State t+o +a!s in +hich s!nthetic ol!mer can cause ollution to the en"ironment$[Nyatakan dua cara bagaimana polimer sintetik boleh menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar]O' mar@sPii$ (i"e one method to o"ercome the en"ironmental ollution ro.lems cause .! s!nthetic ol!mers[4erikan satu kaedah untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran alam sekitar yang disebabkan oleh polimer sintetik]O# mar@P Chemistry Module 2009@ Hak Milik JPN Pahang'D29 | P a g eESSA& ;UESTI%N PAPER 3-$=a> Figure )$# sho+s an industrial rearation of sulhuric acid .! the contact rocess$[.ambaraah $.+ menunukkan penyediaan asid sul)urik di dalam industri oleh Proses 6entuh]Fi(ur" 7*