8U1 - 5(A) describe the structure of atoms, including the masses, electrical charges, and locations, of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud; Matter is anything that takes up space. All Matter is composed of tiny particles called ATOMS. Surprisingly, in the entire universe there are only 118 different kinds of atoms. Here on earth, there are approximately 70 different kinds of common atoms. We call them ELEMENTS. Elements are only made up of one kind of atom.
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8U1 - 5(A) describe the structure of atoms, including the masses, electrical
charges, and locations, of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in
the electron cloud;
Matter is anything that takes up space. All Matter is composed of tiny particles called ATOMS.
Surprisingly, in the entire universe there are only 118 different kinds of atoms. Here on earth,
there are approximately 70 different kinds of common atoms. We call them ELEMENTS.
Elements are only made up of one kind of atom.
The smallest possible element would be one proton and one electron. This is the element
hydrogen.
The next possible element is 2 protons and 2 electrons. This is the element Helium. Next is
Litium, with 3 electrons and 3 protons. The progression of the elements is shown below.
Atom the smallest particle into which an
element can be divided and still have the
properties of that element; consists of
protons, neutrons, and electrons
atom Smallest particle of an element.
electron A tiny, negatively charged particle that
moves around the nucleus of an atom
Electrons The electrons are moving VERY fast
around the nucleus
Proton positively charged particle located in the
nucleus of an atom
Protons determine the identity of the
atom.
neutron A subatomic particle that has no charge
and that is found in the nucleus of an
atom
nucleus of
atom
The protons and neutrons are held
together in the positively charged nucleus
of the atom
If the atoms are packed closely together, we have
a
SOLID
IF the atoms are loosely connected to each other,
we have a
LIQUID
If the atoms are not connected at all, we have a
GAS
Each atom consists of 3 parts: Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with electrons orbiting in
orbitals.
atom the basic building block of matter
•
Electron each electron has 1 unit of negative charge
proton Each proton has 1 unit of positive charge
neutron A particle without an electrical charge
within the atomic nucleus
Isotope An atom with the same number of
protons and a different number of
neutrons from other atoms of the same
element.
Nucleus
(Atom)
The center of an atom that contains the
protons and neutrons
Neutral Atoms are neutral – the number of
positive protons is exactly the same as
the number of negative electrons,
resulting in a net charge of zero.
Molecule Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
octet rule How elements generally prefer to form
bonds so as to attain eight electrons in
their outer shell
Valence
Electrons
An electron in an outer shell of an atom
that can participate in forming chemical
bonds with other atoms
Argon Valence electrons = ? 8
Potassium Valence electrons = ? 1
Nitrogen
Valence electrons = ? 5
8U1 - 5(B) identify that protons determine an element's identity and valence
electrons determine its chemical properties, including reactivity;
Valence electrons determine how an element will react with other substances.
Elements in the same Group / Family have the same number of valence electrons. This is why
elements in the same Group / Family have similar properties and reactivites.
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