8th Sem Report

8/2/2019 8th Sem Report

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An electronic lock is a device which has an electronic control assembly attached to it.

They are provided with an access control system. This system allows the user to unlock the

device with a password. The password is entered by making use of a keypad. The user can

also set his password to ensure better protection.

The major components include a keypad, LCD and the controller AT89C51 which

belongs to the 8051 series of microcontrollers. A 4x4 matrix keypad and a 16x2 LCD have

been used here. Keypad and LCD are very commonly used input & output devices,

respectively. A four digit predefined password needs to be specified the user. This password

is stored in the system.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-keypad-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/lcdhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/at89c51-or-89c51-microcontrollerhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/8051-microcontrollerhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-keypad-AT89C51http://engineersgarage.com/content/lcdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gateman-sb740.jpghttp://engineersgarage.com/content/lcdhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-keypad-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/8051-microcontrollerhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/at89c51-or-89c51-microcontrollerhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/lcdhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-keypad-AT89C51


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CHAPTER 2

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The working principle of our system is simple and economy. The entire concept is

based on microcontroller. While unlocking, if the entered password from keypad matches

with the stored password, then the lock opens and a message is displayed on LCD. Also an

output pin is made high to be used for further purpose. For the input the keypad is scanned

for pressed digits one by one. Every time, row and column of the key pressed is detected.

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR ELECTRONIC LOCKER

t

output

Fig 2.1

Here the input code is given from the switch matrix. One code is set as a default. The

interfacing between the switch matrix and microcontroller, the microcontroller and LCD is

done by programming . Fig 1.1 shows the block diagram of the Electronic Locker.

8051 micro

controller

Switch matrix

L

C

D

Relay


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CHAPTER 3

BUILDING BLOCKS SPECIFICATION

3.1 INPUT UNIT

The input of the locker is given from a 4x4 switch matrix.

Switch Matrix

The code word (key) of the locker is set by 4x4 switch matrix.

General description:

In general, switch matrix are organized as a matrix of rows and columns. One side of

this matrix is connected to 6V through resistors while the other side is connected to the

ground. To detect which switch is pressed we ground all rows, then read all columns.initially.

When no switch is pressed, all the columns are high. If a switch is pressed, one of the

columns is low. The switch which is pressed, becomes grounded and other unpressed switch

is in highstage.The circuit diagram of the matrix is shown in the figure.

Fig 3.1


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3.2 8051 Microcontroller

We are using here an AT89C51 microcontroller which is a 8051 family

microcontroller. The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available

operations are limited to 8 bits.

Some of the features of 8051 are:

4 KB on chip program memory. 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM). 4 reg banks.

128 user defined software flags. 8-bit data bus 16-bit address bus 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less). 3 internal and 2 external interrupts. Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes. Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports). 16-bit program counter and data pointer. 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.


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Pin diagram:

Fig 3.2: Pin diagram of the 8051

Basic Pins

PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used to reset the microcontrollers internal registers and

ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.)

PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect a

crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.

PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs +5V

500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the Atmel 2051

which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V.

PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in flash

memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If external

memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to

indicate the presence of external memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which

is used when multiple memory chips are connected to the controller and only one of them

needs to be selected.We will deal with this in depth in the later chapters. PIN 29 is called
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Pinouts8051.jpghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Pinouts8051.jpghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Pinouts8051.jpghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Pinouts8051.jpg


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PSEN. This is "program store enable". In order to use the external memory it is required to

provide the low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.

Ports

There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.

PORT P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which can be used

for a variety of interfacing tasks.

PORT P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has additional

functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt pins, 2 external

counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.

PORT P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no

external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P2 will act

as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to access external memory. PORT P2 acts as

A8-A15, as can be seen from fig 1.1

PORT P0 (pins 32 to 39) PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no

external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P0 acts as a

multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to access external memory in conjunction

with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7, as can be seen from fig 1.1

Oscillator Circuits

The 8051 requires the existence of an external oscillator circuit. The oscillator circuit

usually runs around 12MHz, although the 8051 (depending on which specific model) is

capable of running at a maximum of 40MHz. Each machine cycle in the 8051 is 12 clock

cycles, giving an effective cycle rate at 1MHz (for a 12MHz clock) to 3.33MHz (for the

maximum 40MHz clock). The oscillator circuit generates the clock pulses so that all internal

operations are synchronized.


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Internal Architecture

fig 3.3: Internal schematics of the 8051.

Data and Program Memory

The 8051 Microcontroller can be programmed in PL/M, 8051 Assembly, C and a number of

other high-level languages. Many compilers even have support for compiling C++ for an

8051.

Program memory in the 8051 is read-only, while the data memory is considered to be

read/write accessible. When stored on EEPROM or Flash, the program memory can be

rewritten when the microcontroller is in the special programmer circuit

Program Start Address

The 8051 starts executing program instructions from address 0000 in the program memory.


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Special Function Register

The Special Function Register (SFR) is the upper area of addressable memory, from address0x80 to 0xFF. A, B, PSW, DPTR are called SFR.

General Purpose Registers

The 8051 has 4 selectable banks of 8 addressable 8-bit registers, R0 to R7. This means that

there are essentially 32 available general purpose registers, although only 8 (one bank) can be

directly accessed at a time. To access the other banks, we need to change the current bank

number in the flag status register.

A and B Registers

The A register is located in the SFR memory location 0xE0. The A register works in a similar

fashion to the AX register of x86 processors. The A register is called the accumulator, and by

default it receives the result of all arithmetic operations. The B register is used in a similar

manner, except that it can receive the extended answers from the multiply and divide

operations. When not being used for multiplication and Division, the B register is available as

an extra general-purpose register.


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3.3 OUTPUT UNIT

In our project we are using LCD (Liquid crystal display) for showing the output.

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) offer several advantages over traditional cathode-ray

tube displays that make them ideal for several applications. Of course, LCDs are flat, and

they use only a fraction of the power required by CRTs. They are easier to read and more

pleasant to work with for long periods of time than most ordinary video monitors. There are

several tradeoffs as well, such as limited view angle, brightness, and contrast, not to mention

high manufacturing cost. As research continues, these limitations are slowly becoming less

significant.

Today's LCDs come mostly in two flavors---passive and active. The less expensive passive

matrix displays trade off picture quality, view angle, and response time with power

requirements and manufacturing cost. Active matrix displays have superior picture quality

and viewing characteristics, but need more power to run and are much more expensive to

fabricate.

Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as well as

for debugging purpose. The most common type of LCD controller is HITACHI 44780 which

provides a simple interface between the controller & an LCD.

These LCD's are very simple to interface with the controller as well as are cost effective.

The most commonly used ALPHANUMERICdisplays are
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheethttp://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheet


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1x16(Single Line & 16 characters),

2x16(Double Line & 16 character per line),

4x20(four lines & Twenty characters per line).

In our project we are using a 2x16 LCD

The LCD requires 3 control lines (RS, R/W & EN) & 8 (or 4) data lines. The number on data

Lines depends on the mode of operation. If operated in 8-bit mode then 8 data lines + 3 control

lines i.e.total 11 lines are required. And if operated in 4-bit mode then 4 data lines + 3 control

lines i.e. 7 lines are required. How do we decide which mode to use ? Its simple if you have

sufficient data lines you can go for 8 bit mode & if there is a time constrain i.e. display s hould

be faster then we have to use 8-bit mode because basically 4-bit mode takes twice as more

time as compared to 8-bit mode.

Pin Symbol Function

1 Vss Ground

2 Vdd Supply Voltage

3 Vo Contrast Setting

4 RS Register Select

5 R/W Read/Write Select

6 En Chip Enable Signal

7-

14

DB0-

DB7Data Lines

15 A/VeeGnd for the

backlight

16 K Vcc for backlight

When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command. When RS is high (1), the data being

sent is considered as text data which should be displayed on the screen.

When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is

high (1), the program is effectively reading from the LCD. Most of the times there is no need to

read from the LCD so this line can directly be connected to Gnd thus saving one controller line.


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The ENABLEpin is used to latch the data present on the data pins. A HIGHLOW signal is

required to latch the data. The LCD interprets and executes our command at the instant the EN

line is brought low. If we never bring EN low, your instruction will never be executed.

For Contrast setting a 10K pot should be used as shown in the figure.

Data to be Displayed

lcd_datadisplay:

SETB RS//Telling the LCD that the data which is being send

is to be displayed

MOV P1,A //Character to be displayed is in Acc

SETB EN

CLR EN //High to Low pulse on EN to latch the data


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CALL DELAY //Delay so that LCD finishes its internal operations

Ret

Command or Special Instruction

lcd_comman

d:

CLR RS//Telling the LCD that the data which is being send is

a command

MOV P1,A //Character to be displayed is in Acc

SETB EN

CLR EN //High to Low pulse on EN to latch the data

CALL

DELAY//Delay so that LCD finishes its internal operations

ret

Here I have used delay at the end of both the subroutines this is done to wait until the instruction

is completely executedby the LCD. This will assure that our program gives the LCD the time

it needs to execute instructions and also makes our program compatible with any LCD, regardless

of how fast or slow it is.

"*" - Not Used/Ignored. This bit can be either "1" or "0"


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Set Cursor Move Direction:

ID - Increment the Cursor After Each Byte Written to Display if Set

S - Shift Display when Byte Written to Display Enable Display/Cursor

D - Turn Display On(1)/Off(0) C - Turn Cursor On(1)/Off(0)

B - Cursor Blink On(1)/Off(0)

Set Cursor Move Direction:

ID - Increment the Cursor After Each Byte Written to Display if Set

S - Shift Display when Byte Written to Display Enable Display/Cursor

D - Turn Display On(1)/Off(0) C - Turn Cursor On(1)/Off(0)

B - Cursor Blink On(1)/Off(0)

Move Cursor/Shift Display

SC - Display Shift On(1)/Off(0) RL - Direction of Shift Right(1)/Left(0)

Set Interface Length

DL - Set Data Interface Length 8(1)/4(0)

N - Number of Display Lines 1(0)/2(1)

F - Character Font 5x10(1)/5x7(0)

Poll the "Busy Flag" BF - This bit is set while the LCD is processing

Move Cursor to CGRAM/Display

A - Address

Read/Write ASCII to the Display

DData

The above Table shows the different commands for the LCD. I wont go into its details.

Before starting to display on LCD we need to Initialize it. Firstly we must tell the LCD whether

we'll be using 8-bit or4-bit mode. Also we will be telling the LCD that we need 5x8 characterfont.Both these options are selected using a single command i.e. 38h. So to activate both these

options we must execute following instructions:

MOV A,#38h

CALL lcd_command


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Now that we have to Turn On the display & set the cursor option i.e. cursor ON/OFF & Cursor

blinking ON/OFF for that we will use the command 0Eh i.e. Display On , Cursor ON but Cursor

blinking OFF.

MOV A,#0Eh

CALL lcd_command

And the last command we require is to configure the LCD in such a way that everytime we send a

character to it the cursor position automatically increments by one & moves to right i.e. 06h.

MOV A,#06h

CALL lcd_command

So the lcd_initialize contains the following instructions

lcd_initialize:

MOV A,#38h

CALL lcd_command

MOV A,#38h

CALL lcd_command

MOV A,#38h

CALL lcd_command

Ret

Similarly another important instruction that we require is Clearing the LCD i.e.

lcd_clr:

MOV A,#01h

CALL lcd_command

Ret


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The other components required for perfectly running our circuit are-

3.4 RELAY

In our project we are using a relay at the port 2.0 of 8051 which is the output. When the code

input is given from the the key is matched with code already set in microcontroller then the relay

will open the door. An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right

angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the

magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current, the

greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal:

Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in this magnetic field.

When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a common iron core , we use

this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other.

.


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3.5 PRESET

In our project we are using preset to regulate the contrast of the LCD. A preset is a

three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit.

The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by

using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather

varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for

adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor.

The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the

two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front

leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are

specified by their fixed value resistance.

Pin diagram:

Fig: 3.4


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3.6 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

The 7805 voltage regulatorsemploy built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-

operating area protection which makes them virtually immune to damage from output

overloads. 7805 is a three-terminal positive voltage regulator. With adequate heatsinking, it

can deliver in excess of 0.5A output current. Typical applications would include local (on-

card) regulators which can eliminatethe noise and degraded performance associated with

single-point regulation.7805 regulator comes from the 78xx family of self-contained fixed

linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many

electronic circuits which require a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative

cheapness. When specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-

digit number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide

(for example, the 7805 voltage regulator has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12

volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to

produce a voltage that is positive relative a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx

devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used

in combination to provide both positive d negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if

necessary.7805 ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220 form

factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are also available from some

manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage which can be anywhere from

a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can

typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or larger packages

may have a lower or higher current rating).The 7805 series has several key advantages over

many other voltage regulator circuits which have resulted in its popularity:7805 series ICs do

not require any additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power,

making them easy to use, as well as economical, and also efficient uses of circuit board real

estate. By contrast, most other voltage regulators require several additional components toswitching power supply) can require not only a large number of components but also

substantial engineering expertise to implement correctly as well. 7805 series ICs have built-in

protection against a circuit drawing too much power. They also have protection against

overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications.


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7805 Regulator Circuit

Fig 3.5

7805 Voltage Regulator Pinout

Fig 3.6


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3.7 Light Emitting Diodes

Light Emitting Diodes or LEDs, are among the most widely used of all the different

types of semiconductor diodes available today.

.Light Emitting Diodes are made from exotic semiconductor compounds such as

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Phosphide (GaP), Gallium Arsenide Phosphide (GaAsP),

Silicon Carbide (SiC) or Gallium Indium Nitride (GaInN) all mixed together at different

ratios to produce a distinct wavelength of colour. Different LED compounds emit light in

specific regions of the visible light spectrum and therefore produce different intensity levels.

For red colour Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and for green colour Gallium(III)

phosphide (GaP) is used.

Here we use Red and Green LED as the indicator of correct code. If the correct code

is decoded by the circuit, Green LED will glow. Red led glows when the power supply is

given to the circuit and wrong code is pressed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium(III)_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium(III)_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium(III)_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium(III)_phosphidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide_phosphide


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CHAPTER4

CIRCUITDIAGRAMOFELECTRONICLOCKER

Fig 4.1

CHAPTER 5


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MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

As the program starts, string Enter Code is displayed on LCD. The keypad is

scanned for pressed digits one by one. Every time, row and column of the key pressed is

detected. After the four digits are entered, if we enter F then that code is accepted. If the

passwords do not match, the door will not open.

To unlock, user needs to Enter code through keypad. Again the keypad is scanned

for pressed keys and corresponding digits are identified. After the four digits are entered, they

are compared with the pre-set password. If all the four digits match with set password, LCD

displays Lock Open and the lock output pin goes high. There is another option to reset

password . If we enter E then we can reset the password and when F is pressed then the

new password is set. If we press F two times then the door is again locked.


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FLOW CHART OF THE LCD PROGRAME

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Start

Code = 4567

1st

line-Digital lock

2nd

line- Enter code

Read the key

Data=data*10+ key

If key=F

Display data

If

code=data

1st

line-Unlocked

2nd

line- Reset code

If key=E

1st

line-Enter new code

2nd

line- New code:

Read the key

If key=F

Code = data

New Code is set

Display the key

Locked


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CODING PART OF THE LCD

# include

# include# include "keyboard4_4.h"

#define LCDPORT P1

sbit RS=P0^0;

sbit RW=P0^1;

sbit EN=P0^2;

sbit RELAY=P2^0;

void MSDelay(unsigned int t)

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0;i


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EN=1; // Strobe the Enable PIN

MSDelay(1); // Wait for 1 Millisecond

EN=0;

return;

}

void LCDWriteString(char *str)

{

int i;

for(i=0;str[i];i++) LCDData(str[i]);

}

int CODE=4567;

//MAIN PROGRAM BEGINS

void LCDClear()

{

LCDCommand(0x01);

}

void LCDRow1()

{

LCDCommand(0x80);

}

void LCDRow2()

{

LCDCommand(0xC0);

}

void LCDInit()

{

//----------------------------------------------------

// LCD Initialization


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//----------------------------------------------------

LCDCommand(0x38); // 0x38 = 2 Lines and 5x7 Matrix

MSDelay(10) ; // Wait for 10 Millisecond

LCDCommand(0x0E); // Display on, Cursor Blinking

MSDelay(10) ; // Wait for 10 MillisecondLCDCommand(0x01); // Clear Display Screen


LCDCommand(0x06); // Increment Cursor (Shift Cursor to Right)


}

void main(void)

{

unsigned char CharacterCount = 0;

unsigned char KeyboardData;

int Data=0;

char buffer[17];

RELAY=1;

x:

MainSystemInitialize();

LCDWriteString("DIGITAL LOCK");

LCDRow2();

LCDWriteString("Enter Code:");

for(;;)

{

KeyboardData = get_data();

if(KeyboardData!='F') Data=(Data*10)+(KeyboardData - 48);

else

{

if(CODE==Data)

{


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LCDRow1();

LCDWriteString("UNLOCKED ");

RELAY=0;

Data=0;

LCDRow2();LCDWriteString("E - Reset Code ");

KeyboardData=get_data();

if(KeyboardData=='E')

{

LCDClear();

LCDWriteString("Enter New Code");

LCDRow2();

LCDWriteString("New Code:");

Data=0;

KeyboardData=0;

while(1)

{

KeyboardData=get_data();

if(KeyboardData=='F')

{

CODE=Data;

Data=0;

LCDClear();

LCDWriteString("New Code Set");

sprintf(buffer, "%d",Data);

LCDRow2();

Delay(1500);

goto x;

break;

}

else

{


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if(KeyboardData != 0)

{

LCDData(KeyboardData);

Data=(Data*10)+ (KeyboardData -48);

}KeyboardData=0;

}

}

}

else

{

}

}

else

{

LCDRow1();

LCDWriteString("LOCKED ");

RELAY=1;

Data=0;

Delay(500);

goto x;

}

}


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if(KeyboardData != 0)

LCDData(KeyboardData);

}

}

static void MainSystemInitialize(void){

LCDInit();

}


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CODING PART OF KEYBOARD

//INCLUDE KEYBOARD HEADER FILE

#include"keyboard4_4.h"

//DECLARE GLOABL VARIABLE

ubyte get_data()

{

ubyte time_out = 0;

ubyte digit;

ubyte a[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";

key_data = 0x0f;

while(key_data != 0x0f);

Delay(40);while(key_data != 0x0f);

while(key_data == 0x0f){

Delay(KEY_DELAY);

if(time_out++ == MAX_TIME_OUT)

return 0;

}

Delay(20);

if((key_data = 0x7f) && MASK != 0x0f)

digit = find_col(0x00);

else if((key_data = 0xbf) && MASK != 0x0f)


else if((key_data = 0xdf) && MASK != 0x0f)


else if((key_data = 0xef) && MASK != 0x0f)


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digit = find_col(0x0c);

return a[digit];

}

ubyte find_col(ubyte key){

key_data &= 0x0f;

if(key_data == 0x0d)

key++;

else if(key_data == 0x0b)

key +=2;

else if(key_data == 0x07)

key +=3;

return key;

}


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CODING PART OF THE DELAY PROGRAM

#include "delay.h"

void Delay(unsigned int time)

{

unsigned char pause;

while( time > 0)

{

pause = 150;

while(pause--);

time--;

}

}


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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATION

ELECTRONIC LOCKER is mainly designed for security purpose. It can be used as

bank locker, room locker, and at any other system that one person wants to be secured. It can

also be used by army to secure any system which is important for nation. Thus, it can be used

worldwide for many security purposes.


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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE


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The concept of the Electronic locker is very reliable as a security system. It can be

widely use as a door locker. It can be further modified by using microprocessor,

microcontroller for the same goal with more flexibility i.e. changing the code without

changing the hard wire, with less complexity in designing, with lower cost, very high

reliability and with new facilities.

8th Sem Report

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