8809-Essay-vol-2

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Your Cuide tothe Rudiments ofEssay Writing

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.tC / Lto/une2

Engli5h DeprftmeDt

Hwa Chong Junior College

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FOREWORD

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Dudng Te.m 2 lhis year, you received Essay Skiils Handbook 2002 iohelp you wilh essay wriiing. tn that trsl voume, you were givenvarious pieces of advice on analysing questions, planning essays,witing thesls statemenls, lnkodlctions, lopic senlences and conlentparEgrapfs. Essay Skills Handbook I (2002) s a companionhandbook lo the llst vol!me and picks up from where ihe Handbook

Handbook ll wl ofter you furlher advice of the rudiments ofessay wriling through addrcssing the fotlowing llve other pedinentlopcs: what constitules a good argument the composiiion ofba anced argumenls; inf!sing or'te's personal voice in essay-wrllingiconclirdifg an essayi and, tlre Genera Paper essay revisited. Just tikeihe firsl volume, wrlting exercises have been lnc uded in every chapterto allow you to pracUse and assimilale the Jundameniats of ooodwrjting - basics ihat, if yo! praclise and incorporate into your Gpessay, can helpyou gellhal A arade yoL w6fll

HAPPY f''AY WR/T/NC1

Table

ofContents

,l td *,\u i \ v lna]- b st L F tn t"d. tt" t qk v tthitirl ntuL$ littw*u1t Nrt!l'. B.hah rthJt:\

Vntl What E Aiglment

Unit 2 Writing Eahnced aEuments

Vnit I Uring PeironalVoice

Vnjt4 Wdlins a Conclusiot

Vnit 5 The Ceneial Papei Essay Revisited (5 Dai]rq!aliiies ' 1)

A,lvice fiom the Cambiidge e:.amLners

ll'{ Cl'o,9l{ tr.lCo1.!(. r.1ny 5[,]\ ] r'trLnd,l lll) ?Oo2 ltlrw.rChoDgrrDio, Colc9L. rr\:ry jkilktriD,lhq,kflt) 2oo2 X

Izs! 1Whlch of the following stalemenls are debatable an.l wh ch are non-utit 1 a \{rtu|ltlt ,.nln(I41trr,.irlmri!r.1

y!nlt 5 /\rqu rnearl

A. argument atlempis to. pers,Jade ihe reader to accept a pont ofvevr' As s!.h il cofs sts of: p.opos tion a slalement lhat isd€batable. YoLr essay ril need 1o s!piro.t Ihai slaiern€nt in a manncrta!1 convnces yoLrr readers of ls trLrlh. FoLrr obserualons can bemade abo!lar!!menis n qefera:

I Compulers €nd automaton increaseLrnemp oyment..........-..2 Smoki.g ls ha.rifulto peop e'slrealth. .. . ..3. Planis produce oxy€en that (he wor d

needs to s!staln hfe..4. A good edLrcaiion is necess.ry ior a

debalable / non'debatabte

debatable / nan debatable

debalable I nan-(l.b.tdttc

d e b qt a 1) t ; /.na n. d e b a t z b I e

debelable / n.n d-.ba!ab!e

Aro!ments deal y/ith debatable

Arcrments are oenerall

+ We can debate about loplcsthal are conirovers al lhat lsssues wilh wh ch other p€op emay or may nol agree e g.Oesarnalon is lhe best way toeis!re Singapore s ong lermr/aler sLrpp y i. lhe 21si cent!ry

+ Holrever. arg!ncnls slrou d

..1 be aboui non'debatab e:lalenrents wiilrwhich ,o o.e!/oLr d fomally d sagree or ar!ue,e !t /rfr ca rs a conunenl and nolacourtry or A cal is an ?nima

Arqumenls reaujre evidence+ Evldence co!ld take the forrirof facls like stat st cs, empiric€lcases expenences va ueslbeliels and concepls.

sLrccesstul and happy I fe5. Everybody is happy nS ngapore....

Task 2Nofr' wrlie a debal:b e and a non debatable statemeil about each ol

I

Debalah -" .r

r9tr-plelad-illuldelete!.t As arg!ments concerncp nions and notcryslal ciearl:cts you shou d avoid any over-gefera isation or Lop s dedl.ealment of an ssue such as "all

an nra s sho! d be alowed lo

Arq u men !S,I9su ire the use oilqsi,e+ For arguments to lreconvlfc ig, there mLrsl be alogica relationshlp beiv.'een theopinlon yoLr express and ihee,/idence you present. C a mssLr.h as vio efce on tele\i slo.rcauses violence n soclely'woLrld

Sifgapore s

Debaia

C orifgNon debalable

i nr ai,o,9 rL n,raoll.la s,!y![Ll5 Ni llbool( ) tooz XH'!r c )or9lr, orao .,1. Egir 5ti15 Fr:t,r1bo.li(rr) 2Oo2 X

1. The frci poinlto nole is lhat reprodlctve aulonomv cannot meanfreedom 10 breed as one ljkes. tMany socieUes, inctuding our own,have rlrles about, for exampte, incest underage sex, bestiatity,adullery and aborl on, for Qood, prlncipted reasons

reliloot arsome eramp es ofarguirenr from the parcgGphs betow.Can yo! identify the writer s cta m and the slpporing evidence frorn

[4ostofwhat s ]efl oi the natulalenvironment ofthe world slocated in developing counlrles. These countries have neiiherthe.nofey nor Ihe erp€dise lo so ve the envir6nmentai probtems inthelr midst Frrrlhermore, the government ofthese coufiries havemore pressing issues lo dealwith. Famine, civil unrest and anunstable economy occ!py lhe mlnds ofleaders ofihese co!ntries.Efvironmenla destruclion is considered as nothing moae than ap€ pheral iss!e. Fo. example, lhe tension betlv€en the Hrlus andTLtsis in RwanCa caLrsed the vr'ellbeing ofthe lamous Rlvandagorillas to be neg ected The need to iuel the economtc engine ofBrazil caused arqe tracls of lhe Amazon tropical ralnforesi lo becleared for large-scale cat(le ranching, bauxile mjnifg andagricullural lses Thus, in developing countries, man s effor-ls tosave lhe environmenlseem to be to no avail

l.rwir Clo, ),J .r r Dlor Colla9., Eiii/jki r r.riD(lbook0t))oo, )t

3 Take the example oi pollicians and cetebrit es. There are,

Evidence:

perhaps, no olher realms ofhLrman lnterest vr'hjch 3re as ferlite torthe grovy,lh ofscandal. Here, scanda is wietded as an instrurIrenrof publicity, since in show business on y no news ;s bad news. inHollyryood alone, juicy, blle sized ch!nks oi inlornraton are daiythrown out onto lhe skeets, where they are greedity consumed tyll" 'runerousjol'nal , " \1a'.19 '- 1. r,ngs. t.o iqh d, ro_cas-al. Joulinp orocess the Lalpor./ ca,atJ, / n6a u.6s oLt rh6amount of potent potson he wishes to aulicthimse f with makingsure that his repLrtation does nol sufier too gr€aity Lrhite remjf d nglhe rest ofthe world of his existence_ tn fact. most ce ebritiesdelibelalely r.aintaif an unresotved atr to ihejr scanda s. becaLsethjs w I generale even rnore conkoversy and focus lhe public sattenUon on lhemselvesrMany a celebrjly has !sed this tactic toboost his or her own flagging poputarly: E|zabeth Taytor kept iheworld guessing about how long ihls h!sband wi| tast;-WhitneyHouston and trcub esome husband Bobby Brown kept ther,rs;tvesin ihe news with lhek love-hate-drug-viotence retationship ot epicproportions; and, Madonna sparked otfone of her mafy favouritesby conceiving a child wilh an unknolvn Jalher. Scandat se s andr'l.se L-lebiries -ro.! I

Claim(s):

rhri al! r9 r, tr' a!Ll.!r riry \li,ll' I iD.llool{l) 2oo2 )t

Th€ folow ng arearg!nrent:

WEAK arsuenttsome pitfa s we sholld avold to ens.rre lood

E- Drawing conc !sionsabo!lgroups ofpeople

slereotypes Q8

88 French people are

stirdefls are better n

Restalifg in differentvrords what has akeady

Dietiog is hard becausert requires a person to

Claimifg thatoniyoneeveni caused anolherwhen there may be no

When lsat down ir iront

slopped working, so I

something wrong.

Srppery S/ope Ass!ming a chain of

.e ationshlps wil,h verys!speclconnecUons

Because liailed riyerarn, rny parents weremad, llost my wallel, mycomputer wouldn'i start,

Th€ nrst parl ofthe ideadoes not re aie to the

did wellln co legebecause I always woreHwa Chong socks.

Eilherlor Suggesling only t\,/oalterna(ives when lhe

Slngapore - love tor

Orawlng attention awayfrom lhe evidence andleans on ihe popu arityof someo'ne who mayhave itUe know edge of

Fann Wong, an actress,says thai cruises 3rBwonderfu, so they must

Claiming that mostPeople agree so it mustbe riqht.

wouldn lhave chealed

everyone e se co€s, sowhy shouldn't ?

EnatianExploiting lheaudience's feeling inorderto gel ihem on

I beleve I deserve ascholarship beca!se I

glew Lrp if a broken

Changing lhe loplc The stldent who cameate would not expla n

.ememberwhalhe ate

Focusing on thjngsunlmpodanl to the issueaihand.ltcan a so iakethe form oiaitacklng theperson insiead of the

H llh nk Prlnce Charesv,'o]]ld make a terr blemonarch. His ears areh!ge.

$t Donl vole ior thatelect on car"rdidalet he s

rnoralcourage and hasa ousy dress-sense

Llri a io,I r,rtrf (,lll.tr \! \L r lli ).l.t)( ( r) loo2 X l{i a )or9-r0 ).raollajc, E iy jhl r r nlh(,o[ ( ) 2OO? X

1. "Home is the plrce vrhere most juvenile delifquents are Ii

Iit\4All the paragiaphs beLo\! iave either vr'eak or !ndevetoped

) Based on the lab e of weakness€s listed above dentib, \rhar iswcak ior every paragraph

) Re write €:ch parag€ph to improle them.

l-. ;ih; primt ;fe oi; doc r'|s i; p,eseM ,ire' ool;nti asree? i

Just like we have a shoemaker Io mend oLrr worn-out sloes, Idoctors are there lo adminlsler medicn€ r\,hen oLr heath bre:ksdown. They are the glvers of Liie. Also, tem nat y itl par erls a I aqree'.a rl 6 o^oo to.gi.- ... r o,."q".orq..tho r diseases. Aeing cu.ed by a doc(or is itke betno roLrched b! an

ae .l.pd .,d.r'6 q or I ol" -oo

3. Have rhe youths in youridentity?

coLrntry lost iheir sense of c!ttural

The effecl of Weslem inflle|ce can be seer in a I races n |renation lhe Chifese ihe [4a ays :nd the na]ans. No tofger are theseyo!tlrt! teens talking abo!1 respect for the eldery. Thev do nol,b 6 rt 4.etae.s 06 d ot,o. ,r.o rar i .\v-,-.1 . ....".No onger do the youtlrs wish to stay !r'lh |reir parents whef theygrow up No lonqer are lhe youths dolng anyihin! rhat co nctdes wilhthe moralv.l!es and traditons ofthelrrace Whv? Because thai ts not

1 Ihe lrarmth oi hone is whal everyone yearns tor Howeler stnceItte pasl decades, rapid ndusklalisaton has bro!ght w(h it manyprober.s Peope begn to skive for a mateialsiic life, worklng dayand nighl so thai Ihey can purcbase whatever they need. Howeverthis strains tlre reiatonship beiv/een the youlhs and th€ir pa.ents aslhe pa.enls eave for work early n the mornlng and return only late alnghr The leen.ge6 have no one io connde lheir problems and theyb.gln lo spefC ihelr t..e lolterlng outside their home. They m x w thirad c.nrpafl, a.d lon gangs v/here they l€e w:nlea irslead of

lhe way the Westerners do it. Face lhe rea iy: the youlhs of Singaporeare be ng brainwashed by the Weslern nfuence They hais a ieadylost the r sense of cullura ident I

ll,'r a !, )! lL r,. a. ,r.lr tqy J[ r rh,)lLi,]ot ( ll2oo2 )t l l ir ClD,)g 1,, )io' co cj.. Rny 5[ iJ ] riD(lbool {rr) too2 X

Vnit 2r .l tt M' Nti k n t I t tat :1i., tt rtut, j,') ti6i r hB lkut1i.' - rb cxt.

Writing BaJanced Arguments

What is a balanced argument?An essay thal s ba anced, or has a ba anc€d viewpoint, means thalthe wiler s aware of and has dlscussed an issLre from varioLrs anglesEven if yo! are very c early argulng for one s de ior af issle yo! s(Llfeed to mentiof the colnle.'argumenls and g ve .ebutla s Ths'rayyou show the reader lhat you reach a concllslof only afler ca.efllconsid€raton of both sides of ihe argument. Oll the olher hand, it :s

unimpress ve to discuss an issLe from only one naffow polnt of v ew.You mlst learn to examne an issue from a wider perspective.

I?tL1Read ihe fo owlng essay below and using the folowlng quesuons as aguide, pick out the arcuments lor and agaiost the topic respeclively.i) Which phrases are faciua and which are the w teas opinlons?ir) I LeagJnprtloqc" d1d.o \ c.ng?il) ld€nufy the llnking words that lhe wrter uses 10 show a lurn in

iv) lmagne yo'r are wdung an essay thal disagreed wth this one.What woLrld you !u te?

4. ' Ado esccrce is inevitably a iime of suffering." Do you agree?

e opoosra se r'le 1 r .rreach the stage of adolescence. They begin io get lnvolved inimmalure p!ppy lov€. Geiling onese f invoved in sr.rch affairs is mostunfodunaie. One wll not be able to do wei n schoolwork and most ofthe lime. slrch .elat ofsh ps do not last ong. Moreover, when iher€lalion beh{een I{o percons t!m sour, both padies wl I not feel good

o,o.gh "ooll o/ mil, "rd lren -\- .

the school has a pa.t io p ay ir making adolescence an inevitable tmeof s!fier ng .filosi schoois n Singapore are not satislled evea if the]rsiuden{s do well academ cally ln iact. lhey are conlenled only ii the r

.l-"nr , e^ -.1 n o nr r l"r a.l . irs -\ wF

Q: ls ihe taking of hunran life justified in any civilised soclety?

For eofs since N4af deemed h mself a higher organism lhanthe resl of the arimal klngdom he has slruggled to define h mself asseparate from beasts ir terms of moral ly and spir tLra ity. Among thessues ihat lvaf as a race has tried lo corne to tenns with in view oflhls differentialion is rvhelher as a specles, h€ has lhe ighl lo takeafother life. The key to resoivng, at best parlially, this issue is toaddress severa ambigLrols lerms and lhe many issLres (hal areinvolved in thls broad-based auestion When we sav lhal N4an s a

,'r ai.,,J r, , o a! (q.. E$iy sr.'lk rlir,lhoot ( l) roo: )t

civ sed spec es y/e recognlse ih3rwe have progressed bey;nd trea9€ of cavemen and barbarians. Though Dh\rsologicaty stitjFlomosap ens, severat changes have taken ptace. lVan hasrecognised th€ potenl aloisclence as a powerfultoot, especia ty in lhe

eld ol ned, . - a r-rl oq - q-- I or of ^he

\e- a crea'or err.rsr'ld $hat op l'at , -"or pal i our dec(ions rooa/. -heparameterc of lhe vr'ord 'juslif€d lncLude lhe retigjous, human slic,medical, socletal and personal evels.

The 'laking o{ h!man ile" retates to rnanv socelat issLreslood/ Caoilo, or|lne1t, abor.on, er. arosrr a1i lte qreslor ofwar a I beg an answer 10 thts queslion, and att require us to view eachseparate y. Though many religlons advocate forgtveness andlolerance, some have also sUpulat€d crimes for which death was amandatory pr.inishment. Just l5ke Chrisiianiv for exampte. Theieachings of the Bible ln the New Testament catl tts betievers to"forgive, as your Heavenly Faiher has forgiven you". yel, some iimeback, in the Old Testament, leaders were instucled to carw outou el.e'.u uall, byprbl. .olj g oJ offdnoo s o' se,La cire.'onurdar So.eqadod. -..cpra pd .hne'll rarher o le e, lt,..

.od6a ac r deere lo I n", o.gl (-al ca- doe, sepn

be ief that prevenUng concepUon is a so laking a h!rn?n tife. Socierytakes a ess extreme stafd. Whtte many pro- ife groups recognise thefoelus as a llfe and lobby for antiaboriion laws, the.e are -rany whoare lrapped by circumstanc6s. Take, for nstafce, rape cases, wherelhe victim becomes prcgnaft- How can an outsider forie upon hsunwilllfg moiher the burden of carrying a child without recognis ng thetrauma that she has gone afd is going through? The HtppocraUc Oathbinds doclos to save paUents lives, and not to end lhem. Medica|yspeaking, a doctor should noi perform an aborton lf lt ls hts convictionthal an unborn chlld ls a h!man llle.

!.substanUafed When a person commits murder or armed robbery, itseems obvious that he does iot worry thai hjs state has capltatpuf shment or whether he shoLr d commlt the crlme because lt lacksthis legislalion. Olhe6 say capltal punishment eases the taxpayerspockei, for the "upkeep'of prisoners ls certainly a drain on naiionatrevenLre. After all, why should people pay io supporl a person who hasconmilled a crime againsi socl€ty? Does thal not slap oneself ln theface? Contrary lo popular bellet, however, a report noted that to keepa convict n pison is cheaper than puiling him to death, laeeLy due tothe ong iime crim nals spend on death row as well as the "faciljiiesrequlred for such a procedure. As such, capital punishment doesseem ufjustified and ends slrenglh to the noijon that any punishmentshoLrld be reformative, ralherthan to exterminale the i s of society.

The issle of euthanasia follows the araurnent of aborlionc ose , Tha .iard ol e g on -ena:.. I e san oi on y God rd. lr-right to lake a life, since He was the one who gave il in the ltrst ptace.On a humanitarian level, however, it is necessary to recognise ihatpatients often undergo severe pain as in cases of cancer, or suffero'eat irdgrry, wce- lookFd ro lo a lf--suppo-aLalt) o Tpan 1a n hre. Tha/ |,e ro o- eo a1o a6o rr o dpr to ' ie.Thls, lo many, is a prospect they woutd rather not face desptte the factihat rnkacles can happen, and ihey may regain their tife and abiliiy toenjoy li. ln lhe neld o{ medic ne, the HlppocraUc Oath si I appties, b!lmany doctors sill plactise euthan€sia in the q!iet by tncr€astnqmo oiir- dos;ge lodyna oar,ertr o sin oJ'i \'1q ofl. -.\{ t(h lo "life support machine. ll is reasonabte to ihem. since lhe act ofs!slaifing a ijie merely prolofgs dying.

Fr ,a ,, ,t-e,e r. t " isc re o',"r. Ho.e, rargto-l q,6- ro.6olanswer again While lisied among Ihe Ten Commandrnents is one thatslates "Thou shall nol rnurde/, the Cnrsade in which it is an honour{or a ChrlsUan knight lo slay a Mustim foe seems Io rntsrepresenlrellgion C.S. Lewis, a noted phttosopher, shed some light on theissue While he confessed lhat the Bible djd indeed say .if anyoneslaps you on the rlghl cheek, lum to him your teft atso,,, he did not takeihe sland of lhe pacifist, because he look thls parab e lo reier onty lodeliberale antagonism. Furthermore, even if one can lurn lhe othercheek, who is anyone to turn everybody lo another nalion by refusinglo defend onese f? Th!s, kiling in war in order to defend oneset

Wrlh regards to aborUon, ihe debate over what consUtules a'hlman lie comes n1o play. Wilh lilue doubi, most religions be evethal a hurnan lfe beg ns at lhe polnt ol conception. The Blble notes lnPs€ ms thal God knows a loelus wh le it is in ils molhefs womb. and lfGod recognises I as a ife, how can Man deem olhelwise? Calhollcse/en qo lo lhe e\lenl of Drohbilino co or. becaLse of lhe

Fl'q C)o ig rL nu'(o lc9( E ry !L Lr lrri h.ok(lr)2oo2 Xlwi alDr)g,r! iiorCdicAc, [s]yiklr lr.1r l,oo[(r) rOO2 X

ln concluslon, ! feel thal lhe question oi whelher lakjng ahuman lile is jus|fed must b€ viewed from the perspecUves of a"civiised socetyaswell as th€ issues lhat nrke it up. lisodone, ImLrst be fina Ly recognised that Ihe answer to this queslion is djfferent

you might criticise subseqLrenty)r and secondly that what spresented is subjeclive and does not represent your own v ewpoini:

,t has bee, arguedthat children who are looked afler byforeign maids at an early age mlss out on imporlanl earv

lhat occurs ln oarent child lnteraclion.

By incllding the phrase "lt has beenstatemenl, you have lhus proDiemalrsed

th s wdter.

argued that" if the abovethe origina claim nrade by

lntroduclng a counterargumenl''lvy (ulor wrole lhal Im contradcUng mysell is one remark oftenmade by stLrdents who are discoLrraged by their {ailed attempts arntroducing coufier-arcunrents in their essays. ti s important lhat thereader knows lhal when you write opposing arglments you do rotagree with such aryunenis. You have lo make it very clear that youare presenling these argumenls only to shovr lhai you Lrnderstand iheiss!e lrcm bolh sldes, thai you have anticipaied the opposngarguments afd wish to crlticise them.

The iolowi.g sriggesls ONE wiry yoL can introduce a co!nte.arguf-renl and lhen 1o criucise it subseqlently in s!ppadaf your awn:rgumenl There zre two lhinss you must do. Fllsty, yo! have lontrod!ce and p.oblemalise the counter-argLrment. Secondly youlntrodlce your rebutta lslrg connectoE that slgnal a conlrast (seeEssay Ski s Handboak, Vot.1, P.26).

@!ryrlters ofien tak€ a posiilon on issues and make claims that representther pont oi vlew. For exampe, the wfiter below has presented hispo ni of v evr' as a facll

Chidren who are Looked after by foreign maids at an earyage ",s o.r on rroola learl/ learnirg r'd. o ' 'r, ,

rent ch ld int€raction.

Having problemaiised this writels cla m, yor.r can now lntrcduce your

rebuttal. To do this, use contrasuve connectors, ihe mosl common of

It has been aqued lhal ch ldren \"rho a.e looked afler byforeign maids al an early age miss out on impodant e3rlyearning that occurs in pareflchiid i.leracton. Thesech dren, so rhis argument gaes, may be educauonalydisadvantaged ater ln ie lqryelq, foleign maids mayaciua y assisi chlLdren in their eariy learnlng. They give

children an opportunity 1o be exposed to another cultureand angLrage, and to deve op clli]rral awarcness al anearly age. Indeed, a whole range of learnlng can occur

children a.e ooked afier bv forelqn maids.

The slat€menlappears ror-debarable (it seerns kue thal children whoare looked afier by foreign maids al an early age are deprived ofimpodanl eany learning Ihal occurs in parenl-child nteraction). Toprobematse something means lo make il seem like a problen, lamake I seem unirue A common way lo do this is to use lhe phrase,' I has been arg ue d/said/c alrned/m enljo n ed/e tc " The phrase makest clear thal fks(Ly, yo! are onLy quoting someon€ else (whose view

iina,Jilrrr,,.,',,I.'.,f\r,l.rrlill,r,[(r)]ool l( |t)

clearly, this wtler believes that chldren who are looked afier byforeign maids are not depived of learning. lncorporaung lhe colrnterargument does not show conlradicllon. Wriilen like thls, lhe readerunderslands that the writer has consldered olher viewpoinls and

thoLroht ihrcugh the merits of each argument.

Hwi Chorg ru tr o, colhg., !$:ry 5[i ' r']iBlboo[ (ll) 2oo2 l(

Read th€ paraglaphs belcw and tn each ofrhem:i) Ufderline al the prob emausing phrases;andii) Cjrcle lhe connector whtch ;ntroduces the rebllflal

1. ln your view, js the lntetnet more of a curse or a btessind?-

Another advantage of the tnternet s that il enabtes a researcher tofind all lh€ atesl dala. lhe cotlective wisdo of humankind, tileraty athrs fingedps Whelher t s a s{uienl tooking for facts 10 pad a fi;syessay, a flm b!lf seekng intormatron 3bout the talesl seauet to Di;Ie"oo o. -.or . -'rrrn,-.taa(,la(net,n^,b"tu-ej na ..- ," r-r .d, p o,e .o o"i -i"" o,r'oao'io. ll l"d".,,.b-- .on64r-e., rdLst Le\tboo" aao.e rrcor'6o as."r r,' o . , - . . ,]q

^ e' ei, rre I ;nerhd_ talt

ln one spol, and caf be accessed from atmost anyryhere ti the wond.This is Ihe resson or lhe ercltem€nt over the lnternel as a soLfce ofinformairon: it s prox rn€le, i.nmedia(e and vast.

!r- !o ,r " - proo enc es,o- arad n - I einlernel can dlsltba llnk€d io the very qlafiies in tt that we prctse.This rnne of lniormallon is also a minefietd of infomation_ Theaulhenlclty of the recenl slew of pholographs on ihe mass rapes jnndonesia is no\r being qiresiofed. The vartous naked pictLres of

famols stars are ofien found ro trave been a pasie up of the actor'siace on someofe else's body. Worse slill, s€rious material isp aglarised and altered so frequenty that the victim of the plagiarismlvoud have a hard lime tracing aLt the cuJpdls and binging them tocourt. An earnesl scienlisl would also be wet advised to veritu a th.'r{orrarol s: jor- -s on ,rh.r ie rasiradiliona y relled. Admittedly, the technology to perpetrale th€selypes of misinformation has lofg exst€d, but ihe votume of ficUonpassing ofi as Jact to the unwary must give pause for serious thought.The lnlernel is now a rich ste,,,/ of meaty lr!th and scraDs of untruth.

2. Analyse some v{ays to alleviate the problems of povarty facedby couniries today.

It mlqht be said ihat prcvid nq poorer natons wilh money andtechnoogical aid makes life easler ior its people. lndeed, capila aidcan also help developing nations improve thelr infrastructure, ihusproviding proper sanliation, electlicity and clean water lor thejroverpopu ated urban areas:tlowevelJthe problem is that cap la aiddoes not often come out of pLrre goodwi . N'lore often lhan not, it spolllica y or economicaly motivaled and hence, co'.rnlries prolidifgeid $,il exacl toLrgh cond tions on those receiv;fg aid ln relL.n for the .help ln the lnternalional [,4onetary Funds (l['lF) atlempt to bai]lndonesia out of economic recession sor.e t\{o or three yearc ago, forexampe, the economic condilions exacled on lndonesia rvere soiough that some analysls say lhe situation would have been betlerwthout ad. Hence, as long as personal interests come llrsl and

to examlne wheth€r lhe leachifg of these skils shoud be theresponslbj ity of lhe schooL. Going back lo the s!ggest on thal youthsneed glidance and nstructof, o,Jtq qlsil-p..9rh?!q s_Qy lha( parenlscan do the iob sufficienly well and thal th€re is no n€ed ior schoo s 1o

iake on th s role,however. it ls precis€ y because many parenis halefailed n lhls role ihat 1l is imperalive thal schoos leach lheir sludenlstip- r ts. I Ta. be con.ended_ o Lo- .e. (5.t .\j - " - s, ooorr."/a'"-r' v.ho do a qoodJob n 9L d 10 rl"- 'irar.n F La ri , e' or"lnunrber of double income families, coup ed !!ith lhe incieasing cu l.rregap tretlleen the qeneralions, more oflen thaf nol. yoLrths are

deQrived oI th s guidance. There are, of cours€ counsellng ceftres.qql,,iew siudenis aclualy iake advantage of lhem dLre Io !Jnora|ce orpr de. One could also say lhal exp€rience wl I do Ihe job arrd youlhscan be lelt alone, bLrt sornetimes il is (oo late to righl a mislake afler I

has been made. The risk invov€d does nol juslily the melhodTherefore the faiureololher insll(!lions 10 provde essenta l.aifingn lfe ski s or moral education makes Ihe teach ng of such sk s in

3. Whv should schools teach dnvlhin.i be!ides the a(ademc

Havifg eslablished thai nof-academ c skil s are vila , one iov/ has l

i ,r.i ( ,!i! rrir!, (, rq..l$ryirr \ I r I rli...l ( I I jtoo:t X I wi a jorr,t rLrrrorco c9c llsiy 5[ h H:r] bdot{ ) roo2 )f

The lntornet brings more prolterns ftanten-efits. ts

The ,rte.net s a very lrsefLr soLrrce oi jntormaijon which isavairalrre lo everyone.]\rlho!g! tr !!!lq lt9.{Aqe! that sLrsceprbeyolns mnds colrd trale access to rnleatny inruences soil aslornograp lr y,.1I could alsq!9 assa49-d, hor'/ever, rhar the tnrernel ts .

.o .r rcaJro d i .4 . torp. o. t\, -.d " " - I I. oo,- "projecl researclr irfd evcn l:snq $ith sUdenls Irom ov",.-";1ed!cnrona lnsrrl!tons. This aspc.t of Ihe tnternet also tnrits rhe

. i\o o .- .d op, ! 5,.a qo.6 -, enlE ^e.q n", i. oo un"re o,ob''"'''o.oo.b'o'o'lqd'.a.

becaus€ o. lhe lfler.et, one can get rhe at€sifews updates from allorer ihe word or facts oi h story, viewed from a rnore neLrka

IqsljIhe.e are ri fe ssLres isted beto,ril Wrile a pa r of seft.nces s m ar lo ihe aentences n ihe salnp e

p3ra-or!phs about e:ch of lhe issues The tilst senience sl-rouldpresent and prob emalise lhe coLrnterarqLrment on this tssue.The seccnd senlence shor,td p'ese.l yor]; rebutat (or prem se)

ll Do not forget to lfk the turo seN(ences with ihe conirastirg.ofnector, Hov/ever.

Shou C sm.king be a owed n restairrafts?"Gun'rrhev/lnq srrcLr d be egnllsed in Sinsapore Do you

Cap la punistrmefl shoLld be banned. Dtsc!ss"Th. mass njed r s today, ess an nlorrner ihan a creator ofnews Do voLr e!ree?"The docior s p. mary role !s to pres€rve tife. D sc!ss.Do you a!.ree lhal p.ospects for wond peace have never been

Are m:n s eifo.ls 1.) save the env rofmeftdoomed to fa !re?'Fashion s only followed by the footish. ts lhis a Iair cornment?Should \.,e 3 ways obey o!r par€nts?

tnit l, a:,rt aJ h r,r rn I h r.r-liij - L . ::r

U5iDg Persornj Voicc

o .o..- p" ...p

'q o.'"o.01"'o'e

' F'colo^ .a

". " :-" 0.006 do L.o6 o.,oo e o --lrendv orrrrs, and they find thenseives able rc exp,esslher persona ries in Iher Etii.e All we .ni lordH ,,cvr,, whai is s !hry more dan.rero!s ts !/hen ie:.hrrnfo r.wers stalishty copy trenCs lo siay "i!ikv $ltro!l .r.yreltard for the way rhey mllrr t.ok I rh!-.r.o,ig F.r.nslanc. Ihere are m.ny cx.mp es oi l..ge.s ze.l ptop estuffing thenr-se res I ke s.!sa!es rii. trlliji :kin!!-.:" L i,o .- L-'J'!ro,T|d''''o

T - o..-o ,or bo." o . ,

. - b-,". o - to^good i. '. - . d o -je,pres. rhe;r oEr!ona rLes !n rhe rar e ). n;f// o9p.\.76oppo r ir.9 . 6 - t- _. qghl !l .npy re\ealno oU|ls ). a Ll. co.idenl

li disclsses issles lr af orjservant a d sefsrlile ila.ner i ,rtjl so, . o - aa s- oL .. "1 fe.lo o o."lrends to slay iunky w thout afT .e!ard for llle wav lije,, nr oht o.r ;,- ori a .- ..,t.-. o. \

" '-' o."." d ..6. a,mo.lrpr,paragraph n wrillnlr your essavs, you sho!d aim ro niuse v.ur

| 'r.r

alr.,q r,',J (d 1ja rnir 5l \ I r,r,ll,o!l ( ):Oo2 j(F wi Cli. i.l r: r.r Co laq., E iy lt,i 5 Nr, tro[ lt) tOO2 )t

arscLrssons \!llh the qunliies of ainrosprcrc, onsery:rrct and

seisJiiviij/ Tlrese aie qLrailras ci an A !rcae essay

n conlr3st your vr'ri|n! sho! d rot make yo! appear lo be oilenslvearrogani palronrslig, d smisslve, emot onal ot prejuaiced ObviousLy,

ine impression yoLr makelrn llic reader co!nts (see para!raph below)L

Snce rve are c/rscussng Presidenl Bush, w-'might as well

talk abaut the Uflled Siates af Amertca (USA). lt is

obriods tlar ltra US,4 is e wand supetpa',ler in eve\4hingIhls ls strcrqih needs ia elabotaucn I personallf find

tht: llsA deplarable why? who is lhe usA lo aci as lhe

glabal policemar? lnctican ltaaps are slalion-bd alarcund lhe wa d t/hethet lhey are weicamed or not Allihey do is prc.ruce slupr.r excuses. llhink il js high time

the Aner;cans wake up Jan thei Arnerican drcan

Read the passalles b€lowand corsiderin e:ch case:ll tso{ wouLd yo! desoibe the perscnal !d ce?

) Wlrat makes these p:ralrraplrs so effecl !e (e g lhe eLlhor s

c3plivaliirg style d fierences n lechnLq!e, or glnai ideas,

lholglrt provokng q!estans .hoice ofwords orphrases, elc )?

fiiie tr-sr paragrirph has been dane i yau ta denanstrate haw vausttauld ga abaul ta attetnpl this task)

SAWIE2A8AoEA?A

Clremcal wa.fare s not lhe oniY !'1/a- to lnilale disaster. As

nr.iii.ned ea.l€. ! fLrcear \f ntcr s also tossible The recent tesls

l-.,r' fd a and Pakisttn. sworn .nemles if every respecl, are cerlaifLy a

c;Ljse lor alarm. There is a so lhe very .eal poss bility of a flcleardevce fa n!intoctmna hafds The d€s?eraLe economic condiuons

nl . nuclear RLrss a do nol he D matters in nuclerl Prolifetalion. As t

Ls. tire word has enoLrgh nLr.lear \!eapons to !!ipe o!l all brt lhe

s mp estll! n! orltanism on ea.llr

Isa yprr arspc,,,si

I ". ...Jo6I'hD o-.o.o .p,.o. ...

Ir" lo -.C"ro o'.d bto.o.i.,o.l .le! aDo!{ r/oflo an: rs

.l ir- r, ". .,1- o r,.1j,r.olo o. ,, t.r"llot i.t.rg ola/ orptd\ o' ;.as .D " . \ d ror o" F.rdo -qLd, 1d D". r , "..re. - i r 1i

^i1.".-.ojo:o,t .\ 'loo .m., 6 q.'caLrse for alarm' crm nal hafds, "desperale eco.omt. cofdir;ons,- .\o d l-.. -ro.ah 1. t""rsmpesi ivirg orsanism on eadh, thal n iLrrn re niorces the

o - o, t" 'r. 4, i6r rroallF. o' L oc 6.1 .d. p.. a

volce :s also enhanced throu!h the use of certain words o. ph.asesthal slrefgtirens his pe$or: as a concer|ed ird vrd!.1 y/hc s ,b e toassess afd jldge critcaly, eg 'cer1anly.,.aso. rhe !e.r r!.rpo .r. a oo

Now ',,o! dissec(tt!: iolowlno paraor:.|!

1. Anrblion is arl around !s 1 is nor rmletl nr top_r;lkn!po rticiafs bickerirg ior the rght to le:d rhetr c.!llr,.i cr slj;sporlsmen who lrain ce:seless y to doriifale rhetr riva s. or ev.n themanmoih c ash of wl I and egos tlrat characterjses tha apex of eleryiie d of enierprise known to mank nd Sm:lter !mLr tio.s are ! e,rea .L;r

trour earljer each mornirg, io absra n from iasi tood for a ,/ee(. or lc'1 ".c ct"o - nnolb.od 1no.e. L.- .. tdf 6, /_ r..

ALrel or plays ike Shakespeare s iuacbeth . Thus, it s d flclit ro |nda person, or ever a senilent crea(ure, tota ty devoid oi amb iio.. foreven an als v/o.k towards their desres' they hLrf( ior tood. ;!ojdp.edato.s and other dangers and batlte ior pos I on tf ihe I so.i:jslr!.i!res ndeed lo lve s to exp€ricnce ambrl on

icr/bert LrD yo.! Sa,, OJ56, cn ,rs 6nrbirr., : vrr,o? iyrrg?,5ao 98S3J, cf Scre.ct t5 balh the gte.lesl hole Iot and lhe

thteilloMans lrlt!. Da yor agrce2)

I *i aiir i.t,r, .,a.li.lt I nrr ltr' I rN.lbo.!( rl 2alr: X . . oo. x

-_--J

2 Aborl on has .ema ned a conrrovers at ssue over the tast fewc .d- / hp ,L, o.,16a-ooobdlg /.e..6.o. no..o o.oer'.1 'o "d'ol""ie" i.B.r'h, .rt t-sorr,got.ocubisfotarea |on s nce it lras no rnane, or thar ir stesialionfornot hav n9 d€\reloped into a fut ad! I on. The criflre of the murder ofan rnnocenl lreifg, the foetus, ts made \lorce because the foerus tshelp ess - w Iho!l any detunce. tvlosi peopte woutd be shocked by llredea of parents kil ng rheir tnnocert thr€e year o d toddte.s, and ;ouldcoidemn lhe parenls for |rer henous acl of crinre. S mitarty whysho!ld calous parents wlro m!.der their innocenl three month otdioelus cet away scot iiee?

{Canihe Lin,9356A, an ts the takjng athu..an tite iustjfed in anv s.cjetv1,.)

3 Beyond mere fashtons of c othtng t often becomes fashionabteto do certali th ngs. SLrccess often atkacts a bandwagon of hangers-on oi all types For instance, rvtanchester Unired has aeef ts suppoddraslica y ncrease n the w:ke of the myriad trophtes thev have ;ono ., 1o ,eo.o.hdo.6,o,--o

orthe gotl'rlntel who suppods rhem for no real reason orher lhar ihat i h;sbeconre lrendy to do so bec:Lrse rhey:.e sLrccessfu. Afrer altevcrybody loves a wnner This phenomenon s by no means new, ofcourse it happened to Liverpooi FC tn th€ r gtory years of the i980s,a.d wi assurediy coitinLre to pagle whrchever ream happens to. Go. L,-,. ma.or 4o.lotb..oo ;p-op-o.r , o, ol ,o1 ! o\ ro.t ,]q dooL' I.e pdn r-la, -nooEe to

. a. o d o oto. . erl .ror 19 ia1o.d..a,n o b noingliash of ighi. rem€mber Ihe lime had to exptaif lo a se f_sty e;Arsenal supporler th?t the tormat of ihe Foorbat League was threepoi.ts for a win. fot oie For reasons ltke ths, these-gtory,hunters,olien g€l tlle i any respect fronr the other sLrppoders. The Engtishrad o show host, Zoe 8at1, for examp €. s lamed for ilecd no to be a

lo o" o.F_rg a. a pJb -relaiions lacllc, lhis is decidedty fooish as it earns he. noth ng bltdisdain lrom the generat pubt.

(Michete Lnr 99A15 an Fa.nanjsanty talosed by lh-.lootish )

i. . T,' ?-'1:lpror or'r: /,/o.d,sdroro?au", baratr ro.ou 11 or C.i" *", ^*, ". ,,." ".i,.rf.reasrnq sharpty and [4a.Dofdlds esrihti(rL berrnq a,d c a.g2ho. ,r-re t-" n.","'ob"'oo Fs{rc cu.ture -o,, O".r"n^"..""'l

o add,-'eo ol o'aeled'on rh

""..";- 0",;',.:r;"..:;i #"1: ,":. ^"::"jTr's 0t ...dent gdhp.eo :'r troll ot rnp A'op.ore'r,eooro,oor', ;, ;* ":";:. .",";;r; ; I l; "c,'culdred prrL e ao4ea d 9,oup

^oJ,,, o -6..J -a1 o.ta i,,t^esnoes

'onically one oi he proreirprs naJr

i",:;;;" 'n ^,;, :"^;"iiiil. ":'6lilj; ";;; "" '""'9;":

(Janathan Pnrg. 99414 on Da \ou mt jhn _od,qre).F.,. .-re dat.atd^ottt ) a nodd- a

5. How great lnowtpda€ sr \4h:r .rF:r' - rrr. oi o,r.. " "" ,"; ;

" " "_ ,, "".. ;;, :,," ;, "d-

t"""i-' -"",: "";; ," ":"-- ;,,:ii ":"""" " ""::sr.16. .r a.p -rF bL,

;";:.;:"'" ", " ^"t5e Jra Hri aas66 an Ae .,ho;b .onsr(tet thc n.i"d'a a hl.Q- D. ht, g- oo, o. o:"g.e'.

a' " ato'

rrrr a D,! n, tr. C!llc9r. liity t( lls l-hnLloor ( l)2Do, ftrwi al,org ). r.' (o 19. rnrt 5r,t! I ,itDU!.0 ):OO2 X

Unti,l, rnr, i: r(,,r, i r*l!i ,,r,y'+'[$ , i{{, jJ rfirirti

Conc]usion

An nle igent conc !sron brlngs yo!r essay to. logical close and t€s t: togeiher while Lervng yoLri re:,:ie. satsfed ihat he has read acoherent aiii cog€nl response to a qLrestion Remember ihat the

t-t,to o -"d. n,.)e-, ro,voLr do want 10 g ve the reader a good final mpression of your ,,!orkllere ls ore !sefLrl sLrgg!stof on how yo! caf vrrlte an efleclive

stard ii? , 1 l! 2 pos;live slatemenls).OO lOI M le wE.l remarks such as 'Th s s nrcrelynrl own ot,lr.n ara am prcb:bLy fot rhe bestp.r:.n ro a scLrss i)i s ssue Tiris s lhe besl ldn

IjlL lfrre scquencc ol llre senre.ces rn eacf ol llre conc Lrsions Lre cw hasbeei jlmbled up Pll lhe sente.ces in each concuson inlo lhercoreclordei by numberlng them in the emply boxes provded.

lre v a cas€ oi ircnv I ever tlrere !!as .nePeor e frellenl y r, lic se fashjons and llrelr iolio{ers for b€ ng

Resiale ihe lhesis slaiemenl.Preseni one or 1!r'0 gene.aL sentences ihat accuraie y

n -ro.oq." I n Lsppo- e a

3 Prov de a general warning oI the consequences of notiollowing the sland thai yo! pli ioNard (1.e, 1 lo 2,egatlyc slatemenis) ANDIOR a genera statemertof how the con'rmlnity will benefit from folow ng ttrat

emJn,ils rlrth llie or ro m nd of the r own, who b nd y to ov,, thecror'r's Lrs nq iitle iL,dlemenl f any at a I, and whose cholces ar€

f re\,er. 3s lhs mi.dset

ln conclusion, pasr acrs or vioC;ce;rd;tt€siGn Lava greai de3 aboLrt lhe recd ior mt]tuat undersb.d n! sLrct thal

hrrorlf! r ore rra n orabecomes increas ngly preva enl I

lastr onab e to disrniss fasir on ani

4t1999 t, F?n@ x ai bnMel ot th6 to.,ti\h!s ttis

tJr.q i 0." cr r; o-gro-r' - " rt r ". ri -o op.". o.i .

ItAor/!!JJ 1/h lra a r p-).LtF

9I- lifgrs-S -1 ).r 'o- o,.o.P e oe g9rqa-!! l!L!r r'| . dp . ro

--L

Perhaps the words oi grear ieaderi lit€ Netso;-t;nera :Mlvlarlir Lrtthef Klna f.,ere heard and hreded.

r sl e ne.e. ! ". o o:e " ,e. .-;q,,. 19 te re9'e .qotp ,-.todo..qlloLol I r\ -]pon t.o -d-, oL o" a- r. o.lmportaot to consider our pafen(s nva uabte q! d:nce tor I maCe

lnto whoever lhev are IonaTo slcceed in ite, we neeO ro Oatanciliri neeolo tolow ou !and our parenls v e\,!.

Lijir !r i,I r,,.tF,r,[ ( r] .roc2 ltr'{(hoi,grL .,C.liill L,irJi j I r,,. .:iJt ( t)..0rr ,t

Such a shlft is rnevtabe for women (ha{ of the consumerpopLrlaliof)would Dostywant it to chan!e.Advenisers w have to lake nole lhe next tlme they are lsifgwomen in tl-reir adverlisements.lndeed, even the learned Coni!cius famous Line tlrat'lt is ? vid!eIor a vr'oman lo b€ w thdul talents w have lo be casl as de.n concusion, the mage oi women n advertsements has be€n

ralher de!rad nq but app€4l!qqe![4ng[g.!q1!! !9j19I-Eeing percevea as we€k mindless sex objects are oldstereoqpes which Ere beginning to glve way lo ihe new concept ofthe ndependent womef.

lro kai s.ene 99s71, G41999 on "wlhtho panftyat ol ||anen in attrotlison'nls

sp e cilic et a hpte s, ca nnenl)

S.v ng the ei! ror'rment ensules olr survival n the r-oxl

the envlronl'ient needs io be iuliyit lhe government, lactory awners or

an atp nan ' elLns ta ta\6 tho ?n\ nnntnl

l6enr 6rn Yea 5h,uan, 965/?. 681997 .h fhe n.de.a between tho eahannent andthe e.anany rs gohg t.*ih Cahnent )

te Use a melaphor or 'We a.e pat\pd on the Lu.par a rew,a.n

te Broaden lhe scope tne rnre,net e.en,otn"s aii nii;iiil.tdanget af all technotagy io. hankind

'onty witn responsitte u sageiii i]fiiiiiinlnint spd and t le aa\ a.tage \ n. \ nE -Dd.

"Ca. we reaitr n.v ttue itho;t th;i'pL.l.' ctn)dern ttle "

6 Focus of one aspecl "fhe.p t, t.aal an ugeht Ferd ta saLve lEprcblens c.Dsed by ercstah al rtadiriooatcLlturebelate they oretuhetn nankod ,

"I we rcatty hed ta da wnhatt th;1;E;;;" ttu\|cek, peapte nright actuaty hare .onrelsations

'Canhq kon a roDntt , r,.h;.s ,;.;/hryal lhe lntemet t'ot illegat purposes, tstrcnqt), teejthe inpadence af canbatlng alttarns afinesponsible use al the lntener.

ln a iLrlshe . etlons to save the environmenl seem lo be doornedas the rale of destruction exceeds the .ale at whlch maf k es lo

The mportaice of savingrecogr sed by everyone beus ihe peop -o n oeneraL.

lsaprrrte Ga' rs€rr9. 995/3 G41999

P!rlsls eco.onrists envlronmenla ists and ihe Layman maydespai over tl-rs mo.a dlemma, bLri we shoLrld ook deep andhard into o!rselv€s and decde whether anyllring can be done to

f we do not. we rv I pass on to lhe futLrre generatons an Eadhwhlch s nred vrllh conflcl. deskoyed by po uton and bared by

From lhese lacis I caf be galhered that economy will tumphovsr €nlironnrenla concerns d!e to lhe shofi sightedness ofmany n the developing and developed worlds where m!ch welghts oiven to shod-term ooa s.Altholgh some ol lhls shorl'sightedness ln Th rd World counkiesis d!e lo exlenuat ng clrcunrstances such as starvalion, it cannolbe den€d that capitalsm Sreed and a compete ackofaltruismalso olav a oarl in tlre worsen nq envlronrnental o!llook

i\rr:u!rur! a,,L[9. iniy\trl5 ritr(]bloL( ) lool * l.lsn cl)oBrr,i.rCo cac, E5qr (illr rl rlboo[( ) 2oO: )(

0: Why is knowledge of the a,1s still n€cessary in this aqe of

The ads setue as a .oflinLral fo 10 the bana lies i.r oureveryday |fe lt .nust be sa d thal no matter ihe weaLlh of the wordtoday, we cannot endure for ong without ihe rlchness of spi.lt lhe adsendow us with. The Renaissance uras a gloioLrs epoch of scientifcadvancement But what characterised t was the ce ebration oi man sspLrlt and imporiance. Human srn \ryas the catchword. After the siifllngmedieval limes, people lrad to fght to recognlse iheir own wodh ascreato.s of sc ence and creators of ad. lt would be a crylng shanre ifone o{ thelr legacies coniifued indelnllely - whie lhe other, equailyprecoLrs lvere lo be ost.

Q: "Llan is his own worst enemV" Discuss this statement in thellght of our treatmenl of the natLrral €nvironment.

The earih is N,lan s o. y home, and I ls [4an s respons]b ily topass on a belter wond for f!L!re !enera(ions to llve in l-lowever n hlstreahenl of the env ronmefl, maf ls h s own worsl ener.y because ofhls tecirnology hls pollllion, h s greed and hls ndllference We muststop Ihls vicio!s cyc e and co ecllvely work Iowards lhe creation oi abeLter word. Pushing the blane wiLonly sqlare polltical circles blrnol solve lhe problern. f w€ do nol change oulselves we maye\reniua ly be labelled as a species that killed ilsef.

I?sL2Examine lhe co.c !dlnq paragraphs b.low.l) ldeftfu the melhods lhat llre vr'iters used lo ccfclude th€r

ii) Are lhey effeclve melhods?ill) Are you salisled w lh lhe way the essay ends? Why?

Yet, lhrough it a , no one can Iruty deny lhe imporrafce olo -oet'r_on

We rh.i.,e on it. ard rleeos,lOo"ot, ,,".o_0..,o,_ t-e rqtl-an oL1l , iS r -ce.qdrv ,o-

SUN ,a. Der, of .o o.,C " a i, i.li,,ry. f.isrh"o4 oreloLro'l H. eol "mp-". -,,--Do-]cr e 0 nd'Lio sedcliol tf Il e.L1 \a o.a p( F 5e o,e'd ' oectes (orpete $irn pa.h o..-- a,to t e .r.. ,

onp- lroqp-es-nte/-Dda. a .roL,cl o,,,o. D.a.oD. 19o.:"e b--r j' u rortosoLrlh. -oa,rd'c,ot,.r /r.bd. l, lhat onroi -/."te1.",o.oea .,d", - p- .- o.

' ompeLloa as ^-1, as lhe s-....;or ot o.a, r,- D- I . I t6o to 6r. ,.e''' '"r ,e proo_e.s a d >pe!e) oro p,- ", e oa

earlh, for a lona time to come.

they do not? Many peopte Jose track of who they are and what kifd ofoooola \ey $all io o". ,\aJe, ,t- rrr-ort ,e,oo..,bt,l .ode, -rc\ a'e.nol:Tporpdby'1a..dn.te,o. .-.Lhoo 5 ,". . /.ra.L d ot oeoore,w;l ri e/ oe(om". f,/r)b- ll./ ,, I .(_mo e rpol .tas-.a r- l"er s"lve., r",be ,ae/ r.[ nor. a1d ,r 6r ao I o., .\1 ..do rEdo.ll - - \!e send .-e n lo Ja ,\6 (e^a rre. n: ,"". .ol,l o, ,,

"o.'f---,',dd'eslh.root ol tle ooot.- Fa.."o r.ol6 r ;,.o a.den'! p.cpt4,.e o.e. 1o,d t-. . ..lop e,. \"ca.not afford lo do so

cr: c;^s;.er $t im6rtanae or competitiorr

.oL g o6op.p ^lo oo ot ,".- "o- ia I e. d n or o i dt ,s ot iS . ol "ooroo,,"r,,0 o. lo liemsel/-c \!i"r .rnd 6. 1".6o.oa :o .e o, ur at ar ,

I O: Educaiion roday empnasisel inGrr-G-t deren-pmnGr ile-expense of character buitdinq. Discuss.

rn\r !n'!iri,,, (,, r,jr $ryJ(l\ rr,hllLL ).llio,r * i*ral)o,9ntr'o,.ollc9c Er5ay t[,1], Hi rlhoot 0 r) :Oo2 )(

lleviewlfg bDtlr srde5 we see that the scale is almostbaanced Tharc are eood .eesors to treat them lke crimif a s ardrmpose pison senien.es jLrst as lhcre are good reasons to lry anothercours. of .cllon As su.h. the decsion shoud be an overlap of bothwlh each luvef e .ase l'led and jLrdged lnder lts specifc criteria ofwhether lt slrould b. Lrealed as c.irn na ot othenvse. However, thesystem can onLy do so mrch The bulk of the effod w ll have to comefrom lhe parenls. l. thls.:se. llre fam Ly irslltuton',fil indeed need tobe the enrergef.y room lor ilre vrorrylng dlse.se of corrup1 moras

Should juvenile deljnqLents be treated as criminaTs?

s

.f' 'o,., o' ',r.

Lr ., riJ _... .. rno d I ob-b.. ')c I. p ,r Iuopb ^iolioD 6 -u a," L.6 ,6,,r-(or ,.,_,r hF

o rJ oraJd.l n e!61 10 6 0n..p I D6 d. ... ; . ; orsomelhifg we c-an expeci ir the ne.r fLrrLrre for ihe Io roL,i n9 reasons

. / oi bio.\dor.s b.,"t o,. o.r.'..--d /o.o 9.r:- o.

6Yor otF. o I

nao -y" I i.1o.\r.6. od6.-rbs s.steno ." 1 ,t" o. o

'o1 t: hl "lh'.n,oor4d o.pda . .

peace is dellfilely unat(ajnabte lndeed untess we see : co.crls.n i.'id p'rn .ot ..oo.- .o.. Lr r es rof d fe .ce s ir.t o thF .rrdr

Anolher eflect ofoLrr ani.nat inslncts s ihe ",rolii ,or refirl.r.l

- lj_,:-,:-,.1:4(ior,.bi6.,a o. ., o ,.o.b-,d- I.d ".o. o .o ...l so.

|"1 ,-"i",.oLo6ao.l- tr9o.a- p .o,a, a, Alno.o-,1o.6 or rto 6. ..do a tell o' ror a o"" e , ", -"".

1,"f "i .' r o-i.er6d or o r.. ..r. ,I o 'atd_-ol," -"-- l ,- o ..t.ts -o ,tpd io.o^

.q"d Va, a Ioo," . p op,l- I. o "r. dare rnaklfg t(, or padja ctams on rh€ stajrds Ctrnese m ta./structures have alesedly been estab ished of sonre isands r,f,l;F ipino.navy shps heaviLy patro the llaters n tire past, tiro for.nergrad' Llolaol J. --D -

" os cr "".o-.o.':"''o 'ta"Yo {i6.aoi o. _ I.'"o at\4oo..i .I-.c c..-

.n b,o 6d 1 d..io. o " o .-.. p.Eritrea fighlinq a lvo and a ha]fyearwar oler f riy k r,ner,es oila,r"nland al lhek border from tgla to ZOOO t.r i.ri;t d solles :jre Lrs!; yover somelhing oi greater vatue a|! wilh lhe crrent cont ctlworldwide, it is irnrea istc to expect pe:ce

R.aC the essay be oB 0hl.h!ia!e frlshed re:d ng ookat.fler ihe essny and ail.mPl tlre

) Wrlle your coa1rnents fori:) Decde uhch ol (hem

GA1

lras ils conclosion omilied. When yo!e:.h of the possib e concjLrsons lsted

each one n the co umn provided andls the most s!t!ble and effecuve

[4a. co]rs ders lrimse f lo be geneiicaly and spkitLraly superiorro other anlmaLs b!1 he does possess cedain behavoulallnslincls ofrild beasls osi lmpodarly the lghl ior slrr'va However, in manlhis has evoved .alher inlo compettiveness and dom nance overother peop e and the r properlles. wh ch ls why we experience nghls,baltes conl cts ano wars.

The Cold !\/ar s a very qood examp]e. Afier Word War ll. EastELirope was ensh.oudea by ihe Sovel Cor.mlnisi Boc The rest otElrope allgnel lsel oilh lhe ranks of Amercas democratic stand.S.on olher coLrflri€s . llre word look sides, res! Iing n a b polar*orLd On more (l,an lelera o.casons lhe Cod War neary ed loWorid !!ar I \/ilr the break'up ol the SovelUf on if 1991,lhe endoi lle ColC \ryar look !ace l'he Uniled Stales was left as the soeri llary s!perporer Horrever. this was hardly lhe calalyst ior a rnore

P" " oo

irNi a oi9 r,,,r" a.i,rtr ait rlr . I it,Llo!( ( ) roo, * 12

x

Aiihou!h nrcst counlries are Jnaking anx ous efforts lo promoterr'o.i peace, there however exlsts cedan rogue naijofs otorga.izaUons tl-rat defear the peace effod. For example, sonrc yearsago, hlo srJch cou.kies, lraq afd Yugos avia, forged an agree eni Iohe p each other. Th s tum of events increas€d lhe securlly lhreats inthe [4ddle East and the Balkan states. Terrorisl organizalions,althoLrgh sma er n size ofief have the polential to carry olt lelhastrikes by detonaUnq a bomb or even engaqing in bioloqical warfare.This leads 10 poiuca and socia oroblems hardly the conducveenvlronnrent for word Peace.

Kueng .Ji.gkai,99523

Cannlenl: This is a v,Fry wel infamed and arganised analysis af lhesubjecl. Rathet lhan rnereiy giving a lisl of examples of war andpeac-p, th,. witer arranges hts exanples araund a few key ideas -giviig the ,easonswhywarld peace is unlikely.

(SIraregic Arms r n raron ratist ani-siea-rlsrraregrc Arms RedLrcrron Tat[5j beh^eef theusA and the loimer USSR and even rhanucrear non.piohleralron pact, worjd oeace /anever onq.laslrng or stabe Uness mnrppos[]ve sreps arc laten 1o allevraLe lhePIoD ems. I fr:ni J do not toresce lhpposs br ry of\4orld pea.e n the nea. t rr I F

c) Arnolsh man/;bp,l-;v; G-,r, t:kp-rowards sorld peaLe, su.h as the SArT

e1 rne ciue or worro pe-iE rrii-n m-.,rrerevafc€ ior me anO mv counrry a sriat

However, nol a I hope is Lost. Effods;r achjevng p€ac€ have been rnade, mostceary seen in lhe SALT lSlralegic Arms

rL m lalron T:Lks) and START (Strateslc ArmsReductron Taks) Even age'old enemes nlreand and the l"1dde Easi have madeattempls al b!ryng Ihe hatchel As long assLrch €ffo.ts, no mauer how small, go on, wecanfol giv€ up all hope of achleving world

vounq nalon cairghr behleen targer torces afdron wht.f has erd!r€d con.rLrest andoccuparon .ner€ decddes ago Mlclr .s werroud rtle lo beleve tn wortd peace. theressofs ot htstory ha\e taught us lhal peacesno!0 never be {a}en for qranred and weshould fol be too opt mis|c A rea rsji.assessment oi the worjd today eads Io rhecofclusion thal lhe prospects for |ror d oeaceare, indeed, tar away

Poss/b/e Conc/!slons

a) | coic us on therefore, word peacels un key fo. tlre folo\./ng reasonsi terriioraLcompetitiveness, racist hatred and rogueratons beni on war, a L oI which have alwaysexisled in nranknd and show no slgn ofabaling today i ls with sadness that I amforced to conclLrde that ihe prospecis for wo dpeace now are as bad as ever.

lL!.rLnr! r'r,' r. ,.,. l.ir'r.L r,,l\t)[{ ),'Oo,l )tFwi Cho! ror orCo 1.9., E*rt JL,tr H .ltoo[ ( ]:oo2 X

l,i rrii 5,

1

'.i,r /,li.! !ii, vtjhtr Nn,U ir.,i! \{rC i. sr,r i, i'

-the CereraL Paper E5say Aevisited

: rnaln quillr e\ + L'

T. .iose. !r'e revlsil the ,rve qu5 tes lhal examlfers look ior in a !ood

I AJtaanRl.io mallcr h'Jw inlerestng or r.l'//rllen an essay you rr'iil nci bri

q !en ary credlt for yoLrr ef'od Lrnless il ansrrers ihe quest on lhal w:is

;et Yorr arg!menl and ev dence shollo be rc evani to ihe qLrest on

Ll .)!st deai wllh the subjecl or lhe top c(s) posed in Ihe questo.r!brc YoLrr answer shoLrld denronstrat€ that vrrLr have understood

rrat rir-. aleston saskn!ior,thal vo! lrave gEsped iis key ternrs

.nd lir;t you halc loLLosed a ils nstr!cUons

2.,q[.qna)f,i, i,.rn I qood essa! lakes nrore thaf i!sl iedunclor v lisirn! .itherllrE laals or the pros and cons of an ssue. You have lo prese'l an

. ipo o -.d - D. no - "'o

mtrLalLon ot llre eadh oI lhe Lrse of nuceat weapons aganst;r,..lv aitacks You shoud also alod givlng exampl€s ihal are

;!1rjaied. lrr€evanl, dU or!rncofvncn! Remerrlrer thal vo!sfou'sirve to present -voJr arll!mcnt v/ lh an avr'a.eness olslgn fcanidetall,

...!rale iacls and w de nfornal oo ha nrarks of 3n A grade essay

3.lt.tt it)lmmltlre l .rilt€d Paroch .r . rnyoplc , tr ! al - slldcnts firsl

i.ray rlo GP essaf{Ilin! ollen r.!le.L.h !nsaloury conrmenls

nd.ed..r.ry ol /o! sirow a sorry ack of apprecallon lor lie arger

word beyond yoLr conrio(abe home and schoo envronrnefls. or

b.trond llre steNle sooo economrc po tca rea (y of Slngapore. So,r'o;r r cws lend to be .ryc,pic. vo!r concerns parochl:l ortr!lal and

rnrr !nderstandnQ .,i lss!cs i,n ted, c. mmaU.e GP howevcr.

ll.mands lhal you O"n,on"ttut" malurily Yo! sho!d give coganl

ar!!menis that 2re suppoi{ed lry oglc and reason A nr ior a profounC

.:lh€r than sinrptistic or sweeptnE (reatmoil oi rhe lopi. :t hana,,1 h -" ' L d-, r- t c, ro ne:r 11,q":..d ."n.,a"

^,a ..,ro,. e;D6. r6. h 6 uad, ...:d-. ..o,. , a.o ,- . !";;"rq oo' fl' lo'1 ta .orfor people s rualions and exleriences that may te loreign ro ,.ir ai'' o. r' "a 0.

'" ro \o".olec and co.necl

4. Orf a isatbn anf cGff:tnt.lltre,. o.rl- ,"ral . ..oo D,.o o h.-,,d.-

^' r .rdd'ooLdb60iiarodd 1.o d , ,o:"r,", -li mai mear organsi.q rnaiera s nto a..h.arF

, ""; d ;;

";"-";;; i;"iy;; ;i; :;;"";;l::;J' ;i:liiilli,:ii"ll.. di o .

: '"*:-' ""'" " r-o -".q ob.d. r'o r .o,o doo b(o - -q L

' , ., o a t - , r _, 6, . .- _ --

5. ,Aryapnat" stJl"d ieo 1. r.-l Jo,. -0. 1n9 6, L o. .r ..r.

,

-'--"'"": " 1 bF''".. "c (a- ,ooo.o.i-1' /1 -oa,.o " .b". .. "t r. /....9 \...

.-". .il ..,0.6..o., vi6c.6. e o 1 "avo ded Spellig nr slakes shoLrtd be corected eoraCC"ss"v, 1,.thrdpersof lne she or :l)rlrthcrrhanlhetrslpersoni I s a nr.,r

preierab e slyle atlholEh o...s ofa lse of may be ac.cplab e

irra fi,jr, ,, a,'.,1. r;!1. I r "jF"'r'1 lJooT Jttsrai c,! r9 r, I ora. .9.. Eirt-[ i5 r&!]t.oL( t) roor- X

An essay vr' rL be rellarded !!irh a sood mark f , t" "^t';^#:::oP,! t,- q_o.r.. .rst a. L..-a ihe a.e..oraoo,

often given, d€setuedly - to essays thaldisptay s.merhing extra. Th smay be € dernonstralof oJ origtna jdeas or an unusLa , imag nalive

"ppa" 1'a d onno.o.a e.oor. ,:hr ,"na ou.bpL.i..eol lh-, cs np a dl - "n-o Irahe(.rd e\crlemenrthey convey. Over and above the ftve quatUes, an A qrade essav isn"lFdb,orior..l.onargl r-os'.d -, "rd ai. rs5onndatrnosphere, observalion a.d sensit viry.

AD AaallsbA qucslJor:.i whlsi candldares are no{ encouraged lo be over pedantic in

analysing ihe words oi ihe queslion, as in deiining obvious wordssuch as loday or'choces, t ts jmporianl to pay ctose atlenUon tokey phrases lhat shold shape the response of ihe answer. Forexampe. phras€s slch as loo cosey,or rbo many do jnvite aneemenl ol assessme.l of degree nol r.erey a .egorgita(o. ofexanples ol excess S!ch af eve !alio. sho! d rheretore, comp.sea lilaleeme.l n lhe con.tus on to the s6pt (20!j)

.:. [4afy candidales do sho!! evrdence ot 9anning, bll lhere are stitthose whose organisaton oi rdeas appears sornewhat random andarbitrary. Conslanlreierefce lo lhe wording oilhe question shoutd. of.olrse p.ovide a ranle of valable'signas ir shapng the tine ofa.slment (2001)

.i nirod!cuons are. vltale emenl r. establsh na lire potenltatqua jty ofa scrlpt in the mnd of lh€ Ex.mtier A crsp, concrse slyte is mlchpr€l€red i. the ope.ng Overcompex phrastng or senrefcng, wlhnsecure use or vocabu ary can es{abtsh a der.imentat impr€:sionG.eat c2ie and p.acLice n lhe wrljng of effecrve i.trodlctons s Iobe encouraged (2001)

.:.A crisp loc!sed inrrod!c[on in which the imprcatons oi hequenions are ouulned, logellre. wi(h a brei inritcat on of (he direclionwhich the essay w lake is much more eftectve than anunrecessary and engthy derniton ofob\jious l€rms.12000)

I r{ 41,, ,l rruJ a. r.lc. l*r} J[ L\ j i'trlbool (t) 2oO: .)t t0I Lli Clro 19!D Dr aolj.gr, rrirtt rHirboo[l|l):oo2 x

Oa /tsuaerl a.J 6a use ofExarnoles.:' To illustmle rhe tine of arq,r.6nt

"r"-nr".r.rsr,- .,,r." th;y "." J.";;il"r. il;ij5l "'"

."r,i'ed ndepd r^r..r

""0:., .il^ .."".j:J ;,1 i" "".."".".!i"...:i..h"quaroirne "n".or-"e+ rs,n"o.erd,ra.".r. o r- .p, i..-

nor n-.e\ .^.eor, -.o. ".- p" poo,

:'^j:":'"-::t'-* -^e," ioo "o ."o" eo. qori uood e, rF. ., p.o,o .peramples ot Ihese countrtes, or the era.r mp:cl oi screntrrc]" ""1--'," r6 oen6.a.....q rdno"o r./o."o.., a,.p-!-_ n a p m- o d" e dno o.9 ,e, ..,E. I.cr D6.9 1. ._,.rc o,doL6d a .Co- thv 4. I F ,.on,\ , e,r." , , "9 o"o )e 06o. o-.ia r"b," ra.r., _, e". ..._ : :irl!stratio. lends to dim.when used tv |,. *rr _"i",riy licandidatest(2000)

.:. d "'"." )o.a.6 i.crt..6..-6D .,6..9 or

Answers, which fait to addross rhis etemeni of the q!esti;;;tpass, but are unLikety ro score highty. (200!)

An Lre meata cs af.,it1,s.i.Poo"m aF d.o ore.. g /n..{r te.. Slch pre\alenrcorrect;ns' euqgesr a tach ofpremedrlared lhorohr, e Ln%/po",p." ,or..ogra.aor a b.o.e o... .reare a poo. impressron

.:. Candidales are stiongty advised to thi.k belore oo( as, lhet w le,:*."r. r" e"lottutr (o1:,e lo h-r 8.1 I tr, .00.2000)