HAZARDOUS WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT AND ITS MANAGEMENT
HAZARDOUS WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE AND ITS AND ITS
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Basics
Fate of Toxins
Many are broken down by natural processes Two types persist in the environment
Heavy metals Synthetic organics
Heavy Metals
Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, tin, chromium, zinc, copper.
Used in metal-working, paint, and pesticides, among other products
Soluble in water and readily absorbed by body. Interfere with enzyme function. Example: mental retardation from lead poisoning.
Synthetic Organics
Chemical basis for plastics, synthetic fibers and rubber, solvents, and pesticides.
Resistant to biodegradation. Major health effects: carcinogenic and mutagenic. Halogenated hydrocarbons
At least one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a halogen atomChlorine (most common)BromineFluorine Iodine
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Toxic Tragedy
Minamata disease Small fishing village in Japan Suffered from mercury poisoning biomagnification
“Mad as a hatter” Hat makers exposed to mercury suffered from
insanity
“ Hazardous waste” means any waste by reason of its
physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics
causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact
with other wastes or substances
Definition of Hazardous Wastes
In India, according to Hazardous waste Management & Handling Rules (MOEF Notification dated 20th May 2003-Part 2).
“Any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has no foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or environment, and should be considered as such when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and disposed of”.
The Basel Convention defines hazardous wastes as follows : "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.
HW Characteristics and Generation
Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics
E1 Flammable Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6 °C or
below. Solid at STP capable of causing fire through friction,
moisture changes or spontaneous chemical changes Oxidizer
E2 Explosive Wastes which may explode under the effect of flame
heat and photochemical conditions. Any other waste of explosive materials included in
the Indian Explosive Act. Unstable Reactive with water Capable of detonation
Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics
E3Corrosive Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical
action will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue.
pH < 2 or pH > 12.5
E4 Toxic Wastes containing or contaminated with
established toxic and or eco-toxic constituents. EPA definition Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine
disruptivity Wastes contaminated or containing established
carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.
Classification of Hazardous Wastes
Wastes can be classified under the following categories:-
• Explosive • Corrosive • Oxidizing • Flammable • Infectious • Irritant • Toxic • Toxic for reproduction • Harmful • Mutagenic• Exotoxic • Carcinogenic • Residuary hazardous property
Hazardous Waste Assessment Methodology
Source Revision of criteria and protocols of assessment and classification of hazardous waste Public Consultation Document R&D Project No P1-482 September 2002
Indian & Global HW Scenario
Generation of hazardous waste
• Hazardous wastes are generated from industrial processes, mining extraction, tailings from pesticide based agricultural practices, etc.
• Industrial operations generate considerable quantities of hazardous waste and in rapidly industrializing countries such as India the contribution to hazardous waste from industries is largest. Since industrial units are spread all over the country, the impacts are region-wide.
• States such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, TamilNadu, and Andhra Pradesh, which and have undergone relatively greater industrial expansion, face problems of toxic and hazardous waste disposal far more acutely than less developed states.
Global Scenario
Large manufacturing industries like chemical, metal, electrical, petroleum, transportation etc., generate hazardous wastes at the rate of more than 1000 kg/month/unit.
More than 80% of the world's hazardous waste is produced in the United States and other industrial countries.
300-500 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other wastes accumulate every year from industry.
In developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply.
7.2 million tonnes / year generated:
1.4 million tonnes are recyclable 0.1 million tonnes are incinerable 5.2 million tonnes are destined for disposal on land
80 percent of hazardous waste is generated:
Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Karnataka Maharashtra Tamil Nadu
Hazardous Waste Management in India
India is the second fastest growing economy. It accounts for ~ 20% of Asian and ~ 10% of global growth.
Hazardous waste market worth C$52 million in 2003 with annual growth of 7 percent until 2010
Sources of hazardous waste generation:
• Medical and pharmaceuticals • Scrap recycling (ship breaking industry) • Asbestos • Paints and dyes • Caustic soda producers • Pesticides and fertilizers • Petroleum and petrochemicals • Inorganic chemicals • mining extraction • tailings from pesticide based agricultural practices • general engineering
Rules & Conventions
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal
The convention is ratified by 35 countries, it entered into force on 5th May, 1992. The main principle of the convention is to regulate the Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes with prior informed consent of the importing country and to ensure environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. The convention seeks to prohibited the export of hazardous wastes without the consent of the importing country.
Basel Convention
Basel convention is an international environment agreement on “control of trans boundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste” which was drafed on 22nd March, 1989.
Basel BAN On 31st Dec, 1997 a “total ban” on the trans boundary movement was decided rather than “control” or the “partial transboundary movement” of hazardous waste from OECD (Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development) to non OECD.
Major Hazardous Waste Laws (USA)
Hazardous Waste Management RulesHazardous Waste Management Rules
1) Hazardous wastes shall be collected, treated, stored and disposed of only in such facilities 1) Hazardous wastes shall be collected, treated, stored and disposed of only in such facilities as may be authorized for this purpose. as may be authorized for this purpose.
(2) Every occupier generating hazardous wastes and having a facility for collection, (2) Every occupier generating hazardous wastes and having a facility for collection, reception, treatment, transport storage and disposal of such wastes shall take grant from reception, treatment, transport storage and disposal of such wastes shall take grant from Govt. for authorization for any of the above activities.Govt. for authorization for any of the above activities.
(3) Any person who intends to be an operator of a facility for the collection, reception, (3) Any person who intends to be an operator of a facility for the collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes, shall take grant from treatment, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes, shall take grant from Govt. for authorization for any of the above activities. Govt. for authorization for any of the above activities.
(4) Before hazardous wastes is delivered at the hazardous waste site, the occupier or (4) Before hazardous wastes is delivered at the hazardous waste site, the occupier or operator of a facility shall ensure that the hazardous wastes is packaged in a manner operator of a facility shall ensure that the hazardous wastes is packaged in a manner suitable for storage and transport and the labeling and packaging shall be easily visible suitable for storage and transport and the labeling and packaging shall be easily visible and be able to withstand physical conditions and climate factors. and be able to withstand physical conditions and climate factors.
(5) The State Government or a person authorized by it shall undertake a continuing programme to identify the sites and compile and publish periodically an inventory of disposal sites within the State for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
(6) The State Government or a person authorised by it shall undertake an environmental impact study before identifying a site as waste disposal site in the State.
(7) The occupier generating hazardous waste and operator of a facility for collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous waste shall maintain records of such operations in prescribed Form
(8) Where an accident occurs at the facility or on a hazardous waste site or during transportation of hazardous wastes, the occupier or operator of a facility shall report immediately to the State
The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules) 1989, Amends., 2000, 2003
•Ensure proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes.
•Apply for renewal of authorization before expiry of the validity period
•Maintain records of hazardous wastes handling (Form 3)
•Submit “Annual Returns” to the SPCB (Form 4)
•Report to the SPCB any accident
•Labeling / Packaging / Transportation of HW as per Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 and Rules, 1989
Contd….
Schedule - 2 List of Waste Substances with Concentration
Limits
Class A: Concentration limit: 50 mg/Kg Concentration limit: 50 mg/Kg
Class BClass B: : Concentration limit: 5,000 mg/KgConcentration limit: 5,000 mg/Kg
Class C:Class C: Concentration limit: 20,000 mg/Kg Concentration limit: 20,000 mg/Kg
Class DClass D: Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/Kg: Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/Kg
Class EClass E: Regardless of Concentration limit: Regardless of Concentration limit
List of waste constituents with Concentration Limits
Class A: Concentration limit: 50 mg/Kg. Concentration limit: 50 mg/Kg.
A1 Antimony and antimony compounds
A2 Arsenic and arsenic compounds
A3 Berylium and berylium compounds
A4 Cadmium and cadmium compounds
A5 Chromium and chromium compounds
A6 Mercury and mercury compounds
A7 Selenium and selenium compounds
A8 Tellerium and tellerium compounds
A9 Thallium and thallium compounds
A10 Inorganic cyanide compounds
A11 Metal cabonyls
A12 Napthalene
A13 Anthracene
A14 Phenanthrene
A15 Chrysene,benzo(a) pyrene,benzo (K) flouranthene,
indeno(1-2-3cd) pyrene and benzo perylene.
A16 Halogenated aromatic compounds.
A17 Halogenated aromatic compounds.
A18 Halogenated aromatic compounds.
A19 Organo-chlorine pesticides.
A20 Organo-tin compounds.
Class BClass B : : Concentration limit: 5,000 mg/Kg Concentration limit: 5,000 mg/Kg
B1 B1 Chromium III compoundsChromium III compounds
B2 B2 Cobalt compoundsCobalt compounds
B3B3 Copper compoundsCopper compounds
B4B4 Lead and Lead compoundsLead and Lead compounds
B5B5 Molybedneum CompoundsMolybedneum Compounds
B6B6 Nickel compoundsNickel compounds
B7B7 Inorganic Tin compoundsInorganic Tin compounds
B8B8 Vanadium compoundsVanadium compounds
B9 B9 Tungsten compoundsTungsten compounds
B10B10 Silver compoundsSilver compounds
B11 Halogenated aliphatic compounds
B12 Organo phosphorus compounds
B13 Organic peroxidases
B14 Organic nitro and nitroso compound
B15 organic azo and azooxy
B16 Nitriles
B17 Amines.
B18 (Iso- and-thio-)cynates compounds.
B19 Phenol and phenolic compounds.
B20 Mercaptans.
B21 Asbestos
B22 Halogen-silanes
B23 Hydrazines
B24 Flourine
B25 Chlorine
B26 Bromine.
B27 White and red phosphorus
B28 Ferro-silicate and alloys
B29 Manganese-silicate
B30 Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic vapors on contact with humid air or water ,e.g. silicon
tetrachloride,aluminium chloride, titanium
tetrachloride
Class C:Class C: Concentration limit: 20,000 mg/Kg Concentration limit: 20,000 mg/Kg
C1C1 Ammonia and ammonium compoundsAmmonia and ammonium compounds
C2C2 Inorganic PeroxidesInorganic Peroxides
C3C3 Barium compounds expect barium sulphate.Barium compounds expect barium sulphate.
C4C4 Fluorine compoundsFluorine compounds
C5C5 Phosphate compounds expect phosphates of Phosphate compounds expect phosphates of aluminium, calcium and ironaluminium, calcium and iron
C6C6 BromatesBromates
C7C7 ChloratesChlorates
C8C8 Aromatic compounds other than those listed Aromatic compounds other than those listed under A12 to A18. under A12 to A18.
C9C9 Organic silicon compoundsOrganic silicon compounds
C10C10 Organic sulphur compounds.Organic sulphur compounds.
C11 C11 IodatesIodates
C12 C12 Nitrates, Nitrites.Nitrates, Nitrites.
C13C13 SulphidesSulphides
C14C14 Zinc compounds.Zinc compounds.
C15C15 Salts of per-acids.Salts of per-acids.
C16C16 Acid amides.Acid amides.
C17C17 Acid anhydridesAcid anhydrides
Class DClass D: Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/Kg: Concentration limit: 50,000 mg/Kg
D1D1 Total SulphurTotal Sulphur
D2D2 Inorganic acidsInorganic acids
D3D3 Metal hydrogen sulphatesMetal hydrogen sulphates
D4D4 Oxide and hydroxides expect those of Oxide and hydroxides expect those of hydrogen, carbon, silicon, calciumhydrogen, carbon, silicon, calcium
D5D5 Total hydrocarbons other than those listed in Total hydrocarbons other than those listed in A12 to A18A12 to A18
D6D6 Organic oxygen compoundsOrganic oxygen compounds
D7D7 Organic nitrogen compounds expressed as Organic nitrogen compounds expressed as nitrogennitrogen
D8D8 NitrilesNitriles
D9D9 HydridesHydrides
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 1 Cyanide wastes 1 Kg per year
Waste category 2 Metal finishing wastes 10 Kg per year
Waste category 3 Waste containing water soluble chemical compounds of Lead, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ba, Sb
10 Kg per year
Waste category 4 Arsenic, Thalium, Cd, Hg bearing wastes
5 Kg per year
Waste category 5 Non Hydrogenated hydrocarbons
200 Kg per year
Waste category 6 Halogenated hydrocarbons 50 Kg per year
Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous Waste Rules 2003 India
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 7 Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish and printing ink
250 Kg per year
Waste category 8 Wastes from dyes and dye intermediates containing inorganic compounds
200 Kg per year
Waste category 9 Wastes from dyes and dye intermediates containing organic compounds
50 Kg per year
Waste category 10 Waste oil and oil emulsions 1000 Kg per year
Waste category 11 Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment
200 Kg per year
Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous Waste Rules 2003 India
Waste Categories Type of Waste Regulatory Quantities
Waste category 12 Sludges from treatment of waste waters containing heavy metals, toxic organics, oil emulsions, incineration ash
Irrespective of quantity
Waste category 13 Asbestos 5Kg per year
Waste category 14 Phenols 200 Kg per year
Waste category 15 Wastes from manufacture of pesticides and herbicides
5 Kg per year
Waste category 16 Acid / alkaline slurry 200 Kg per year
Waste category 17 Off spec/ discarded products Irrespective of quantity
Waste category 18 Discarded containers and liners of hazardous and toxic wastes
Irrespective of quantity
Hazardous Waste Classification: as per Hazardous Waste Rules 2003 India
HW Treatment
Hazardous Waste Problems
Cleaning up old wastes Union Carbide Plant Waste in Bhopal Fukushima Waste
Managing new wastes Avoiding future wastes
Hazardous Waste TreatmentHazardous Waste Treatment
ScreeningScreening
HydrosieveHydrosieve
FiltrationFiltration
Rapid Sand FilterRapid Sand Filter
SedimentationSedimentation
Tube Settler (Lamella)Tube Settler (Lamella)
FlotationFlotation
Dissolved Air Flotation Dissolved Air Flotation
Coagulation and flocculationCoagulation and flocculation
AdsorptionAdsorption
PAC
GAC
Ion-exchangeIon-exchange
Air strippingAir stripping
Stripping basins Stripping towers
HW Incineration
About 4.4% of hazardous waste generated in the About 4.4% of hazardous waste generated in the country is of the nature, which has to be incinerated. country is of the nature, which has to be incinerated.
Besides, segregated organic residues, highly Besides, segregated organic residues, highly concentrated effluents such as mother liquors and concentrated effluents such as mother liquors and toxic effluents not feasible for physico-chemical, toxic effluents not feasible for physico-chemical, biological treatment also require proper disposal biological treatment also require proper disposal through incineration.through incineration.
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Reduces volume, making transportation and disposal more efficient
Land Disposal
Land Disposal
Deep-well underground injection wells Surface impoundments Landfills Waste piles.
Special Measures during HW disposal
Banning liquids from landfills. Banning underground injection of hazardous waste within 500
m of a drinking-water well. Requiring more stringent structural and design conditions
for landfills and surface impoundments, including two or more liners, leachate collection systems above and between the liners, and ground water monitoring.
Requiring cleanup or corrective action if hazardous waste leaks from a facility.
Requiring information from disposal facilities on pathways of potential human exposure to hazardous substances.
Requiring location standards that are protective of human health and environment.
Deep-well Injection
Surface Impoundments
Landfills
Designed as a modular series of 3D control cells.Designed as a modular series of 3D control cells. Wastes are placed in an appropriate cell and covered Wastes are placed in an appropriate cell and covered
at the end of each working day with a layer of cover at the end of each working day with a layer of cover soil.soil.
There must be a double liner system to stop the flow There must be a double liner system to stop the flow leachate from entering the soil and ground water leachate from entering the soil and ground water beneath.beneath.
Leachate is collected and pumped to surface for Leachate is collected and pumped to surface for treatment.treatment.
Landfills
Landfills
Nitrogen compounds
Examples Ammonia,
Nitrate,Nitro-aromatics
etc.
• Phytoremediation•Injection wells •Aeration
Hydrocarbons
• Compositing• Surfactants • Fungi• Plants • Fertilizers
Examples Dibenzothiophenone,
Toluene,phenanthrene,
Carbazole, octane etc.
Hazardous Wastes
Halogenated organic
compounds
•Nutrient application•Aeration •Bioaugmentation •Phytoremediation
Examples Carbonatetra chloride,Tetrachloro ethylene,
Trichloro ethylene,PCBs, DDT etc
Herbicides/pesticides
• Microbial,• Bioaugmentation • Phytoremediation
Examples Atrazine,
metachlorDinoseb,
Aldicarb etc.
Metals
• Phytoremediation•Injection wells •Constructed wetlands
Examples Iron,Lead,
Chromium,Copper,
mercury etc.
Summary of different bioremediation strategiesfor typical hazardous wastes
HAZARDOUS WASTE LIFE CYCLE
ProcessRaw Materials
Catalyst
Products
HazardousWastes
Wastes other thanHazardous Wastes
for treatment & furtherreuse / disposal
Recycled in otherindustries
Treatment
Wastes with Potential reuse
Landfill till HW cycle is complete
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