8. Support and Movement

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SUPPORT AND

MOVEMENT

A N I M A L


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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMAL

Human and animals have a good support systemenables them to move and protect their bodytissues

There are three support system;

1. Endoskeleton

2. Exoskeleton

3. Hydrostatic skeleton


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The main functions of the skeletonare

Give them structure, strengthand shape

to provide support,

Protect their soft tissues andinternal organs

enable movement

The Skeleton


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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LANDS

VERTEBRATES AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

similarity

Land vertebrates Internal skeleton(endoskeleton)

Aquatic vertebrates

Difference

Internal skeleton

system

Type of support

system

Buoyancy of water

Big Size of pectoral andpelvic girdle

Comparatively small

Very strong Strength of pectoraland pelvic girdles

Comparatively weak


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DIFFERENT BETWEEN EXO AND ENDO

SKELETON

Exo- means outer, and Endo- means inner. So anexoskeleton means that the "framework" of thecreature is on the outside, like the lobster. Anendoskeleton is inside the creature, so the soft parts

are outside, like the bear or man.

Endo means "inside", exo means "outside", and askeleton is a structure that provides a rigid structurefor the body.

So, humans have endoskeletons (our rigid bones areinside our body), while crabs and lobsters haveexoskeletons (their rigid shells are outside their body).It's simply a matter of where your support structure is -inside(end) or outside(exo).


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SUPPORT SYSTEM OF LAND

INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates that have no backbone aresupported by

1. Hard exoskeleton

2. Body fluids (hydrostastic skeleton)


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EXOSKELETON

Also called the external skeleton

Has hard outer skin or shell

Maintain body shape Support body weight

Protect internal organs

Allows movement


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The Hydrostatic Skeleton

Examples of the hydrostatic skeleton can be seen in

molluscs and nemotodes or worms. These soft bodiedanimals rely on pressurised fluid held incompartments within the body to act as a skeleton. Byusing muscles surrounding these compartments, theanimal is able to change its shape and producemovement.

In earthworms, the hydrostatic skeleton consists offluid held in a compartment called the coelon. The

coelon is divided into segments and by using musclessurrounding these segments to push the fluid theearthworm is able to change shape. By squeezingsome segments but allowing others to relax, the wormcan generate a peristaltic motion.


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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Two types of supports system:

a) Woody plants

b) Non woody plants

Woody plants

Are supported by woody tissue. Woody tissue is hard andgives the plant shape and provides it with strength to holditself upright

Woody plants are also supported by special structure suchas thorns, buttress roots or clasping roots


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Non-woody plants

There are two types of support systems in non-woody plants(herbaceous plants). These plants are supported by turgid

pressure and special structure such as prop roots or tendrils Non woody plants (herb) such as balsam, mustard

kangkung are supported by cell turgidity.


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8. Support and Movement

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