8. Lecture on Wild Life Management Part 1_ Ajmal Bhai

8/15/2019 8. Lecture on Wild Life Management Part 1_ Ajmal Bhai

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/8-lecture-on-wild-life-management-part-1-ajmal-bhai 1/64

WILDLIFE

RESERVATION AND

MANAGEMENT

ByDr Muhammad Akmal RahimMuhammad Ajmal RahimDr. Seemal Vehra Ejaz



MANAGEMENT

Wildlife generally refers to all

species of mammals, birds,

reptiles,

amphibians

and

fishes

occurring in the

wild implying

thereby

undomesticated and

free

-

roaming in a natural

environment

.

One

deer

in

a

zoo

may

not

be

able

to roam free, it is

still

considered wildlife

because

deer as a

species occursunrestrained

in

the

wild

.

Deer

in

an

enclosure

would

also

be

considered

wildlife

even

though

their movements

might be

restricted

to

a

large

data

area

.

But

the

rats

and

mice

occurring

ina building in

city

shall

not

be

considered as

wildlife

because

they

are

defined

as

Pests

which

occur in a

man

-

made

environment

.



Wild life is part of

ecosystem, nutrient

cycle

and

energy

flow

Wildlife is an organic

resource and can be

managed on sustained

basis

.

The

value

of

wildlife

is

alsofound in

theireducational

scientific,aesthetic

andrecreational

significance

Its

recreational

values

can

be approximated

interms of the

moneyspent on

hunting andfishing

licenses and

equipments but other

values

are

more

difficult

to

assess

WILD LIFE ANDMANAGEMENT



For wildlife the

struggle for

survival

became a

competition

with human

beings and

their livestock

for life Food

Shelter

Space

WILD LIFE ANDMANAGEMENT



Out of 188

mammalian

,666

avian

, 174

reptilianand 16

amphibian

species reported from

Pakistan, 31

mammals

,21

birds

and 5

reptilian

species are facing the

danger of

extinction

/endangered , whereas

three mammals vis.

Cheetah, wild dog

Chow

-

singha

have

already been made

extinct.

WILD LIFE ANDPAKISTAN



Northern Mountains areas

embracing

Himalayan,

Karakorum

and Hindu Kush

ranges inNorthern

areas,

Malakand

Hazaraand AJK are rich and

fauna andflora has compared

to otherparts

of

the

country

.

These are provide and an

excellent habitat for Wildlife in

the form of

Alpine grazing land,sub alpine

scrub and temperateforests

.

These

habitats

support

avariety

of

wild

animals

.

The

areas

are

difficult

to

tread

bythe human beings, hence,

mostwild life

species

are

still presentin fare numbers

thought some

species are

endangered due todifferent

reasons

WILD LIFE





Nine major Ecologicalzones and 19 of 21 wetland types in Pakistan

About 6000 plants

species of which 5000are wild and 372endemic occurring onlyin Pakistan

Out of the 18 millionorders recorded theworld over 10 occur inPakistan

.

Wildlife Area in Pakistan



One species and two sub speciesare endemic of 4100 species,188 species have been reportedfrom Pakistan.

Amongst the bird 666 species,

out of 6500 in the world occur inthe country, both residentmigratory.

There are 174 reptiles speciesout of 6500 found the worldover. There are 14 amphibians

species 400 marine fish and 125fresh water fish species.

In insects and invertebrates arerepresented by 2000 species of which 700 are marine

Wildlife Area in Pakistan



WILDLIFE, GAMERESERVE &

SANCTUARIES

Wildlife It refers to non-

domesticated animal species, but hascome to include all plants, fungi, andother organisms that grow or livewild in an area without being

introduced by humans

. wildlife sanctuary, is a

naturally occurring sanctuary, suchas an island, that provides protectionfor species from hunting, predationor competition

Game reserves are largeareas of land where wild animals livesafely or are hunted in a controlledway for sport. Many gamereserves are located in Africa



MANAGEMENT

The function that

coordinates the effortsof people toaccomplish goalsand objectives byusing available

resources efficientlyand effectively.

It also includesdeployment andmanipulationof humanresources, financial resources, technologicalresources, and naturalresource towards therealization of set

goals.



WILDLIFERESEVATION

It refers towildlife habitatswhere non-domesticatedanimals live,thrive, reproduceand formcommunity, forexample parks,

wildlife gamereserves, wildlifesanctuaries andzoological gardens



Management/Conservation Principles

Wildlife manager’s jobis to maintain numberof animals in a habitatat or below habitat’s

carrying capacity, sono damage is done tothe animals or to theirhabitat.

In addition to lookingat the total number of

a species in a habitat,wildlife managers alsomonitor breeding stock

─ correct mix of adultand young animalsneeded to sustain apopulation.



Management/Conservation Principles

To manage ahabitat, wildlifemanagers must

consider historicaltrends, currenthabitat conditions,breeding

population levels,long-termprojections andbreeding success.



WildlifeConservation

Concept of wildlifeconservation hasbeen around sinceancient times.

Restrictions on takinggame are mentionedin the Bible, firstofficial huntingseason may havebeen established inthe 13th century byKubla Kahn.



Wildlife Conservation

Today, wildlifeconservation has evolved

into a science, but its goalremains essentially thesame: to ensure the wiseuse and management of renewable resources.Given the right

circumstances, livingorganisms that we callrenewable resources canreplenish themselvesindefinitely.

Conservation: Is the wise

use of natural resources,without wasting them.



Preservation

Preservation: (Saving

natural resources, butwith no consumption of them), is another meansof protecting or saving aresource, such as

outlawing hunting of endangered species. Bothpreservation andconservation arenecessary to sustain

resources for futuregenerations.



Wildlife Management

Wildlife managers

learned there is moreto conservation than

just protecting wildlife.They discovered thatnature overproducesits game resources,and that good wildlifemanagement yields asurplus that can be

harvested by hunters.



Habitat Management

Most critical aspect ofwildlife conservationis habitat

management.Habitat loss presentsthe greatest threat towildlife.



These five essential

elements must be present:The need for food andwater is obvious.

Cover is needed forshelter as well as to

protect animals whilefeeding, breeding,roosting, nesting,and traveling.

Habitat Management



Space is necessaryto avoid over-competition forfood. Some animalsalso need a certain

amount ofterritorial space formating and nesting.

Arrangement refers

to the placement offood, water, coverand space in ahabitat.

Habitat Management



For example, quail will

spend much of their timewhere shrub andgrassland areasconverge. This is callededge effect. Most animalscan be found where foodand cover meet,particularly near a watersource. River bottoms areideal, offering manyanimals all their habitat

needs along one corridor.

Habitat Management





Limiting FactorsFactors that limit potential

production of wildlife include: Disease and starvation

Predators and hunting

Pollution

Accidents

Old Age

Hunting



Limiting Factors

If the conditions arebalanced, gameanimals will producea surplus, which can

be harvested.



The Hunter’s Role in


Since wildlife is a renewable

resource with surplus,hunters help control wildlifepopulations at a healthybalance for the habitat.Regulated hunting has never

led to threatened orendangered wildlifepopulations.

Hunting is effective wildlifemanagement tool. Hunters

play important role byproviding information fromthe field that wildlifemanagers need.



Funding from hunting

licenses has helped manygame and non-game speciesrecover from dwindlingpopulation. Hunters spendmore time, money and effort

on wildlife conservation thanany other group in society. Inaddition to participating inthe harvest of surplusanimals, hunters help sustain

game populations by:







Filling outquestionnaires

Participating in surveys

Stopping at hunter

check stations Providing samples from

harvested animals

Funding for wildlife

management throughlicense fees.



Wildlife ManagementPractices

Monitoring WildlifePopulations: Wildlifemanagers continuouslymonitor birth and deathrate of various species

and condition of theirhabitat. This providesdata needed to sethunting regulations anddetermine if other wildlife

management practicesare needed to conservewildlife species.




Habitat Improvement:As succession occurs,change in habitat affectstype and number of wildlife habitat can

support. Wildlifemanagers may cut downor burn forested areasto promote new growthand slow down the

process of succession.This practice enablesthem to increase theproduction of certainwildlife species.




Hunting Regulations:

Hunting regulationsprotect habitat and

preserve animalpopulations.Regulations includesetting daily andseasonal time limits,bag limits and legalmethods for takingwildlife.



Beneficial HabitatManagement Practices

• Food plots and planting

• Controlled burning

• Brush pile creation

• Timber cutting

• Ditching

• Diking

• Nuisance plant or animalcontrol

• Mechanical brush orgrass control

Water holdings

D h



Birth Rate

Number of young born

to a wildlife species in

one year .

Death Rate

Number of wildlifespecies that die in

one year.

Succession

Natural progression of vegetation and wildlifepopulations of an area; for example, as trees grow and

form a canopy, shrubs and grasses will disappear alongwith the wildlife that use them for food and cover.

Predator

An animal that kills other animals for food



Wildlife Management Tools

Laws: Wildlife laws must beflexible, based on biologicalfacts, and used in combination

with other management tools.These game laws are necessaryto protect the safety of people,to protect the game, and to

insure a fair share for futuregenerations.




Habitat Management: Ideal goal is manipulatevegetation so necessities for life for varietyof wildlife are provided. Generally this isdone by controlled burning, selectiveforestry, food planting where feasible andappropriate, and other practices to maintainproper mix of habitat requirements.

Stocking: Purpose of stocking is releasewildlife species in areas that have suitable

habitat but no animal population.




Hunting and Trapping: Valuable tools for

maintaining wildlife populations at or belowcarrying capacity for the habitat. Goal isregulate hunting so only excess animals in apopulation are removed.

Public Education: Necessary for publicunderstanding of wildlife managementprograms. The more people know andunderstand wildlife and its needs, the morelikely they will support managementprograms.



Markhor



Lynx

Himalayan Ibex

Markhor

Marcho polo

Snow leopard Black and brown bear



Snow leopard Black and brown bear

OtterOtter Wolf

Sheep Sh



Sheep Shapu

Musk deer Marmoth

Tragopan Monal



Tragopan Monal

PheasantsSnow Partridge

I d Fishing Cat



IndusDolphin

Fishing Cat

Crocodile Fish

HOG DEAR Houbara Bustard



HOG DEAR

Peafowl

Houbara Bustard

Great IndianBustard

Common



CommonLeopard

CAT

Goral

SquirrelsChako



SquirrelsChakor

ParadisePheasantsBlack Buck

Common LangurRhesus Monkey



Black bearRED FOX

Common LangurRhesus Monkey

Peregrine Cheerug Osprey



g g

FalconSpotted eagles

Osprey

ShikraWild b



Black wingedkite

Sand Lizards

Wild bores

Marin TurtlesWater



Leather

Waterfowl

Waterfowl







National andInternational

Interests

ClimaticChange

Newer

Residentsinterests

Tourism

AgricultureHerding

CommercialHarvest

SubsistenceHarvest

ForestryLogging

Hydropower

MiningOil/Gas

Urbanization

Indigenous

PeoplesInterests

Wildlifemanagement

andConservation

The Diversity ofInterests

Traditional Rights



Up dating inventory of flora and faunal diversity reviewing

current field research presently under taken and planningfor future to fill in the gaps in the knowledge biodiversity inPakistan

Identification of species and delineation of areas of importance with the stand point of biodiversity values.

Critically a review the currents program and plans for theconservation or biodiversity, research and informationmanagement efforts and institutionally responsibilities andcapabilities

Review and up grade the management of current status of

the protected area system and community based projects,oriented towards the conservation of biodiversity, occurringin representative samples of ecosystem and plant andanimal communities

The strategy to improve the situation

Th t t t i th it ti



Review the existing legal frame work at the

provincial and federal levels identifying shortcoming, and suggesting improvements in overallbiodiversity conservation efforts in the country.

Develop a comprehensive long term strategy, where

faceable, based on community participation, toaddress the needs to conserve biodiversity, andpriorities actions keeping in view the need forchanges in policies. Legal solutions institutional and

technical aspects . Achieve consensus on the long term strategy and in

priorities biodiversity conservations

The strategy to improve the situation

Action Plan



Identification of key high priorities sites and species forconservations based on the criteria developed during thestudy and development of the strategy for the conservationof biodiversity

Based on above and the strategy, development of longterms planning process including Monitoring and evaluationsystem to measure change in biodiversity overtime

Identification of specific actions essential for theconservation and management of high priority sites andspecies.

The world envisage protected area planning, datamanagement, initiation of management process especiallywith the help of community participation( participatory ruralApproach PRA), and amendments in legal solutions

Action Plan

Action Plan



Involvement of NGOs in the conservations and

management of biodiversity through legal process.Based on the action plan following action/intervention have been suggested.

Reorganization of Protection area system Community Participation in the Conservation and

Management of Biodiversity

Development of Human resources

Conservation Programs

Biodiversity Conservation outside the protectedareas

Hunting recourse development

Action Plan

G l



The protected areas and the potential areas outside these to be managed in a way, that therecommendation made by the action plan areseriously looked in to. The talk would be:

To develop the biodiversity strategy To draw up the national Biodiversity action plan

Implementing (Improving) biodiversitymanagement and protection skills to up grade the

management program convened to fill full thelong term requirements of research into theconservation of specific site and species, andtraining the staff, and other related main power.

General



WILDLIFE REGULATION IN PAKISTAN

Wildlife is protected, preserved,conserved and managed under

Pakistan Wildlife Act 1975 & Provincial wildlife Act 1974.The hunting of wildlife is

regulated under this act.



INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Convention on internationaltrade in endangered speciesof wild fauna and flora

Convention on migratoryspecies of wild animals

Convention on biologicaldiversity

NATIONAL PARKS IN PAKISTAN



National park is a protected area set aside by

the government for the protection and conservation of its

outstanding scenery and wildlife in a natural state. It is

accessible to public for research, education and recreation.

Development of national parks was mainly carried out

by National Conservation Strategy of 1992.

Pakistan has 29 protected areas known as national parks

Lal Suhanra is the only national park established beforethe independence of the nation in August 1947

The smallest national park is the Ayub, covering a total

approximate area of 931 hectares (2,300.6 acres).





1. Ayub Rawalpindi Punjab2. Shandure-Phander National Park Ghizer Gilgit Baltistan

3. Shandure-Phander National Park Chitral Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

4. Central Karakoram Gilgit and Skardu Gilgit Baltistan

5. Chinji Chakwal Punjab

6. Chitral Gol Chitral Khyber Pakhtunkhwa7. Deosai Skardu Gilgit Baltistan

8. Deva Vatala Bhimber Azad Kashmir

9. Ghamot Neelum Azad Kashmir

10. Gurez Neelum Azad Kasmir

11. Hazarganji-Chiltan Quetta Baluchistan

12. Hingo Awaran, Gawadar and Lasbela

13. Sheikh Buddin DI Khan Khyber Pakhtun khwa

14. Toli Pir Poonch Azad Kashmir

15. Panjal Mastan Bagh Azad Kashmir


GAME RESERVS IN PAKISTAN



Abbasia

Askor NallahBahawalpur Plantation

Bhon Fazil

Bhono

Bilyamin

Bund Khush Dil Khan

Chassi/Baushdar

Chaupalia

Cholistan

Danyor Nallah

Darosh Gol

Daulana

Deh Jangisar

Deh Sahib SamanDiljabba-Domeli

Dosu Forest

Gat Wala

Gehrait Gol

Ghamot

GAME RESERVS IN PAKISTAN

WILDLIFE NCTU RIE IN P KI T N

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbasia_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Askor_Nallah_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahawalpur_Plantation&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhon_Fazil_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhono_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilyamin_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bund_Khush_Dil_Khan_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chassi/Baushdar_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaupalia_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholistan_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danyor_Nallah_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darosh_Gol_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daulana_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deh_Jangisar_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deh_Sahib_Saman_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diljabba-Domeli_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dosu_Forest_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gat_Wala_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gehrait_Gol_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghamot_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghamot_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1







https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daulana_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholistan_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaupalia_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilyamin_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhono_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbasia_Game_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1



Argam Basti Wildlife Sanctuary

Astore Wildlife Sanctuary

Bajwat Wildlife Sanctuary

Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary

Bijoro Chach Wildlife Sanctuary

Borraka Wildlife Sanctuary

Buzi Makola Wildlife Sanctuary

Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin

SanctuaryCholistan Wildlife Sanctuary

Chorani Wildlife Sanctuary

Chotiari Wetland

Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary

Cut Munarki Chach Wildlife Sanctuary

Daphar Wildlife SanctuaryDeh Akro Wildlife Sanctuary

Dhoung Block Wildlife Sanctuary

Drigh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Dureji Wildlife Sanctuary

Ghondak Dhono Wildlife Sanctuary

Gullel Kohri Wildlife

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN PAKISTAN

Gulsher Dhand Wildlife Sanctuary

Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary

Hadero Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Haleji Wildlife Sanctuary

Haleji Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Islamabad Wildlife Sanctuary

Kachau Wildlife Sanctuary

Kargah Wildlife Sanctuary

Keti Bunder South WildlifeSanctuary

Khadi Wildlife Sanctuary

Kharar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Khat Dhoro Wildlife Sanctuary

Kinjhar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

Koh-e-Geish Wildlife SanctuaryKolwah Kap Wildlife Sanctuary

Kot Dinghano Wildlife Sanctuary

Lakhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Lehri Nature Park

Mahal Kohistan Wildlife Sanctuary

Majiran Wildlife Sanctuary

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argam_Basti_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_Wildlife_Sanctuary



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajwat_Wildlife_Sanctuary



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan_Wildlife_Sanctuary



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bijoro_Chach_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borraka_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buzi_Makola_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_and_Taunsa_Barrage_Dolphin_Sanctuary



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholistan_Wildlife_Sanctuary



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorani_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chotiari_Wetland&action=edit&redlink=1


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbi_Surla_Wildlife_Sanctuary




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cut_Munarki_Chach_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1





https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daphar_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deh_Akro_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhoung_Block_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drigh_Lake_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dureji_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghondak_Dhono_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gullel_Kohri_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulsher_Dhand_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_Dam_Wildlife_Sanctuary




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadero_Lake_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haleji_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haleji_Lake_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kachau_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kargah_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keti_Bunder_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadi_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kharar_Lake_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khat_Dhoro_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinjhar_Lake_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koh-e-Geish_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1







https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolwah_Kap_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kot_Dinghano_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakhi_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehri_Nature_Park



https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahal_Kohistan_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1




https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majiran_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1













































8. Lecture on Wild Life Management Part 1_ Ajmal Bhai

Documents