1 1 code code 7W580 7W580 urban theory and design of public space urban theory and design of public space 2 Jan Gehl: Life between buildings First edition 1971 Gehl: 1936 Frontrunner: – Attention for use of space (as opposed to ‘function’) – Attention for everyday life – Underpinning ideas with research and facts – Modest approach – Attention to detail 3 Jan Gehl: Life between buildings Builds on the work of, a.o.: –Jane Jacobs –William H. Whyte –Oskar Newman –Christopher Alexander 4 Jan Gehl: Cities for people Published 2010 Revised version of ‘Life between buildings’ Different approach of text and structure Some additions N.B. Studying this slide presentation is NOT enough as a preparation for the exam! Read the book and analyze it The author takes no responsibility for mistakes in these slides, only the original book text counts 5 Scope of the book(s) • Use of public space • Social activities as benchmark • What can design contribute? • Way of thinking: the human dimension • Design attitude, design principles 6 Overall content • City life & quality of space • Conditions for design (senses, scale) • General design principles (health, etc) • Design of public space • Considerations as regards managing and …. • …developing cities • ‘Toolbox’ (design principles)
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codecode 7W5807W580
urban theory and design of public spaceurban theory and design of public space
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Jan Gehl: Life between buildings
First edition 1971
Gehl: 1936
Frontrunner:
– Attention for use of space (as opposed to ‘function’)
– Attention for everyday life
– Underpinning ideas with research and facts
– Modest approach
– Attention to detail
3
Jan Gehl: Life between buildings
Builds on the work of, a.o.:
–Jane Jacobs
–William H. Whyte
–Oskar Newman
–Christopher Alexander
4
Jan Gehl: Cities for people
Published 2010
Revised version of ‘Life between buildings’
Different approach of text and structure
Some additions
N.B.
Studying this slide presentation is NOT enough as a preparation for the exam! Read the book and analyze it
The author takes no responsibility for mistakes in these slides, only the original book text counts
5
Scope of the book(s)
• Use of public space
• Social activities as benchmark
• What can design contribute?
• Way of thinking: the human dimension
• Design attitude, design principles
6
Overall content
• City life & quality of space
• Conditions for design (senses, scale)
• General design principles (health, etc)
• Design of public space
• Considerations as regards managing
and ….
• …developing cities
• ‘Toolbox’ (design principles)
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7
The human dimension
Devastating influence of the car
Plea for public space as human space
Kopenhagen, effect of planning for bicycle traffic8
Relation between design and use of space
• Necessary activites
• Optional activities
• Social activities
Three sorts of activities
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Indirectresults from the first
two categories
BigMinimalInfluence of physical environment
Interactive
Playing, greeting,converstaion, passive
contact
(mostly) Recreative
Take a stroll, etc.
Functional
Going to school, Shopping, etc.
Sort
SpontaneousFree choiceobligations, necessity
Inducement
SocialOptionalNecessary
Activities
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Influence of the quality of public space
In: Cities for People
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N.B.
Next part (green background):
part of the exam but not in this form in ‘Cities for people’
To be found in ‘Life between buildings’
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Relation between social activities and public space
None• No direct physical contact
‘Anonimous’Motorways,infrastructure
Mainly passive.Seeing and heering each other
• Many people• Many different
backgrounds
‘Public’City streets, City
Centres, etc.
Eleborate social contacts.Greetings, conversations,discussions, games.
• Limited number of people
• Common interests or background. People know each other (of only by face)
‘Intimate’Residential streets,Streets near schools,Public space near working places, etc.
Social activitiesCharacteristicKind of space
3
13
‘Chain effect’
The basis of social activity is people meeting each other
Sociale activies are dependent from other activities
Just seeing and hearing each other is a form of social activity
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Consequence:
The physical environment has no The physical environment has no directdirectinfluence on social contacts.influence on social contacts.
However: designers However: designers areare able to influence the able to influence the conditions for social contacts.conditions for social contacts.
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Value of low intensity contacts
• Possible starting point for contacts on a higher level
• Uncomplicated
• Source of inspriration / stimulation
‘Life’ is in the long run always more interesting to look at than architecture and design
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Source of activitiesSource of activities““Something happens because something happens Something happens because something happens
because something happensbecause something happens””
Basis of low intensity contacts: activitiesBasis of low intensity contacts: activities
‘‘Cities for peopleCities for people’’::
““People come where people arePeople come where people are””
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Source of activitiesSource of activities
Basis of low intensity contacts: activitiesBasis of low intensity contacts: activities
Human activity attracts people
Life between buildings = the product of the length and number of individual occurrences
Stimulating activities: making sure more people use public space for a longer period of time
““Something happens because something happens Something happens because something happens
because something happensbecause something happens””
18Melbourne, Australia
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KopenhagenDenmark 20
Relation kind of space – childs behaviour
KopenhagenDenmark
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Influence of physical design on outdoor activities
Pedestrian traffic Helsingor22
Voetgangersverkeer Helsingor
Fro
m: D
onal
d A
pple
yard
, ‘L
ivab
le s
tree
ts’
San Fransisco
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Influence of physical design on outdoor activities
Two living quarters in Kopenhagen24
Conclusion
Factors that can be influenced by design:
How many people and occurrences
The length of the activities
What types of activities are possible
In research: the existing situation often gives a
false impression.
Also: all types of activities should be involved in
research (because they are interconnected)
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Back to ‘Cities for people’
Some poignant subjects. Presented in the same sequence as the chapters of the book
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Influence of senses
Sensory distances according to Hall
300 – 500m distinguishing people from other objects
< 100m movement and body language in general
50 – 70m gender & age, known persons
< 35m Understanding language in a theatre
22 – 25m facial expressions, basic messages
< 7m conversation, hearing effective
< 1m smelling effectively
On the use of space
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Social field of vision
Ultimate threshold 100m
Key threshold 25 m 35m with artificial means (theatre)
Designing for social venues
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Communication and distance
0 - 45 cm intimate distance 45 - 120 cm personal distance
1,2 – 3,7 m social distance > 3,7 m public distance
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Senses, social contact and design
From: ‘Toolbox’, Chapter 7 30
Senses, social contact and design
human scale vs car scale
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Senses, social contact and design
“Make sure there’s never quite enough room”
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““When in doubt, When in doubt, leaveleave some space outsome space out””Credo:Credo:
Senses, social contact and design
‘‘life between buildingslife between buildings’’
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Lively, safe, sustainable and healthy city
Influence of densityNo absolute relation
High density + high rise buildings liveliness
liveliness = combination of factors - compact city structure (may be low rise) - reasonable density of population - acceptable walking and cycling distances - quality of space- no dominance of car + slower trafic- ‘soft edges’ to public space (design principles)- activities in plinths
general design considerations
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soft
edge
s
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Lively, safe, sustainable and healthy city
safe
- traffic
Only reference to Oskar Newman. In original book more elaborate
- crime (= security)
Relation between street type, use and safety
- Life in buildings (social control)- Clear structures (good oriëntation)- Clear territories- Soft edges
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Lively, safe, sustainable and healthy city
• reducing motorized traffic
• good relation space – public transport
• social sustainability helped by lively cities
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Lively, safe, sustainable and healthy city
• promoting excersise: walking, cycling
Not in the book but also:
- optimizing distances in neigborhoods
- clear and safe routes, safe bicycle storage
- environments inviting for walking
- optimizing locations of schools, shops, etc.
- accessibility for pedestrians & bicycles
- transferiums, parking outside centres
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The city at eye level (chapter 4)
The importance of the small scale
Small scale activities
walking
staying
meeting
self-expression, play, exercize
cycling
Small scale ‘agreability’
visual attraction
comfort / avoiding distress
accesibility
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The city at eye level (chapter 4)
Clutterd and unattractive situation caused by failing planning and design
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The city at eye level (chapter 4)
General consideration:
Design should be based on realistic insight into the way people use space, not on abstract research or considerations from behind the drawing board
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walking: technical solution for healthy people versus feeling of safety and discomfort of stairs 42
The city at eye level (chapter 4)
Analysis
from: ‘Life between buildings’
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43
Ed
ge
effe
ct
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The city at eye level (chapter 4)
design considerations for sitting
An example of the way Gehl treats this kind of subject in his book
45Choice of location: ‘Edge-effect’
Hengelo (OV)46
variation of the ‘Edge-effect’: ‘attractors’Roma
47Dispersion, quality of the place, advantages
Sliedrecht48
Dispersion, quality of the place, advantagesRoma
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49Demands differ per target group
Roma50
Demands differ per target groupRoma
51Seating is not only recreation it is also functional
Wien: looking for shade52
Seating is not only recreation it is also functionalWien