7th AIS SigPrag International Conference on Pragmatic Web (ICPW 2012)

The Pragmatic Web (and its many relations)

Adrian Paschke Hans Weigand Corporate Semantic Web Faculty of Economics

Freie Universität Berlin Tilburg University

Co-Chairs Pragmatic Web

www.pragmaticweb.info

7th AIS SIGPRAG International Conference Session on

Pragmatic Web at

6th International Symposium on Rules

RuleML 2012

Montpellier, France, August 2012

The Semantic Web

• "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation."

– Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web

• „Make the Web understandable for machines“

2007 W3C Semantic Web Stack

2

Core Semantic Technologies

1. Rules – Describe conclusions and reactions from given information

(inference)

– Declarative knowledge representation: “express what is valid, the responsibility to interpret this and to decide on how to do it is delegated to an interpreter / reasoner”

2. Ontologies – Ontologies described the common knowledge of a domain

(semantics):

• “An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization “ T. Gruber

Semantics interoperability between (connected) vocabularies

3

Corporate Semantic Web

Corporate Semantic Web (CSW) is

used to describe the application of

Semantic Web technologies and

Knowledge Management

methodologies in corporate

environments.

4

Corporate Semantic Web

1. Application of Semantic Web technologies in enterprise information systems (Semantic Enterprise) • Collaborative workflows and (business) process management

(e.g. Internet of Services, e-Science workflows, Semantic Business Process Management)

• Knowledge Management (e.g. Semantic Knowledge Management, Semantic Corporate Memory, Semantic Ad-hoc BI and Semantic CEP)

2. Corporate = Business Context • Application of Semantic Web technologies under economical

considerations and business conditions (e.g. cost models, return on investment)

5

Corporate vs. Public Semantic Web

• Closed information systems / Intranet solutions

with known interfaces between systems,

services and domains

• Known user groups within enterprise network(s)

• Usage of the existing enterprise IT

infrastructure, information, and knowledge is

constrained by the existing business rules,

policies and workflows/processes

• Data view: closed, often (semi-)structured data

with known data models (e.g., relational,

object-oriented, XML, …)

• Logic view: partial closed world assumption,

partial unique name assumption, constructive

views

6

Social Semantic Web

The concept of the Social Semantic

Web subsumes developments in

which social interactions on the Web

lead to the creation of explicit and

semantically rich knowledge

representations. (Wikipedia)

7

Social Semantic Web vs.

Public/Corporate/Pragmatic Semantic Web

• Social Semantic Web = Web of collective

knowledge systems

• Focus: Tools in which the central social

interactions on the Web plays a role. These

tools lead to the development of explicit

semantic representations

• Combines technologies, strategies and

methods of the Semantic Web, Social

Software and Web 2.0

• Finds applications in Corporate Semantic

Web as well as Public Semantic Web and in

particular Pragmatic Web

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Pragmatic Web

• The Pragmatic Web consists of the tools,

practices and theories describing why and

how people use information. In contrast

to the Syntactic Web and Semantic Web

the Pragmatic Web is not only about form

or meaning of information, but about

interaction which brings about e.g.

understanding or commitments.

(www.pragmaticweb.info)

9

Language Action Perspective

• The Language Action Perspective

(LAP) argues that language is not

only used for exchanging

information, (as in reports or

statements etc.) but also to perform

actions (as in promises, orders,

requests, and declarations etc)

(Schoop 2001; Weigand 2003).

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The Pragmatic Web - Internet as a platform

of communication and coordination

• Distinguishing the physical event as such (happening

in time/space) from

– the value it has for humans / agents in terms of

commitments

– leading e.g. economic value

The value aspect highlights the “why” of the coordination. 11

Organisational Semiotics

• Organisational semiotics examines

the nature, characteristics and

features of information, and studies

how information can be best used in

the context of organised activities

and business domains.

(Kecheng Liu et al. 2002)

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Pragmatic Agent Web

The Pragmatic Agent Web utilize the

Semantic Web with multiple interacting

intelligent agents which collaborate on

the Web and put independent meta data,

ontologies and local data into a pragmatic

context such as communicative

situations, organizational norms, purposes

or individual goals and values. (Paschke

2007)

13

Pragmatic Agent Web

• Utilize the heterogenous Semantic Web resources, meta data

and meaning representations with intelligent agents and

web-based services with the ability to understand the

others intended meaning (pragmatic competence)

– Formal Logic Representation vs. (Controlled) Natural Language

Representation

• Collaborate in a communicative conversation-based

process where content and context is interchanged in terms

of messages (relation of signs) between senders and

receivers (interpreters/users). – Loosley-coupled vs. de-coupled interactions

– Fixed negotiation and coordination protocols vs. free conversations

• Pragmatic layer/wrapper around semantic/content e.g. by

KQML / ACL like speech-act primitives (e.g. assert(content),

retract(content), query(kb)) – Model, negotiate and control shared and invividual meanings

requires learning and knowledge adaption / updates

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Conclusion: Challenges for the Pragmatic Web

Syntax

Sematics

Pragmatics

Data Understanding

Connectedness

Information / Content

Knowledge

Intelligence / Wisdom

Understanding relations

Understanding patterns

understanding principles

Ontologies (Logic)

Rules (Logic)

??? (Human Logic + Machine Logic)

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Pragmatic Web

Vision: Ubiquitous Pragmatic Web 4.0

Monolithic

Systems Era

Desktop Computing

Deskto

p

World Wide Web 1.0

Connects Information

Syntactic Web

Semantic Web 2.0 Connects Knowledge

Social Semantic Web 3.0,

Web of Services & Things,

Corporate Semantic Web Connects People, Services and Things

Ubiquitous Pragmatic Web 4.0 Connects Intelligent Agents and Smart

Things

Semantic Web

Ubiquitous autonomic

Smart Services and

Things

Pragmatic Agent

Ecosystems

Mach

ine

Un

ders

tan

din

g

Ubiquitous Next Generation Agents and Social Connections

Syntactic Web

Semantic Web

PragamticWeb

HT

ML

XM

L

RD

F

Sm

art

A

ge

nts

Co

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Pro

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Passive Active

Co

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AG Corporate Semantic Web

Freie Universität Berlin

http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/groups/ag-csw/

http://www.corporate-semantic-web.de

The Pragmatic Web Research Community

www.pragmaticweb.info

Association for Information Systems Special Interest Group "Pragmatic Web"

(AIS SIGPRAG)