J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education Department of Electronics and Communication Bangalore - 560060 SEMINAR REPORT 2009 BIONIC EYE Submitted by: TEJAS (1JS03EC046) Head of the department Principal Prof. V.Aravamudhan Dr. A.N.N.Murthy Dept of E&C J.S.S.A.T.E
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J.S.S. Academy of Technical EducationDepartment of Electronics and Communication
Bangalore - 560060
SEMINAR REPORT 2009 BIONIC EYE
Submitted by:
TEJAS(1JS03EC046)
Head of the department PrincipalProf. V.Aravamudhan Dr. A.N.N.MurthyDept of E&C J.S.S.A.T.E
Bachelor of Engineering Visveshwaraya Technological University, Belgaum
Evaluated by:1.2.
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the seminar entitled “BIONIC EYE” is a
bonafide work carried out by TEJAS, bearing the USN 1JS03EC046 in
partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication of Visveshwaraya Technological
University, Belgaum, during the academic year 2009. The seminar has been
approved as it satisfies the requirement with respect to seminar work
prescribed for 8th semester of Engineering Degree.
Head of the Department:
Prof. V.ARAVAMUDHANProfessor and HODDepartment of E&CJSSATE
Faculty in charge:
Mrs.VEERAMMA YATNALLIAssistant ProfessorDepartment of E&CJSSATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No work is complete without due recognition being given to
people who made it possible. I would like to convey my profound
gratitude for all those who have helped me in presenting this seminar
paper.
Firstly, I would like to thank Mrs. VEERAMMA YATNALLI,
ASST.PROFESSOR, JSSATE, for her able guidance. With her help and
suggestion, the presentation of this seminar paper has been rendered
easier for me.
I am grateful to Prof. V.ARAVAMUDHAN, our HOD for his
timely support and encouragement towards the presentation of this
seminar paper.
I also express my deep sense of gratitude to all the Faculty
Members of Electronics and Communication Department for their
valuable guidance.
I express my sincere thanks to my family and friends who also
helped me to present this seminar article successfully.
TEJAS [1JS03EC046]
INDEX
Sl. No Topic Page No
1. Introduction
2. Function of the human eye
3. Components of the bionic eye
4. Operation of the bionic eye
5. Case studies
6. Current technologies
INTRODUCTION
Visual prosthetic
A visual prosthetic or bionic eye is a form of neural prostheses intended to
restore lost vision or amplify existing vision. It usually takes the form of an
externally-worn camera that is attached to a stimulator on the retina or optic
nerve in order to augment or replace the real eye.
History
Scientific research since at least the 1950s has investigated interfacing
electronics at the level of the retina, optic nerve, thalamus, and cortex.
Visual prosthetics do not yet offer the functionality of a real eye.
An eye is a round-shaped organ that works with the brain to provide us with vision. The shape of the eye is maintained by the pressure of the aqueous humor. The aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the front chamber of the eye.
At the back of every healthy human eye are millions of rods and cones - 120
million rods and around six million cones. They act as biological ‘solar
cells’ in the retina that convert light into electrical impulses, which then
travel along the optic nerve to the brain where images are formed. If these
cells degenerate or malfunction, the result is a loss of eyesight.
The main function of the eye is to work with the brain to provide us with vision. The eye and brain translate light waves into a sensation we call vision.
Eye Parts
The eye has many parts. Some of the main parts are listed and described below.
lens o The transparent crystalline lens of the eye is located
o The cornea is a transparent dome which serves as the outer window of the eye. The cornea is the most powerful structure focusing light entering the eye.
retina o The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It is composed of
nerve tissue which senses the light entering the eye. o The retina sends impulses through the optic nerve back to the
brain, which translates the impulses into images that we see. o There are 4 types of light-sensitive receptors found in the retina
1. rods 2. cones that absorb long-wavelength light (red) 3. cones that absorb middle-wavelength light (green) 4. cones that absorb short-wavelength light (blue)
pupil o The pupil is the hole in the center of the eye where light passes
through. iris
o The iris is the colored part of the eye. It is a thin diaphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers. The iris lies between the cornea and the crystalline lens.
optic nerve o The optic nerve is a continuation of the axons of the ganglion
cells in the retina. It acts acts like a cable connecting the eye with the brain.
o The optic nerve is also called the cranial nerve II. sclera
o The sclera is the white, opaque portion of the eye. It provides protection and serves as an attachment for the extraocular muscles which move the eye.
Diseases of the Eye That Can Potentially Be Cured
There are some diseases in which the sensors in the eye, the rods and cones,
have deteriorated but all the wiring is still in place,’ says Ignatiev ,if we
could replace those damaged rods and cones with artificial ones, then a
person who is retinally blind might be able to regain some of their sight.’
The artificial implants being developed at SVEC are intended to help people
with retinal diseases such as macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa.
Macular degeneration is an age-related disease and usually affects people
over 50 years of age. According to Moorfields Eye Hospital in London, UK,
it accounts for almost 50% of all visual impairment in the developed world.
Retinitis pigmentosa causes the rods and cones in the eyes to malfunction,
and tends to be hereditary. In the UK more than 25,000 families have RP,
and globally this figure runs into millions, according to the British Retinitis
Pigmentosa Society.
COMPONENTS OF THE BIONIC EYE
Digital camera - built into a pair of glasses; captures images in real-
time; sends images to microchip
Video-processing microchip - built into a handheld unit; processes
images into electrical pulses representing patterns of light and dark;
sends pulses to radio transmitter in glasses
lens -The transparent crystalline lens of the eye is located immediately behind the iris
Radio transmitter - wirelessly transmits pulses to receiver implanted
above the ear or under the eye
Radio receiver - receiver sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-