77002163 Viet Dong Phan Va Danh Phap HCHC Merged

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BI 2 . VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C

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B N QUY N THUC V

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A L THUYT

I. Thuyt cu to ha hc

Thuyt cu to ha hc do Butlerop ra da trn kt qu nghin cu ca bn

thn ng v ca mt s nh ha hc khc nh Cupe, Kecule

1. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau theo mt th

t nht nh v theo ng ha tr ca chng. Th t kt hp c gi l cu

to ha hc. S thay i th t kt hp s to ra cht mi.

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2. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ha tr 4. Cc nguyn t cacbon c

th kt hp khng nhng vi nhng nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn kt

hp trc tip vi nhau to thnh nhng mch cacbon khc nhau (mch khng

nhnh, c nhnh v mch vng)

CH3

CH2 CH 2 CH 3

CH3

CH CH3

CH 3

3. Tnh cht ca hp cht hu c ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht v

s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ha hc (th t kt hp cc nguyn t)

V d:

- Ph thuc vo bn cht cc nguyn t: CH4 l cht kh d chy, cn CCl4 l cht

lng, khng chy.

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- Ph thuc vo s lng nguyn t: l cht kh, cn l cht lng

iu kin thng.

- Ph thuc vo th t kt hp cc nguyn t: u c cng thc phn t

nhng c cu to khc nhau th c tnh cht khc nhau:

: l cht lng, tan v hn trong nc, tc dng vi Na

: l cht kh, gn nh khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi

Na

4 10C H

5 12C H

2 6C H O

3 2CH CH OH

3 3CH O CH

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II. Cng thc cu to (CTCT)

Nu nh CTPT ch cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t

th CTCT cn cho bit c th t kt hp v cch lin kt gia cc nguyn t .

C 3 loi CTCT l: CTCT khai trin, CTCT thu gn v CTCT thu gn nht

- CTCT khai trin: Vit tt c cc nguyn t v cc lin kt gia chng.

- CTCT thu gn: Vit gp nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t khc lin kt vi n

thnh tng nhm.

- CTCT thu gn nht: Ch vit cc lin kt v nhm chc, u mt ca cc lin kt

l cc nhm vi x m bo ha tr 4 ca cacbon.xCH

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III. Phn loi hp cht hu c

1. Hirocacbon

L hp cht hu c ch cha 2 nguyn t l C v H.

2. Dn xut ca hirocacbon

L hp cht hu c c cha cc nguyn t khc H nh N, O, halogen,

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Cc dn xut ca hirocacbon l nhng hp cht c nhm chc. Nhm chc l

nhm nguyn t hoc nguyn t quyt nh c tnh ha hc ca phn t hu c.

Nhm chc Loi hp cht Th d

- OH Ancol

- O - Ete

- CH=O Anehit- CO - Xeton

3

3 3

3

3 3

CH OH

CH O CH

CH CH O

CH CO CH

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Nhm chc Loi hp cht Th d

- COOH Axit cacboxylic

Amin

+ -COOH Amino axit

- COO - Este

2NH

2NH

3

3 2

CH COOH

CH NH

2 2H N CH COOH

3 3CH COOCH

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Ch :

- Phn t ch c mt nhm chc th l hp cht n chc.

V d:

- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc ng nht th l hp cht a chc.V d:

- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc khc nhau th l hp cht tp chc.

V d:

3 2CH NH

2 2HO CH CH OH

2 2HO CH CH COOH

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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon

Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng

- Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no

- Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm

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IV. Cc loi ng phn

1. ng phn cu to

a,L nhng cht c cng CTPT nhng c cu to ha hc khc nhau

V d:

b, Phn loi

C 3 loi ng phn cu to: ng phn nhm chc, ng phn mch cacbon, ng

phn v tr nhm chc.

3 2CH CH OH 3 3CH O CH

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-ng phn nhm chc: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v bn cht nhm

chc.

V d:

3 2 2 2

3 2 2 3

CH CH CH CH OH

CH CH O CH CH

-ng phn mch cacbon: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v s phn

nhnh mch cacbon.

V d:

CH 3 CH CH 2 OH

CH 3

3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH OH

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-ng phn v tr nhm chc l nhng ng phn khc nhau v v tr nhm chc.

V d:

CH 3 CH CH 2

OH

CH3

3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH OH

2.ng phn lp th

L nhng ng phn c cu to ha hc nh nhau nhng khc nhau v s phn

b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (tc l khc nhau v cu trc

khng gian ca phn t)

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V d:

C 2 cch sp xp trong khng gian:

3 3CH CH CH CH

C C

CH 3

H

CH 3

H

C C

CH 3

HCH 3

H

cis trans

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V. Danh php hp cht hu c

1. Tn thng thng

c t theo ngun gc tm ra chng, i khi c th c phn ui ch r hp

cht thuc loi no

V d: HCOOH axit fomic (formica: kin)

: axit axetic (acetus: gim)3

CH COOH

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2. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC

a, Tn gc chc

Tn phn gc Tn phn nh chc

Hai phn ny c vit tch ri nhau.

V d:3 2

CH CH Cl

etyl clorua

etyl clorua

b, Tn thay th

Tn thay th c vit lin, c th phn thnh 3 phn nh sau:

Tn phn th Tn mch cacbon chnh Tn phn nh chc

Trong : Phn tn thay th c th khng c, 2 phn cn li bt buc phi c

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* Gi tn phn nh chc:

Hirocacbon no an

Anken en

Ankin in

Ankaien ien

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Ancol ol

Xeton on

Anehit al

Axit cacboxylic oic

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Bng 1: Tn s m v tn mch cacbon chnh

S m Mch C chnh

1 Mono C Met

2 i C C Et

3 Tri C C C Prop

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S m Mch C chnh

4 Tetra C C C C But

5 Penta C C C C C Pent

6 Hexa C C C C C C Hex

7 Hepta C C C C C C C Hept

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S m Mch C chnh

8 OctaC C C C C C C C

Oct

9 Nona C C C C C C C C C Non

10 eca C C C C C C C C C C ec

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B BI TP

Dng 1: Cch vit ng phn hp cht hu c

Bc 1: Tnh cha bo ha ca phn t (l tng s lin kt pi v vng)

2 2

2i

i A(a )nTrong :

Ai l cc nguyn t c mt trong phn t

l tng s nguyn t ca nguyn t Ai

ai l ha tr ca nguyn t Ai

- Nu l nguyn t C th a = 4

- Nu l nguyn t H hoc halogen th a = 1

- Nu l nguyn t O, S th a = 2

- Nu l nguyn t N (to amin) th a = 2, N to mui amoni th coi nh a = 5

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Bc 2: Xc nh loi nhm chc c th c

- Nu c oxi + = 0: ancol, ete

- Nu c oxi + > 0: ancol, ete khng no, anehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic, este, c

th c vng

- Nu c N: amin

- Va c oxi, va c nit: 1N + 2 Oxi: amino axit, mui amoni, mui ca amin, nitro

2N + 3 oxi: Mui nitrat

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Bc 3: Vit CTCT cc ng phn sao cho ng ha tr ca tng nguyn t

Nn vit theo trnh t ht loi nhm chc ny n loi nhm chc khc.

Vi mi loi nhm chc, vit mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh, di chuyn v tr

nhm chc, v tr lin kt bi

Bc 4: Vi nhng cu to c lin kt i C=C tha mn iu kin 2 nguyn t

hoc nhm nguyn t lin kt vi cng 1 nguyn t cacbon ca lin kt i khc

nhau th c thm ng phn hnh hc

Khi thng thng nu mch chnh nm v cng mt pha ca lin kt C=C th

l ng phn cis, nu mch chnh nm v 2 pha ca lin kt C=C th l

ng phn trans.

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V d 1: Vit cng thc ng phn mch h ca cht c CTPT C3H6O2

- bt bo ha ca phn t:

Cu to phn t c 1 lin kt pi (c th l C=C hoc C=O)

V phn t c 2 nguyn t O, c 1 lin kt pi nn c th l nhng loi hp cht:

- Axit no, n chc:

- Este no, n chc:

2 2 2 3 6 21

2 2

C Hn n .

3 3

2 3

CH COOCH

HCOOCH -CH

3 2CH CH COOH

- Tp chc anehit, ancol hoc xeton, ancol: 3 2

2 2

CH CO CH OHCH OH CH CHO

- Tp chc anehit, ete hoc xeton, ete:

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V d 2: Vit cng thc cc ng phn c CTPT C4H9NO2 va tc dng vi

axit, va tc dng vi baz v l hp cht quen thuc c hc?

- Amino axit

- Mui amoni, mui ca amin (ng phn hnh hc)

V d 3: Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn c CTPT C4H11NO2 va tc

dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz?

(Mui amoni v mui amin)

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Dng 2. Danh php mt s hp cht hu c c th

I. Danh php hirocacbon no

1. Ankan

a, Ankan khng phn nhnhThm hu t an vo tn mch cacbon chnh cung cp bng 1

b, Ankan phn nhnh

S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + hu t an

- Mch cacbon chnh l mch di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht

-nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt u t pha phn nhnh

sm hn

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- Tn nhm ankyl khng phn nhnh c to thnh bng cch ly tn ca ankan

tng ng i ui an thnh ui yl

- Gi tn nhm ankyl theo th t vn ch ci

- S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc gch ni vi tn nhnh

V d:

CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3

CH 3CH 2

CH 3

a

b

(a): Mch chnh c 5C, 2 nhnh

(b): Mch chnh c 5C, 1 nhnh

Mch chnh theo cch (a) ng

Tn gi: 3 Etyl 2 metylpentan.

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2. Xicloankan

Mch C chnh l mch vng, nh s mch C chnh sao cho tng v tr nhm th l

nh nht.

Gi tn tng t ankan nhng thm xiclo vo trc tn mch C chnh.

II. Danh php hirocacbon khng no

S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + s ch v tr

lin kt bi - hu t

Nu anken th hu t l en.

Nu ankin th hu t l in.

Nu ankaien th thm a vo sau tn mch cacbon chnh, hu t l ien.

Mch chnh l mch cha lin kt bi, di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht

-nh s mch cacbon chnh t pha gn lin kt bi hn

- Khi mch cacbon chnh chc 2 hoc 3 C th khng cn ghi s ch v tr lin kt bi

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V d: Gi tn cc ng phn mch h c CTPT

bt bo ha l 2

Phn t c 2 lin kt pi: mt lin kt ba hoc 2 lin kt i

- Ankin:

4 6C H

3 2

3 3

1

2

CH CH C CH : But in

CH C C CH : But in

- Ankaien:2 2

2 2 3

CH CH CH CH

CH C CH CH

Buta-1,3-ien

Buta-1,2-ien

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III. Danh php hirocacbon thm

nh s vng benzen sao cho tng s ch v tr nhm th l nh nht

Gi tn: s ch v tr nhm th (nhnh) + tn nhm th + benzen

Ring trng hp vng benzen c 2 nhm th:

- 2 nhm th v tr 1, 2: c th gi l ortho (vit tt l o)

- 2 nhm th v tr 1, 3: c th gi l meta (vit tt l m)

-2 nhm th v tr 1, 4: c th gi l para (vit tt l p)

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Kha hcLTHmn HaC Son Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c

Hocmai.vnNgi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -

VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU CBI TP TLUYN

Cu 1. Cc cng thc cu to sau biu din bao nhiu cht ng phn?

C C H

Cl

H

Cl

H

H

C C H

H

Cl

Cl

H

H

C C Cl

H

H

Cl

H

H

C C H

H

H

Cl

Cl

H

C C H

H

H

Cl

H

Cl

C C H

Cl

H

Cl

H

H

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

A. Mt cht. B. Hai cht ng phn.C. Ba cht ng phn. D. Bn cht ng phn.

Cu 2. Thuc tnh no sau ykhng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c?A. Khng bn nhit cao.

B. Khnng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau.C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion.D. Dbay hi v dchy hn hp cht v c.

Cu 3. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ho hc hu c lA. v trong hp cht hu c cacbon lun c ho tr 4.B. cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch

(thng, nhnh hoc vng).C. sthay i trt t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t.D. mt phn t c nhiu cu to.

Cu 4.Lin kt i gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y to nn?A. Hai lin kt . B. Hai lin kt .C. Mt lin kt v mt lin kt . D. Mt lin kt v hai lin kt .

Cu 5.t chy hon ton 1,50 g ca mi cht hu c X, Y, Z u thu c 0,90g H2O v 2,20g CO2. iu khngnh no sau y l ng nht?

A. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng phn ca nhau.B. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng ng ca nhau.C. Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng cng thc n gin nht.D. Cha d kin.

Cu 6.Ancol 3-metylbutan-2-ol c cng thc cu to no sau y?

CH3

HC

CH3

H2C

H2C OHA. CH3

HC

CH3

HC CH3

OH

B.

CH3 C

CH3

HC CH3

OH

C.

CH3

CH3

HC

CH3

C CH3

OH

D.

CH3

Cu 7. Cc cht: C2H2 , C3H4 , C4H6 c phi l ng ng ca nhau khng?A. Khng phi ng ng B. L ng ngC. Cha xc nh D. Chng l ng phn

Cu 8.Cho cng thc cu to: CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3. Tn gi no sau y l ph hp vi CTCT ?A. pentadien B. pent-1,3-ien C. pent-2,4-dien D. isopren

Cu 9. Cng thc phn t ca hidrocacbon mch hX l C4H6. X thuc dy ng ng no?A. Ankadien hoc ankin B. Xicloanken hoc ankadienC. Ankatrien hoc ankin D. Ankadiin hoc xicloanken

Cu 10.Hirocacbon no sau y l thuc dy ng ng ca benzen?A.C6H5CH2CH3 B. C6H5CH=CH2 C.C6H5-C6H5 D. C6H5CCH

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Hocmai.vnNgi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -

Cu 11. Hirocacbon no sau ykhng thuc dy ng ng ca benzen?A.Xilen B.Toluen C. Vinyl benzen D. Cumen

Cu 12. Cho A l axit cacboxylic c CTPT l C4H8O2. Vy A c sng phn lA. 1 ng phn. B. 2 ng phn. C. 3 ng phn. D. 4 ng phn.

Cu 13. Sng phn ca hp cht c CTPT C5H12 lA : 4. B : 3. C : 2. D :5.

Cu 14. Sng phn cu to ca hp cht c CTPT C5H10 l

A: 10 B: 5 C: 8 D: 11Cu 15. Ankan Y c Hiro chim 16,28% khi lng phn t. ng phn cu to c th c ca Y lA. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 7

Cu 16. Trong cc cp cht sau, cp cht no l ng phn ca nhau?A. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3CH2CHO B. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3COCH3

C. CH3CH2CHO v CH3COCH3 D. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO

Cu 27: Nhng hp cht no sau ykhng thcha vng benzen?a. C8H6Cl2 b. C10H16 c. C9H14BrCl d. C10H12(NO2)2.A. a, b B. b, c C. c, d D. a, c, d

Cu 18. Sng phn ancol c cng thc phn t C5H12O lA. 8 ng phn. B. 5 ng phn. C. 14 ng phn. D. 12 ng phn.

Cu 19. Sng phn ca hp cht hu c c cng thc C4H10O l

A. 2 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 7 ng phn. D. 9 ng phn.Cu 20. A l ng ng ca ancol etylic c t khi hi so vi oxi bng 2,3125. Sng phn c mch cacbon khngphn nhnh ca A l

A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 21. Mt hp cht c CTPT C4H11N. Sng phn ng vi cng thc ny lA. 8 B. 7 C. 6 D. 5

Cu 22. C7H9N c s ng phn ch a nhn thm la A. 6. B. 5. C. 4. D. 3.

Cu 23. Sng phn ca C4H10 v C4H9Cl ln lt lA. 3 v 5 B. 2 v 4. C. 2 v 6. D. 3 v 4. .

Cu 24: Trong cc hp cht : Propen (I); 2-metylbut-2-en (II); 3,4-imetylhex-3-en(III); allyl clorua (IV); 1,2-icloeten (V). Cht no c ng phn hnh hc?

A. III, V. B. II, IV. C. I, II, II, IV. D. I, V.Cu 25: Nhng hp cht no sau y c thc ng phn hnh hc (cis-trans)CH3CH = CH2 (I); CH3CH = CHCl (II);CH3CH = C(CH3)2 (III)

CH3

C C

CH3

C2

H5

C2

H5

CH3

C C

Cl

HC

2H

5

(IV) (V)

A. (I), (IV), (V) B. (II), (IV), (V) C. (III), (IV) D. (II), III, (IV), (V)

Cu 26: Ankan A c 16,28%H trong phn t (v khi lng). vy CTPT v sng phn tng ng ca A lA. C6H14 v 4 ng phn. B. C6H14 v 5 ng phn.C. C5H12v 3 ng phn. D.C6H14v 6 ng phn.

Gio vin: Tng Th Son

Ngun: Hocmai.vn
http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/


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VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU CP N BI TP TLUYN

1B 2C 3C 4C 5C 6B 7C 8B 9A 10A11C 12B 13B 14A 15B 16C 17B 18A 19C 20B21A 22B 23B 24A 25B 26B

Gio vin: Tng Th Son

Ngun: Hocmai.vn
http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/

77002163 Viet Dong Phan Va Danh Phap HCHC Merged

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