7.2 The War Expands OBJECTIVE: Identify the contributions of allies and foreign officers. Understand how the war spread to the sea and the frontier.

7.2 The War Expands

OBJECTIVE:•Identify the contributions of allies and foreign officers.•Understand how the war spread to the sea and the frontier.

What were the contributions of our ally France? of Spain?

A Marriage of Convenience

Democratic America & Aristocratic France

(Ben Franklin plays matchmaker)

Alliance between France and Americans, 1778

TIPPING POINT: Balance of Power is against GB

Howe must retreat to NY and w/d from Philly.

France menaces British lines of supply.

Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783The brilliant young French general appears here with his African-American aide, a Virginia slave named James. Among other services to Lafayette, James spied on Cornwallis before the latter's surrender. (Art Gallery, Williams Center, Lafayette College )

Lafayette at Yorktown by Jean-Baptiste Le Paon, 1783

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

European Officers train the Continental Army

OFFICER COUNTRY CONTRIBUTION

Marquis de Lafayette France Helped forge French Alliance, “soldier’s friend”

Tadeusz Kosciuszko Poland Father of American Artillery,Battle of Saratoga

Baron de Kalb Germany Cavalry, Battle of Camden

Baron von Steuben Germany Valley Forge, Professionalized army

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters: Washington retreats to Valley Forge, NJ, with only a few thousand men and they suffer a terrible winter with few supplies. LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS. However, the troops that remain are committed and trained by von Steuben. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps. (Stock Montage )

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters

How many men perished at Valley Forge?

What killed them?

Why didn’t more men desert?

War in the old Northwest

• Joseph Brant leads the Mohawks and others to help the British attack colonists on the frontier. Why?

• George Rogers Clark leads colonial forces to seize key forts, cutting British supplies and communications to the interior.

• Much of the fighting centers on control of rivers and forts at places like Kaskaskia and Vincennes.

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Privateers and Mariners in the Revolutionary War

  Continental

Navy Privateers

Total ships 64 1,697

Total guns on ships

1,242 14,872

Enemy ships captured

196 2,283

Ships captured by enemy

? 1,323

The 13 Colonies, having declared their Independence, had only 31 ships comprising the Continental Navy. To add to this, they issued Letters of

Marque to privately owned, armed merchant ships and Commissions for privateers, which were outfitted as warships to prey on enemy merchant ships. Merchant seamen who manned these ships contributed to the very

birth and founding of our Republic.

Comparison of Navy vs. Privateers in Revolutionary War

What do the contributions of James Forten symbolize?

(pg. 204)

Why do Americans consider John Paul Jones the “father of the

American navy”?(pg. 205)

John Paul Jones

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He took the war to the enemy's homeland with daring raids along the British coast and the famous victory of the Bonhomme Richard over HMS Serapis. After the Bonhomme Richard began taking on water and fires broke out on board, the British commander asked Jones if he had struck his flag. Jones replied, "I have not yet begun to fight!" In the end, it was the British commander who surrendered. …Throughout his naval career Jones promoted professional standards and training. Sailors of the United States Navy can do no better than to emulate the spirit behind John Paul Jones's stirring declaration: "I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not sail fast for I intend to go in harm's way."

http://jb-hdnp.org/Sarver/Maps/us_history_maps.htm