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SETTING AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY AND VEHICULAREMISSION STANDARDS:

DHAKAS EXPERIENCE

Mohammed NasiruddinProject Director

Air Quality Management Project

Dhaka, Bangladesh

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Dhaka is the eighth largest megacity of the world and home to12.75 million people living in an area of 1353km2.

Air pollution is emerging as a major problem in Dhaka and

other cities of Bangladesh. The main sources of air pollution in Dhaka are vehicles,

industries particularly brick kilns, resuspended dust andbiomass burning

Being the 8th

largest mega city of the world it witnessed a veryfast growth of urban population in recent times whichcontributed to rising demand for transport services, mainly theroad transport.

There has been a steep rise in the heterogeneous mix of oldtechnology vehicles on the city roads despite that the roadspace is narrowing and traffic congestion reached to anunmanageable proportion.

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Nearly 4,00,000 vehicles now ply on Dhaka city roadseveryday of which about 3,00,000 are motorizedvehicles that contribute most to deteriorating Dhakas

air quality. Contributing factors for vehicular emission in Dhaka

are: poor fuel quality, poorly maintained vehicles,inadequate transport infrastructure, lack of proper

transport planning and management PM 2.5 is the controlling pollutant of Dhakas air

quality during 90% days of the year.

A World Bank study says nearly 2x105 tons airpollutants are emitted from motor vehicles alone.

Another World Bank study says as many as 15000deaths, a million cases of major illness and 8.5 millioncases of minor illness are caused by air pollution inDhaka and three other cities of Bangladesh.

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Dhaka citys traffic problems and ambient air

quality condition had reached such a crisisproportion that the challenge of sustaining

economic growth and ensuring reasonable

quality of life has become tougher.

Deteriorating traffic and air pollution conditions

had prompted the government to find urgent

solutions.

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At this backdrop the government in 2000

undertook the Air Quality Management Project

with financial assistance of the World Bank.

The primary objective of the project is to

develop components of an air quality

management system and to reduce humanexposure to vehicular air pollution in Dhaka

city only. The project activities subsequently

extended to five Divisional towns under anextended monitoring programme.

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The key components of the projects are:

improved enforcement, setting appropriatestandards, piloting of pollution control

technologies for diesel vehicles, better

monitoring and dissemination of information, andair quality management assessment and strategy

formulation.

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Air Quality In Dhaka

AQMPs CAM Station results for Particulate Mattermonitoring significantly exceed US EPA guidelinesand other international standards.

BAEC has estimated that the transport related

fraction of PM10 is around 27% on a yearlyaverage, rising to as much as 41% in the drymonths.

Diesel exhaust emissions are now considered a

probable human carcinogen. If not managed, gaseous pollutant concentrations

(CO, NOx, etc) could become a problem in thefuture.

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Contribution of Vehicle Types to

Emissions in Dhaka

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Cars/Vans Auto-Rick Bus/Truck Others

CO

HC

NOx

PM

%

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Contribution of various types of

vehicle to emissions in Dhaka

Petrol-driven light duty vehicles and auto-rickshaws

contributes 85% CO

Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 84% of total

NOx

TTW auto rickshaws contribute about half of total

unburned HC from all vehicles

Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 45% andauto-rickshaws 40% of total PM emissions

SO2 emissions from vehicles are not very significant

compared to other pollutants.

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Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka

Sl. No. Type of Vehicles Before 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total

1 Motor Car 36998 6923 8386 6528 4984 4330 2452 5560 5542 6163 4734 5633 98233

2

Jeep/St.Wangon/

Microbus 17937 1556 1387 1492 1438 1371 910 1579 2911 1810 2114 3303 37808

3 Taxi 787 25 35 14 102 215 348 762 2101 4980 523 514 10406

4 Bus 269 145 73 58 184 224 202 453 632 374 779 728 4121

5 Minibus 2009 324 167 397 300 215 242 831 1924 1051 368 118 7946

6 Truck 9775 802 615 834 1681 855 1635 890 1127 2128 1437 1104 22883

7

Auto-

rickshaw/A

uto-tempo 8359 7301 4615 1902 1689 682 1881 75 2616 7996 2344 139 39599

8 Human Haller ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 673 136 20 829

9 Coverd Van * * * * * * * * * * 527 .. 527

10 Motor-Cycle 61478 4427 4027 5346 4992 5330 8768 8590 9102 7239 7872 12879 140050

11 Others 2063 878 828 310 196 1326 819 1825 1012 3257 1300 2361 16175

Total 139675 22381 20133 16881 15566 14548 17257 20565 26967 35671 22134 26799 378577

* 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka.

** Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)

** Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)

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Key issues identified in respect of

Vehicle Emission Control

- Poor fuel quality

- Many of the vehicles ply on the road are very old, worn out,poorly maintained and often overloaded

- Poor inspection and maintenance- Poor enforcement of existing laws in the MV ordinance

- Street congestion due to mixed traffic

- Inadequate facilities for manually driven tricycle rickshaws

- Poor traffic management- Poor traffic signaling system

- Lack of pavement for street walkers

- Preponderance of pre-Euro vehicles on the roads

- more..

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- Bus route overlapping

- Unscientific method of allocating route permit

- Lack of interdepartmental coordination

- Poor urban transport governance

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Vehicle Emission Standards in place before

June 2005 in Bangladesh

Parameter Unit Standard valueCarbonMonoxide (CO) g/km 24volumetric 4

Hydrocarbons(HC) g/km 2volumetric 180 ppmvOxides of

Nitrogen (NOx)g/km 2

volumetric 600 ppmvBlack Smoke1 Hartridge SmokeUnit (HSU) 65

1 Measured at 2/3 of maximum rotating speed

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Why VES was necessary?

The shortcomings of the existing VES were identified

so as to fill in the lacunae while framing new standardsfor effective pollution abatement:

a. Common emission standard irrespective of in-use,

newly imported, reconditioned diesel and petrol

vehicles.

b. No separate emission standard for CNG vehicles

c. No survey was done before framing emission standard.

d. Mass emission limits and volume limits had nocorrespondence with each other

e. Methods of examining emission was not mentioned

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Objectives of VES

To reduce the adverse effects of vehicle

emissions on human health

CO, NOx, O3, PM and SO2 managementfor sustainable environment

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Steps followed for revision of

emission standards Emission tests performed on 1500 petrol/octane and CNG and

500 diesel run vehicles.

Comprehensive review of vehicle emission standards in othercountries within the region and beyond

Prepared draft emission standard and circulated to differentstakeholders for seeking their opinion.

Discussions with stakeholders and regular meetings were heldto hammer out standards

Technical workshop held on draft VES.

Workshop recommendations incorporated and placed beforethe DTAC meeting after refinement.

Draft VES placed before AQMAC meeting and subsequentlyto Parliamentary Standing Committee on MoEF

Contd.

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A mid term review of the AQM jointlyconducted by GOB and WB.

Revised VES placed before inter ministerial

committee. Sent to the MoLPA for vetting and

publication in the gazette.

New VES gazetted in June 2005

H VES i diff f

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How new VES is different from

previous one?

The new VES came with:-a. Standards for new and imported used vehicles

b. Standard for in-use vehicles

c. Bangladesh-1 for diesel vehiclesd. Bangladesh-II for petrol and CNG vehicles

The new VES is an advancement over the old one. It was

intended with primary objective to ensure that advances in

pollution control technology are implemented and

progressively lower fleet vehicle emissions are achieved over

a period of time.

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P d E i i S d d f

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?

Proposed Emission Standards for

New Vehicles in Bangladesh

Euro 2 for Petrol / CNG Vehicles

Euro 1 for Diesel Vehicles

Most Asian countries

follow Euro standards

Euro 2 Petrol and Euro 1 Diesel

are commonly manufactured inthe Asian countries like Malaysia

and India. Japan manufactureseven more advanced vehicles.

These standards establish

a benchmark for future

improvement as

maintenance and fuel

quality improves

Fuel specifications in

Bangladesh, like lead free petroland sulfur content (0.05% maxmass)can support Euro 2 Petrol

and Euro 1 Diesel vehicles.Cannot support more stringent

standards.

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Trends in emission standards for

heavy duty trucks in Asia

1998Vietnam

20001998Thailand

Taiwan

Sri Lanka

20011998Singapore

20042000PRC

2003Philippines

2000Nepal

20001997Malaysia

2007Indonesia

200520012000India

200119971995Hong Kong

Cambodia

2005Bangladesh

Euro 4Euro 3Euro 2Euro 1Country

4 cities 7 cities

Introduceded

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New Vehicular Emission

Standards (VES) [ Schedule 6 (Ka) to Schedule 6(Cha)]

Schedule-6 of the EnvironmentalConservation Rules, 1997 has been replaced

by the following schedules: 6(Ka), 6(Kha),

6(Ga), 6(Gha), 6(Uma) and 6(Cha).

Schedule -6(Ka):Emission standards for new locally

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Schedule 6(Ka):Emission standards for new locally

made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles.

( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Bangladesh-1)

Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/km) Test Procedure

CO HC + NOx PM*

Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

New Type Approval (TA)

Conformity of Production

(COP)

2.72 0.97 0.14

91/441/EEC

91/441/EEC3.16 1.13 0.18

Imported used diesel 3.16 1.13 0.18

Medium duty Vehicles More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats &GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)

New TACOP

6.9 1.7 0.25

93/59/EC

93/59/EC

8.0 2.0 0.29

Imported used diesel 8.0 2.0 0.29

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Schedule -6(Ka): Emission standards for new locally

made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles.

(Continued)

Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver

& GVW more than 3.5 ton)

Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/kWh) Test Procedure

CO HC NOx PM*

New TA 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.3691/542/EEC

andECE R49.02New COP

4.91.23

9.0 0.4

Imported used 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4

For the diesel engines with 85kW or less power the limit is to be increased by a factor of to 1.7.

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Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made

and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

(Bangladesh -2)Vehicle type Emission Standards (g/km) Evaporatio

n emissions

(g/test)

Test

Procedure

CO HC + NOx

2 and 3 wheelers

4stroke petrol/CNG 4.5 3.0-

ECE-40

Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

Petrol/CNG 2.2 0.5 2.094/12/EC

Imported used petrol/CNG 2.2 0.5 2.0 94/12/EC

Medium duty Vehicles More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats &

GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)New and imported used

Petrol/CNG

5.0 0.7 2.0 96/69/EC

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Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made

and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.

(Continued)

Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver& GVW more than 3.5 ton)

Vehicle type Emission Standards

(g/kWh)

Evaporation

emissions

(g/test)

Test

Procedure

CO HC/

NMHC*

NOx

New TA (Petrol/ CNG) 4.5 1.1 8.0 2.0 91/542/EECandECE R49.02 and

13- mode

test cycle*

New COP(Petrol/ CNG) 4.9 1.23 9.0 2.0

Imported used (Petrol/

CNG)

4.9 1.23 9.0 2.0

* Applicable for CNG driven vehicles

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Schedule6 (Ga): Emission inspection standards for new locally

made and new and imported used light, Medium duty and heavy

duty (Petrol, Diesel and CNG driven) Vehicles

(during registration)

(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle type Parameter Emission Standard4 wheeled Petrol and

CNG driven vehicles Idle COIdle HC 0.5 %v/v1200 ppm

No load,>2500< RPM

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( )

registered after 1stJuly 2004.

(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type Test CO (% by

volume)

HC

(ppm)

Lambda

()Smoke

All 4-wheeled

Petrol and CNG

vehicles.

Idle Speed 1.0 1200 - -

No load,

> 2500

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Schedule- 6(Uma): Emission Standards for In-Service

Petrol and CNG Vehicles registered after July 1, 2004.( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type Test CO (% by

volume)

HC (ppm)

All 4-wheeled

Petrol Vehicles

Idle Speed 4.5 1,200

All CNG driven

Vehicles

Idle Speed 3.0 -

2 Stroke Engine

Petrol Two and

Three Wheelers


4 Stroke Engine

Petrol Two and

Three Wheelers


Note: Idle Speed RPM specified by the manufacturer.

Schedule 6(Cha): Emission Standards for In Service

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Schedule6(Cha): Emission Standards for In-Service

Diesel Vehicle registered after July 1,2004.(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle

Type

Test Smoke Opacity

Commencing

January, 2004

Commencing

January, 2007

Commencing

January, 2009

Buses Freeacceleration

80 HSUor

3.7 m-1

70 HSUor

2.8 m-1

65 HSUor

2.4 m-1

Trucks

and all

other

dieselvehicles

Free

acceleration

90 HSU

or

5.3 m-1

80 HSU

or

3.7 m-1

65 HSU

or

2.4 m-1

General instruction:

Importer must submit Emission Compliance Certificate from an internationally recognized

independent agency at the time of clearance of the imported vehicles under schedule 6 (Ka)

or 6(Kha) as relevant to the vehicle type.

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Implementation of VES for New

Registration Vehicles Government regulations/motor vehicle rules

notifying Standards and Test Procedure

Emission Certification by an Approved

Laboratory for a vehicle model

Periodic testing for conformity of

production vehicles

i f i i

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View of an Emission Test

Facility

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InService Vehicles Emission

Inspection & Maintenance 20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are

Gross Polluters contribute 70 to 80% of

total vehicular emissions For real reduction in pollution In-Service

Vehicle Emission Inspection and

Maintenance (I & M) is essential Most countries have mandatory I & M

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InService Vehicles Emission

Inspection & Maintenance (contd)

Purpose

To Assure that vehicle is properly

maintained and used Identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles

and get them repaired

Benefits Lower emissions and better fuel economy

Deterrent to tampering and misfuelling

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In-Service Vehicles I & M

Inspection & Maintenance are two Separate

Functions to be done by Different Agencies

Government to conduct Inspection only Maintenance in private ownership

Simple and low cost inspection tests

required

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Inspection Tests ( No Load Tests)

Petrol Vehicles

- Idle CO mostly

- Idle HC also in some countriesIdle NOx is negligible, hence not measured

Diesel Vehicles

- Free Acceleration Test for black SmokeNo LoadCO&HC are too low for diesel, not

measured

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Bangladesh Emission Standards

for In-Service Vehicles AQMP started collection of emission data

from different types of vehicles

Emission measurement from about 1500Petrol and 500 Diesel vehicles planned allover Dhaka

Emission standards to be fixed to allow

failure of only about 20 % vehicles

Standards expected by Dec. 2002

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Measurement of in-use vehicle

emissions

Diesel vehicles

Smoke

Petrol Vehicles

CO and HC

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Implementation of VES for In-

Service Vehicles Government issue gazette notification

Mandatory Annual/Half Yearly Inspection

by BRTA Test Lanes Roadside emission inspection as spot

checks at DOE Check Posts

Failed Vehicles to be re-inspected afterrepairs by the operatorprocedure/systemto be developed

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Emissions and Fuel Quality

Engine

Fuel Emissions

Matching

Engine &

Fuel

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Automotive Fuel Consumption in

Bangladesh, MTFuel Indigenous Imported Total

Petrol 100,000 200,000 300,000

Diesel 380,000 1,700,000 2,080,000

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Fuel Quality Issues

Enable efficient functioning and durabilityof emission control devices viz. Cat. Conv.

Petrol: Lead free, low sulphurDiesel: Low sulfur for Cat convertor

Reduce direct contribution to pollutantse.g., benzene, Evap. HC, sulfates (PM)

Petrol: Benzene, RVP (Evaporative HC)

Diesel: Sulfur (Increases PM)

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Fuel Quality Issues (contd.)

Ensure efficient combustion

Petrol: Volatility, Octane Number

Diesel: Volatility, Cetane Number

Keep fuel system clean for efficient engineoperation and less maintenance

Deposit control additives, Oxidation and storage

stability Reduce Air Toxics (Benzene,1-3 Buta-diene,

Aldehydes, POM)

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Fuel Quality in Bangladesh

Petrol

-Already Lead Free: Euro1 cars employ

Cat.Converters

- Sulfur( Specs. 0.1 % max) may be reducedfurther

Diesel

- Sulfur (Specs. 0.5 % max) to be reduced to :0.25% max for Euro1 vehicles

0.05% max for Euro2 vehicles

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Auto-Clinic Program by AQMP

First Clinic held from Dec. 23, 2001 to March21,2002

Program conducted by the Society for Urban

Environment Protection (SUEP)

2000 Auto- Rickshaw and Drivers participated

- Free carburettor and minor maintenance

- Idle CO &HC emission measurement before andafter maintenance

- Smoke measurement under acceleration withnormal oil and 2T oil.

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Auto-Clinic Programme by

AQMP (contd.) Demonstration of effect of maintenance on CO &

HC emissions

Demonstration of effect of 2T oil in right quantity

on reduction of blue smoke

Health checkup of drivers

Creating awareness on

- Bad effect of poor maintenance and oil qualtyemissions from baby taxis

- Bad effect of smoke and other pollutants on health

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Pilot Control Programs

AQMP has completed following three pilot programs; 1. Auto Clinic training program was held on 22 December, 2001 to 27

February, 2002.

Objective: Training for drivers and mechanics on vehiclemaintenance and their health impacts.

No. of trainee: 2000,Two stroke three wheeler baby taxies

drivers/mechanics. 2. Diesel engine maintenance improvement clinic from February 22 to

March 28 ,2004.

Objective: Training for driver/ mechanics on inspection andmaintenance of the diesel vehicles to reduce vehicular air pollution.

No. of trainee: 120 drivers/ mechanics from BRTC, Bangladesh

Sarak Paribahan Fedaration, and others Government organizations.

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Pilot Control Programs (Contd)

Under Diesel engine maintenance

improvement clinic 420 drivers and

mechanics were imparted training during19 June- 17 August 2006

Similar clinic programs will be undertakenfor Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet

and Barisal.

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Ambient Air Quality Standards

Air quality standards are the foundation upon whichemission control strategies are based.

Standards can be adopted as enforceable laws,typically (but not always) with deadlines andschedules for attainment

Air quality standards are a meaningful way to reportthe frequency with which pollutant concentrationsexceed healthful levels.

They also form the basis of air quality index (AQI)

calculations. AAQS are not just limits for each pollutant

The standards also need to specify monitoringmethods, locations and frequencies; average time and

assessment procedures.

B l d h St d d f A bi t Ai ( / 3)

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Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air (mg/m3)

Sl. No. Area SPM SO2 CO NOx

1 Industrial and

mixed

500 120 5000 100

2 Commercial and

mixed

400 100 5000 100

3 Residential and

rural

200 80 2000 80

4 Sensitive 100 30 1000 30

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Why revision of AAQS was

necessitated The previous standards do not specify

monitoring methods and frequency,

averaging times, compliance requirementsand other necessary factors.

Therefore, it was recognized that these

standards require review.

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Why AAQS needed?

AQS are legal limits placed on levels of air

pollutants in the ambient air during a given

period of time. They characterize permissible level of a

pollutant or a class of pollutants in the

atmosphere and define the amount ofexposure permitted to the population and/or

to ecological systems.

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AQS are not based solely on air quality

criteria but are also based on a broad range

of economic, social, technical and politicalconsiderations.

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Steps followed for revision of AAQS

Reviewed ambient air quality standards in othercountries within the region

Analyzed the air quality monitoring data from theAQMP CAMS and found that concentrations of

pollutants in the ambient air are generally withinthe USEPA standards

The AQMP proposed the adoption of USEPAstandards

For Pb in ambient air the WHO standardrecommended due to most appropriate degree of

protection of public health

Contd.

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Concentration of PM10 and 2.5 significantly exceeded thestandards during the non monsoon periods

Action plan suggested for reducing PM concentrations in theambient air to meet the proposed standards

Draft proposals pertaining to AAQS put to stakeholdersconsultation

Placed before DTAC meeting in Feb 2003

Presented to a stakeholder workshop in March 2003

Again presented to AQMAC meeting in March 2003

Proposal submitted to Inter-ministerial Committee forconsideration

Sent to law Ministry for vetting and publication in thegazette

New AAQS gazetted in June 2005

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Revised Ambient Air Quality Standards for Bangladesh

Pollutant ObjectiveAveraging

Time

10 mg/m

3

(9 ppm) 8-hourCO

40 mg/m3

(35 ppm)1-hour

Lead 0.5 g/m3 Annual

NO2100 g/m

3

(0.053 ppm)Annual

50 g/m3

AnnualPM-10150 g/m

3 24-hour

15 g/m3 Annual

PM-2.565 g/m

3 24-hour

235 g/m3

(0.12 ppm)1-hour

Ozone (O3)157 g/m

3

(0.08 ppm)8-hour

80 g/m3

(0.03 ppm)Annual

SO2365 g/m

3

(0.14 ppm)24-hour

SPM 200 g/m3 8 hour

Principal Air Pollutants in Dhaka City

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Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)

Sulphur Dioxides (SO2)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Ozone (O3)

Carbon mono oxide (CO)

Lead (Pb)

Principal Air Pollutants in Dhaka City

Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka: >85%

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Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka: >85%

of PM10 from Diesel Vehicles

PM10 share by Vehicle TypeTaxis-CNG

1%

3W Taxis-CNG

1%

Cars

8%Motorcycles

5%

LD Diesel

19%

Buses

38%

Trucks

28%

Principal pollutants and sources of air pollution

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Principal pollutants and sources of air pollution

in Dhaka City

Principal pollutants Sources

Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) Vehicle, Brick Kiln, Cooking,

Combustion

Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon

Monoxide

Fuel burning

Sulphur Dioxide Coal burning

Ozone Photochemical Reaction

Sites for PM Sampling in Dhaka City

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Sites for PM Sampling in Dhaka City

LALBAG

MOTIJHEEL

TEJGAON

TONGI

Location of sampling sites in Bangladesh

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p g g

Rajshahi

Dhaka

Chittagong

Barisal

Khulna

Sylhet

Narayangonj

Trends Analysis of SO2 in Dhaka City

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Trends Analysis of SO2in Dhaka City

24- Hour Average Sulfur Dioxide at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

April,02

June,

02

August,02

October,02

December,02

February,

03

April,03

June,

03

August,03

October,03

December,03

February,

04

April,04

June,

04

August,04

October,04

December,04

February,

05

Month

ConcentrationofSO

2

inppb

Maximum Average Minimum

Annual average standard

30 ppb

Trends Analysis of CO in Dhaka City

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8- Hour Average Carbon Monoxide at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

April,02

June,

02

August,02

October,02

December,02

February,

03

April,03

June,

03

August,03

October,03

December,03

February,

04

April,04

June,

04

August,04

October,04

December,04

February,

05

Month

Concentrationof8-hourCO

inppm

Max imum Average Minimum

8-hour average standard 9

ppm

Trends Analysis of O3 in Dhaka City

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Trends Analysis of O3in Dhaka City

1- Hour Average Ozone at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthwise 1-hour Average, Maximum and Minimum O3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

April,02

June,

02

August,02

October,02

December,02

February,

03

April,03

June,0

3

August,03

October,03

December,03

February,

04

April,04

June,

04

August,04

October,04

December,04

February,

05

Month

ConcentrationofO3in

ppb

Maximum A verage Minimum

One hour average

standard 120 ppb

Trends Analysis of NOxin Dhaka City

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24 Hours Average Oxides of Nitrogen at CAMS, Sangsad BhabanMonthly Maximum, Ave rage and M inimum NOx

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

April,02

June,

02

August,02

October,02

December,02

February,

03

April,03

June,

03

August,03

October,03

December,03

February,

04

April,04

June,

04

August,04

October,04

December,04

February,

05

Month

ConcentrationofNOxinppb

Max imum Average Minimum

Annual average s tandard

53 ppb

Trends Analysis of Particulate Matter in

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Dhaka CityAir Quality Management Project

Department of Environment

Monthly Average of PM Concentration at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban

April, 2002 to July, 2006

9187

56

88

66

84

131

161

252

271

244

202

10497

68

46

5065

93

183168

192

236

165

104103

695554

65

107

177

248252

205

136124

8370

47515369

139

199

249242248

132

106

80

59

444223

322833

90

138

192196

151

88

463627

192335

59

117108

130119

103

50

29

70

121136

166

116101

80

36272227

34

50

98

117

160158

109

56

443630

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Apri

l,02

June,0

2

Augus

t,02

Oc

tober,

02

Decem

ber,

02

Fe

bruary,

03

Apri

l,03

June,

03

Augus

t,03

Oc

tober,

03

Decem

ber,

03

Fe

bruary,

04

Apri

l,04

June,

04

Augus

t,04

Oc

tober,

04

Decem

ber,

04

Fe

bruary,0

5

Apri

l,05

June,0

5

Augus

t,05

Oc

tober,

05

Decem

ber,

05

Fe

bruary,

06

Apri

l,06

June,

06

Month

24ho

uraverageconcentrationo

fPMin

microgramspercubicmete

r

PM10 PM2.5

65 g/m3 24

Hour Standard

for PM2.5

150 g/m3 24

Hour Standard

for PM

Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka City

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PM2.5Trends in Dhaka CityContinuous Air Quality Monitoring Station

Sangsad Bhaban, Dhaka

Period: April, 2002 to July, 2006

0

65

130

195

260

325

390

455

4/3/2002

5/3/2002

6/3/2002

7/3/2002

8/3/2002

9/3/2002

10/3/2002

11/3/2002

12/3/2002

1/3/2003

2/3/2003

3/3/2003

4/3/2003

5/3/2003

6/3/2003

7/3/2003

8/3/2003

9/3/2003

10/3/2003

11/3/2003

12/3/2003

1/3/2004

2/3/2004

3/3/2004

4/3/2004

5/3/2004

6/3/2004

7/3/2004

8/3/2004

9/3/2004

10/3/2004

11/3/2004

12/3/2004

1/3/2005

2/3/2005

3/3/2005

4/3/2005

5/3/2005

6/3/2005

7/3/2005

8/3/2005

9/3/2005

10/3/2005

11/3/2005

12/3/2005

1/3/2006

2/3/2006

3/3/2006

4/3/2006

5/3/2006

6/3/2006

7/3/2006

8/3/2006

Date

24-houraveragePM

2.5

Concentrationinmicrograms

percubicmeter

24-Hour Average Standard

65 micro rams er cubicDry Season

Rainy SeasonAnnual Average Standard

15 micro rams er cubic

Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka

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City

Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby

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Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby

Taxis (Phase-II)

0

100

200300

400

500

600

12/25/2002

12/26/2002

12/27/2002

12/28/2002

12/29/2002

12/30/2002

12/31/2002

01/01/2003

01/02/2003

01/03/2003

01/04/2003

01/05/2003

01/06/2003

01/07/2003

(microgr

am/m3)

PM10

Average

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What is AQI?

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The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a public information

tool to express the air pollution level for a particular

area on a certain period

This is a simple way of describing the quality of air

from human health point of view The AQI is linked to the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS) which is set based on health

impacts

Purpose of AQI

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To give complex information about the air pollution level

and the quality of air in a simple way that people can

easily understand;

To inform how clean or polluted air you are breathing inrelation to health based objectives; and

To advise the people about the general health effectsassociated with different pollution levels.

CLASSIFICATION OF AQI

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AQI Range Colour Category

0-100 Green Very Good

101-200 Orange Good

201-300 Violet Medium

>300 Red Bad

Air Quality in Dhaka: Seasonal

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Air Quality in Dhaka: Seasonal

8

Seasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1/04

/2002

13/04

/2002

25/04

/2002

7/05

/2002

19/05

/2002

31/05

/2002

12/06

/2002

24/06

/2002

6/07

/2002

18/07

/2002

30/07

/2002

11/08

/2002

23/08

/2002

4/09

/2002

16/09

/2002

28/09

/2002

10/10

/2002

22/10

/2002

11/

3/202

15/11

/2002

27/11

/2002

8/12

/2002

20/12

/2002

Date

AQI

Air quality

objective Monsoon periodAir

Quality OK

Non-monsoon periodAir

Quality is poor

Note: PM is the major pollutant of concern in Dhaka.

% of Days in Air Quality Index Category

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y y g yAir Quality Management Project


Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS)

% of Days in Air Quality Index Category

Period: 2005

48%45%

7% 0%

Very Good Good Medium Bad

Reporting Format (English)

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Todays Air Quality Index for Dhaka provided by Department of

Environment was 67 based on pollutants monitored in CAMS,

Sangsad Bhaban, The AQI category was Very Goodand thecolour code was Green. The Responsible pollutant was PM2.5.

Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23rd

August, 2006AQI Value Category Responsible Pollutant

67 Very Good PM2.5


Interventions benefited air pollution abatement

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Interventions benefited air pollution abatement

Phase out leaded petrol in 1999

Jan 2001 setting standards for lubricantsPhase out of two stroke 3-wheeler from

January 2003.

Ban on the plying of trucks older than 25years and buses older than 20 years.

Introduction of ambient air quality standards.

Introduction of emission standards EURO I

for new diesel and EURO II petrol vehicles

from 2005.

Introduction of in use vehicle emission

standards from 2005.

I li i f d i VES d

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Implications for adopting VES and

AAQS

Public awareness of air quality may increase

Reporting exceedences of the standards may cause adversereactions from within and outside of Bangladesh

An AQI system that is consistent with the standards can bedeveloped

An immediate need to develop emission inventories andcontrol strategies to reduce dominant pollutant emissions

The need to develop an industrial permitting program to

foster improved environmental planning.

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Lessons learned

It is easy to implement revised VES and AAQS ifpeoples participation is ensured.

Phasing out of gross polluting two stroke three

wheelers was possible due to overwhelmingpeoples support

Gross polluting diesel vehicles are being phasedout under a 5-year road map came into force in2004.

Awareness of people about air pollution isnecessary to enforce standards.

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Thank you

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