7.1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE.

7.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE• EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS• EXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTIONEXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION• ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGESANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGES• DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT• IDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUESIDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUES

**

7.2

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATIONOPERATION

• PROGRAM:PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERCOMPUTER

• STORED:STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE:SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCESRESOURCES

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE:APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

**

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

7.3

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWAREHARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM:OPERATING SYSTEM:

SCHEDULED COMPUTER SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTSMONITORS EVENTS

LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:

INTERPRETERSINTERPRETERSCOMPILERSCOMPILERS

UTILITY PROGRAMS:UTILITY PROGRAMS:

ROUTINE OPERATIONSROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATAMANAGE DATA

7.4

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++;

“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES

SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIESMANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES• ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENTALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT• SCHEDULINGSCHEDULING• MONITORINGMONITORING• SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEMSTORING OPERATING SYSTEM

**

7.5

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMINGO

PE

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MO

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM

7.6

OP

ER

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ING

SY

ST

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OP

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ING

SY

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 2

PROGRAM 3PROGRAM 3

MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

MULTITASKINGMULTITASKING

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMING

ON AON A

SINGLE-USER SYSTEMSINGLE-USER SYSTEM

SUCH AS ASUCH AS A

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

**

7.7

VIRTUAL STORAGEVIRTUAL STORAGEMETHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL

PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO

– FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) ORFIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR

– VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)

• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

**

7.8

TIME SHARINGTIME SHARINGMANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2

MILLISECONDS)MILLISECONDS)• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING

SLICESLICE• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING

TIME SLICETIME SLICE• USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICEUSER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE

**

7.9

MULTIPROCESSINGMULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMPROCESSORS IN SYSTEM

• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs

• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY MORE RAPIDLY

**

7.10

• SOURCE CODE:SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSLANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS

• COMPILER:COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE

• OBJECT CODE:OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTERCOMPUTER

**

LANGUAGE LANGUAGE TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION

7.11

TR

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PR

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SOURCE CODE SOURCE CODE PROGRAMPROGRAM

COMPILERCOMPILER

OBJECT CODEOBJECT CODE

LINKAGE LINKAGE EDITOREDITOR

LOAD MODULELOAD MODULE

OTHER OBJECT OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULESCODE MODULES

7.12

GRAPHICAL USER GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)INTERFACE (GUI)

OPERATING SYSTEM USES:OPERATING SYSTEM USES:

• GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)Bars, Boxes)

• MOUSEMOUSE

• TO ISSUE COMMANDSTO ISSUE COMMANDS

• MAKE SELECTIONSMAKE SELECTIONS

**

7.13

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES

Windows 98 & Windows 98 & 9595

Windows Windows NT & 2000NT & 2000

7.14

Windows CEWindows CE

32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. NetworkingNetworking

32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; NetworkingMultitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking

32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; NetworkingNetworking

Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devicescommunication devices

OS/2OS/2

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES

UNIXUNIX For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer PlatformsComputer Platforms

Mac OSMac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; MultimediaPowerful Graphics; Multimedia

7.15

DOSDOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640KProgram Memory: 640K

GENERATIONS OF GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1st. Since 1940s. 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE:MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary codebinary code

2nd. Since early ’50s. 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric codemnemonics for numeric code

3rd. Since mid ‘50s. 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

4th. Since late ‘70s. 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGESPACKAGES

**

7.16

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• FORTRANFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). (FORmula TRANslator).

Scientific, Engineering applicationsScientific, Engineering applications

• COBOLCOBOL (COmmon Business (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction ProcessingTransaction Processing

• BASICBASIC (Beginners All-purpose (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC LanguagePurpose PC Language

**

7.17

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• PASCAL.PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Used to Teach Structured

Programming Practices. Weak in File Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / OutputHandling, Input / Output

• C and C++.C and C++. Powerful PC Language for Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross PlatformCross Platform

• PL/1PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & ScienceIBM Language for Business & Science

• ADA.ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Businessused for Business

**7.18

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

• LISPLISP (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at (LISt Processor). Began late ‘50s at MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially MIT. Preferred in US. Require Specially Configured MachinesConfigured Machines

• PROLOG.PROLOG. Began in early ‘70s. Preferred Began in early ‘70s. Preferred outside US. Cross Platformoutside US. Cross Platform

CREATE MEANINGFUL LISTS OF CREATE MEANINGFUL LISTS OF SYMBOLSSYMBOLS (Operations; Variables; Data)(Operations; Variables; Data)

**

7.19

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

• CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERSCAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS

• NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL

• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYQUICKLY

• NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES

• SIX CATEGORIESSIX CATEGORIES

**

7.20


1. QUERY LANGUAGES:1. QUERY LANGUAGES:

• rapidly retrieve datarapidly retrieve data

• interactive/ on-lineinteractive/ on-line

• may use may use NATURAL LANGUAGENATURAL LANGUAGE

• support special requests for data support special requests for data from relational databasesfrom relational databases

**

7.21


2. REPORT GENERATORS:2. REPORT GENERATORS:• create customized reportscreate customized reports• wide range of formatswide range of formats

3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:• can manipulate drawings, graphs, can manipulate drawings, graphs,

photos, videosphotos, videos• presentation managerspresentation managers

**7.22


4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:• user specifies computer needsuser specifies computer needs• generator creates logic and code for generator creates logic and code for

applicationapplication• greatly reduces development timegreatly reduces development time

**

7.23


5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:LANGUAGES:

• professional programmer productivity toolprofessional programmer productivity tool• uses fewer instructionsuses fewer instructions• reduces development timereduces development time

**

7.24


7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE:7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: commercially available commercially available set of programs...set of programs...

• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS• DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT• PRESENTATION MANAGEMENTPRESENTATION MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USELEARNING AND USE

**

7.25

SOFTWARE TOOLSSOFTWARE TOOLS• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS• DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT• PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITESINTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES• E-MAILE-MAIL• WEB BROWSERSWEB BROWSERS• GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

**

7.26

• GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION• SCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTSSCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTS• SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES• SHARED TIMELINES, PLANSSHARED TIMELINES, PLANS• ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & ELECTRONIC MEETINGS &

CONFERENCESCONFERENCES

**

GROUPWARE CAPABILITIESGROUPWARE CAPABILITIES

7.27

OBJECT-ORIENTED OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING

• COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE SINGLE OBJECTOBJECT

• PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDUREPERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE

• OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEMOF SYSTEM

• CREATES REUSABLE CODECREATES REUSABLE CODE

• REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARESOFTWARE

**7.28


VISUAL PROGRAMMING:VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODEOBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE

CLASS:CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASSFEATURES OF THAT CLASS

INHERITANCE:INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASSFEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS

OVERRIDE:OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED SUBCLASS MAY OVEERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker Pay

Check may differ from that of a WEEKLY workerCheck may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker

**

7.29


JAVA:JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

• APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTIONFUNCTION

• APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORKAPPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK• RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEMRUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM• RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PCRESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC

• ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS

UPGRADEUPGRADE

**

7.30


ActiveX:ActiveX: CONTROLS FOR CONTROLS FOR WINDOWS WINDOWS

SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTSOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT to enable to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,OBJECTS: e.g.,

• CHARTSCHARTS• TABLESTABLES• ANIMATIONSANIMATIONS• to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGEto be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE

**

7.31

Connect to the INTERNETConnect to the INTERNET

PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTTON ON ICON TO CONNECT TO THE LAUDON & LAUDON

WEB SITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS CHAPTER

7.32

7.33

7.1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE.

Documents

system program

software hardware hardware

program divided intoprogram

primary storage portions

large cpu

unused memory program

singleuser system

set of instructions