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ECOSYSTEM
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ECOLOGY(from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or
"dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse")
is the study of the interactions of organisms with
each other and their environment.
Ecology entails consideration of bioticfactors
(other organisms that include prey, predators,parasites, etc) and
abioticfactors (such as temperature, light, and
water).
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ENVIRONMENT:Made up of all the living
and nonliving things that
surround an organism.
Many species can survive
in more than one environment.
But each species has its home or habitat.
Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would
rather live in the wild
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HABITATHABITAT : is the place where
organisms livesThe habitat must supply the needs
of organisms, such as food, water,
temperature, oxygen, andminerals.
EXAMPLE:- habitat of lotus is water- earthworm lives in moist soil
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Living organism componentsin ecosystem1. INDIVIDUAL orORGANISM :
one living organism orindividual organism ofa single species
example :- A human- A goose- A dog
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2. POPULATION2. A POPULATION :
all the members of the samespecies that inhabit aparticular area
example :1. Sheep population
2. Cats population
Note:
A species is a group of organisms
that are physically similar and can
mate with each other and produce
offspring that can also mate and
reproduce
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3. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY :All the populations found in aparticular area
A community consists of all the
various populations interacting at
a localeExample :
All populations in coral reef ( algae,
crustaceans, fishes) make up coral reefcommunity
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4. ECOSYSTEMEcosystem: a community and its physical
environment, including both non living(abiotic) and living (biotic) components
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5. BIOMEBiome is: a major ecological community of
organisms adapted to a particular climatic or
environmental condition on a large geographic
area in which they occur.
Biom es m ay be class i f ied into :
a. Terrestrial biomes or land biomes - e.g. tundra,taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests,
etc.
b. Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar
freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc.
c. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical
coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc
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BIOMES
TAIGA TUNDRA
SAVANNA
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Biomes themselves are very large habitats.
However, inside of each biome there are
smaller habitats called microhabitats.
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Biomes and Biosphere
The plants and animals of earth live in an area
called the biosphere. The biosphere is hugeand is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists
divide the biosphere for study is by using
biomes.
A biome isa large geographical area that has a
specific climate and contains some very
particular plants and animals. Some major
biomes of the world include: desert, coniferous
forest, deciduous forest, tundra, savannah, and
taiga.
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6. BIOSPHERE
Biosphere: the part of the Earths coveringwhere life is possible; it extends from the
floor of the oceans to the summit of the
highest mountains.
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Level ecological organization
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Level Ecological Organization
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Fill the blanks using the appropriate terms below.
Community, ecosystem(s), habitat(s) or population(s)
1. A mangrove swamp . contains mud, seaand tree .
2. The sea is . for fish and whales
3. A cat has a of fleas in its fur.4. Mudskippers are member of the predator ..
that feed upon the of small crabs in the
mangrove swamp mud, reducing their numbers.
5.The worm of the Pulau Seribu mangrove swamp
mud are eaten by a of wading birds includingplovers, greenshanks and redshanks
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VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEM
Based on forming process:1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM
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Marine ecosystem
CORAL REEF IN HAWAII IS A COMPLEX MARINE ECOSYSTEM
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2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMEcosystem whichis made by humanexample:
- aquarium- garden
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Artificial ecosystem
Freshwater aquarium Sea water aquarium
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ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENTS
BIOTIC FACTORS:Human, plant, animal, fungiABIOTIC FACTORS
water, air, humidity, light
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BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC
Biotic, meaning of orrelated to life, are
living factors. Plants,
animals, fungi, protist
and bacteria are all
biotic or living factors.
Abiotic, meaning not
alive, are nonlivingfactors that affect
living organisms.
Environmental factors
such habitat (pond,
lake, ocean, desert,
mountain) or weather
such as temperature,cloud cover, rain,
snow, hurricanes, etc.
are abiotic factors.
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A. BIOTIC FACTORA factor created by a
living thing or anyliving component
within an environment
Example: plant,humananimal, predator, prey
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BASED ON THE ROLE
1. PRODUCER :
Living organisms which can
produce their own food by
photosynthesis
Most producersare photosynthetic and
make carbohydrates by using energy
from the sun.
Example: green plants
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Is the process in which light energy
absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed
into chemical energy
Reaction:light
CO2+ H2O C6H12O6+ O2 + H2O
chlorophyll l
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2. CONSUMERConsumers: organism which obtain energyby eating other organisms and includeherbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores,and decomposers.
PRIMARY CONSUMERAn animal that eatsgrass and other green plants in a foodchain (HERBIVORA)
SECONDARY CONSUMERAn animal thatfeeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a
food chain (KARNIVORA) TERTIARY CONSUMERAn animal that
feeds on secondary consumers in a foodchain. TOP CONSUMER
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CONSUMER
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3. DECOMPOSER Is an organism that
gets its food energyfrom dead parts of
other organisms
example :- bacterium
- fungus
Bacteria as
decomposer
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DETRITIVOREa member of a class of consumers
that derives its energy from organicwastes matter and dead organisms
example :- earthworm
The principal difference between detritivoresand decomposers is that the detritivores are
relatively complex organisms, such as
earthworms or maggots.
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2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTSAny of the nonliving factors thatmake up the abiotic environmentin which living organisms occurexample :
- water, soil, air, light, sun,temperature, atmosphere,humidity
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AUTOTROPH ORGANISMAn organism which produces itsown food by photosynthesisExample:Plants, algae, and photosyntheticbacteria
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HETEROTROPH ORGANISMAn organism which acquires itsenergy by consuming either otherorganisms or the non essential
castoffs of other organisms.Example:
animal, human, heterotroph plant,fungi.
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ANIMALHERBIVORE an animal whicheats producers.CARNIVORE an animal thateats meat. They may bepredators.OMNIVORE an animal that
eats both animal and plant
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Examples :HERBIVORE cow, goat, buffalo,rabbit, deer, koalaCARNIVORE lion, tiger, dog,hawkOMNIVORE pig, rat, hen
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HETEROTROPH PLANTPlant that fulfills itsfood by takingnutrient from the
other livingorganism asparasite) example :
TALI PUTRI
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FUNGI ungi cant producetheir own foodbecause they donthave chlorophyll.Fungi take thenutrient from deadorganisms
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ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECTBIOTIC COMPONENTS
1.Fish need water as its
habitat.
2.Green plant need carbondioxide for
photosynthesis
3.Human need oxygen forbreathing
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INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEENBIOTIC COMPONENTSBee help flower fertilizationCow need grass as its food.
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INTERDEPENDENCESBETWEEN PRODUCER,CONSUMER ANDDECOMPOSER
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FOOD WEBA system of food chains that arelinked with one another.In a food web a particularorganism may feed at more thanone trophic levelNote:
Trophic level is the position that anorganism occupies in a food chain
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FOOD WEB
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The differences between a pyramid
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The differences between a pyramid
of biomass and energy
Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy
Related to the biomass
of organisms
Related to the energy
content of organism
Constructed based on
the biomass at any given
time
Constructed based on
energy content over a
period of time
Does not consider rate
of reproduction of
organisms
Takes into consideration
the rate of reproduction
of organisms
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Biosphere Ecosystem
PopulationCommunity
Organism
Level ecological
organizationLevel ecologicalorganization
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Decomposer : an organism, often a
bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and
breaks down dead plant or animal matter,
thus making organic nutrients available tothe ecosystem.
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