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Aarhus Convention. See United Nations Conventionon Access to Information, Public Participation inDecision Making and Access to Justice inEnvironmental Matters (Aarhus Convention,1998)
access, open, 134Access to Environmental Information (Argentina),acerola case, 475Act for the Rebuilding of London (1667), 583Act Number 9.279 (Brazil, 1996), 475Act Number 9.456 (Brazil, 1997), 475Act Number 9.985 (Brazil, 2000), 474–475, 476, 479,
482Act of the National System of Conservation Units
(SNUC, Brazil, 2000). See Act Number 9.985(Brazil, 2000)
Act on Ancient Monuments, Antiques, Objects of Artand National Museums B.E. 2504 (Thailand, a.d.1961), 414
Adbdul Razak v. Karachi Building Control Authority,345
ADHP. See ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks(ADHP, 2003)
Adirondack ParkAgency (APA), 591–592Land Use and Development Plan (United States,
1973), 591administration, defined, 162Administration and Protection of Plant Breeder’s
Rights (Ethiopia), 119administrative
actions, 17case litigation law, 17–18
Administrative Procedure Act (United States), 570ADR. See alternative dispute resolution (ADR)“Advancing International Ocean Science and Policy,”
Aga Khan Foundation, 344agenda 21, 61, 199, 394, 422
Chapter 27 of, 394–395See also United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)
Agricultural and Rural Development Authority Edict(Nigeria, 1985), 252
Agriculture Act (Kenya), 139, 140, 255Agriculture Law (China, 2002), 323, 324, 326Agriculture Perspective Plan (Nepal, 1995), 424AHPs. See ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs)Air Pollution Control Law (Japan, 1974), 15Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward, 242Alpine Convention (1991), 418, 431alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 467–468Amazon Forest, 476Ambler Realty Company, 588Amboseli National Park (Kajiado, Kenya), 122, 123,
135, 138, 145, 149, 150–151American Farm Bureau Federation, 568American Wildlands v. Browner, 570–571Amidu Lukong v. Razel Construction Company Ltd.,
312Amodu Tijani v. Secretary of Southern State Nigeria,309Anans, 290anchor acres, 126Anioma, 290Ankole Agreement (1901), 165anthropogenic activities, and climate change, 60Anti-Pollution Unit (Singapore), 383APA. See Adirondack Park Agency (APA)Apia convention of 12 June 1876, 73Ardizzone v. Elliot (New York), 602Argentina
Civil Code of, 510–511Constitution of (1853), 510Constitution of (1853), Article 41 of, 512, 513–514,
515, 516, 517, 518, 522, 524Constitution of (1853), Article 75 section 17 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 121 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 124 of, 515, 518Constitutional reform (1994), 504, 513–517General Environment Law 25.657 of, 516–517land use law and environmental policy in, 503–505land use law and planning regulations in, 505–509Law 17.711 of, 510Law 25.612 of, 518Law 25.670 of, 518Law 25.675 of, 518–525
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
Argentina (cont.)Law 25.688 of, 518Law 25.831 of, 518Law 25.916 of, 518private property rights in, 510–512recent land use legislation in, 504–505
Argentine Engineers Center, 505arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), 133Arnstein, Sherry, 454Asahi Foods, 475ASEAN, 352ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and
ASEAN Memorandum of Understanding on Sea TurtleConservation and Protection (1997), 356, 367
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment2nd (Bangkok, 1984), 3539th (Myanmar, 2003), 352
ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation(ARCBC, Phillipines), 357, 358, 363
ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment(ASPAE, 1994–98), Strategy 6 of, 354
ASEAN Transboundary Conservation Areas (ATCAs),352
legal framework for, 365–370ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation and
Biodiversity (AWGNCB)11th Meeting of the (Malaysia, 2001), 357Report of the 12th Meeting of the, 357
ASEAN Workshop on Nature Conservation (Bali,1980), 353
Asian Development Bank, 325, 452Asian elephant, 40–41
as a “keystone species,” 40Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law, 395Association of South East Asian Nations. See ASEANasthma (Yokkaichi, Japan), 12, 13, 14ATCAs. see ASEAN Transboundary Conservation
Areas (ATCAs)Atlantic Forest, 477Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act 35 (South
Africa, 1965), 187Atomic Energy Agency, 454audi alteram partem, 189Australia
443Australian Local Government Association, 436AWGNCB. See ASEAN Working Group on Nature
Conservation and Biodiversity (AWGNCB)
Ba Be National Park (Vietnam), 359–360Bachner, Bryan, 350Bajah, Sisal, and Marthi Sagar River channel, 419Bakassi territory (Nigeria), 290, 305Baltit Fort, 343–344Baluchistan, 337Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment
(1984), 358Bangladesh, 417Basi District, 33Basic Environment Law (Japan, 1993), 11, 22–23Basic Environment Plan (Japan, 1994), 11, 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
(Japan, 1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society
(Japan, 2000), 11, 23BAT. See best available control technology (BAT)Bay of Bengal, 418Beck, Ulrich, 471Benelux convention of 8 June 1982, 73best available control technology (BAT), 558best management practice (BMP), 565best practicable control technology (BPT), 558, 565Bhutan, 417Bidart Campos, German, 517, 518biodiversity, value judgments in, 134Biodiversity Strategy (Nepal, 2002), 425Bioinformatics Institute (Singapore), 385Biolink, 475biomass, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55, 56biopiracy, 475Biopolis (Singapore), 385Bioprocessing Technology Institute (Singapore), 385Blackstone, William, 582block grants, 589BMP. See best management practice (BMP)Borneo Montane Rain Forests, 370Bosman, C., 225Bosselmann, Klaus, 116Botanic Gardens (Singapore), 390, 391Botswana, and ivory, 32, 33, 35, 39boundary, and property rights, 158–159BPT. See best practicable control technology (BPT)Brahmaputra River, 418Brandais, Louis, 604Brazil, 115
Constitution of, 473Constitution of (1988), 479Constitution of (1996), 482–483Constitution of Article 225 of, 472–473protection of natural spaces in, 476–483
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
British North America Act (1867), 457“brown” agenda, 336brownfield. See redevelopment, brownfieldBRT. See Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania)Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 283Brundtland Report (1987), 452Brunei, 352, 353, 355, 361Buddhist Gandhara Civilization, 344Buenos Aires, city of, 505–508, 516
506Constitution of (1996), Article 27 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 29 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 30 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 81 of, 506Constitution of (1996), mandates of, 506–507Directive Plan (1962), 505first Building Code (1944), 505Law 71 of, 507
Buenos Aires, province of, 508–509Constitution of, 509General Environment Law 11.723, 509Law 11.459 of, 509Law 11.720 of, 509Law 12.088 of, 509Law 12.257 of, 509Law 5965 of, 509Law 8912 (1977) of, 508–509
Bugiri District (Uganda), 169Bugunda Agreement (1900), 164Building and Construction Authority (BCA,
Singapore), Building Plan and ManagementDivision of, 387
Building Centers (Pakistan), 349building codes, 9Building Control Act (Singapore), 387building permit, 81Building the American City, 590Bukit Timah (Singapore), 386Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania), 203
CAFOs. See concentrated animal feedlot operations(CAFOs)
Cahangi International Airport (Singapore), 390Caldwell, Victor, 241California, 601
Energy Commission, 288Cambodia, 352, 364, 368Cameroon, 54
bijural character of, 304, 314and ivory, 32land use in, and the Constitution of, 312land use laws in, 307land use reform in, 314land use system in, 308–314
CAMPFIRE, 35–38Canada
and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),459–462
forms of environmental assessment in, 460–461Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA,
Africa’s emissions from 1800–2000, 47global emissions in 1999, 47
Carson, Rachel, 284categorical exclusion, 287Catholic Church, and social doctrine, 510causal relationship, 21
in environmental law, 13in the Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14
CEAA. See Canadian Environmental Assessment Act(CEAA, 1995)
CEC. See Committee for Environmental Coordination(CEC, South Africa)
CEG. See cooperative environmental governance(CEG)
Central Architects Society (Argentina), 505Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC), 383CFM. See community forest management (CFM,
Cameroon)Changwat Development Plan (Thailand), 399–400Chapoto Ward, 36Charles II, King of England, 583Chek Jawa (Singapore), 393, 395Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, 562Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs), 212Chikunda people, 36Chimutengwende, Chem, 35China,
Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 329extent of environmental degradation in,
317–318legislation and land degradation in, 318–320,
325Chobe Enclave Trust, 33Churia land areas, 420Chyulu Hills National Park (Kenya), 122CHZ. See community hunting zomes (CHZ,
Cameroon)CITES. See Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES)city planning, 9Civil Act (Nepal, 1954), 422civil burden of proof, 467Clark, Ray, 297Clean Air Act (United States), 287, 559, 593
1997 amendments to, 585Clean Water Act (CWA, United States, 1972), 556, 558,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals,579
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlifeand Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979), 82
Convention on the Law of the Sea, Annex VI of, 580Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971), 164Convention to Combat Desertification, 315, 327
China’s Action Plan for the, 329Committee for the Review of the Implementation of
the, 332conventional model of housing, 348cooperative environmental governance (CEG), 221,
230–233, 234–235defined, 234defined in the South African context, 235
Copenhagen, 405Corbett National Park, 40cost-benefit analysis, 541Cote d’Ivoire, and ivory, 39Council of Advisors, 556Council of Australian Governments (COAG, 1992),
436, 437–438, 443reforms of, 437
Council of Europe (Lisbon, 2001), landscape award,85–86
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, UnitedStates), 281, 286
Country Code of 1853 (Nepal), 422covenant, restrictive, 160cradle-to-grave principle, 225Cripps, J., 463crocodiles, 33Cronon, William, 147–148Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 280 of the Laws of
Kenya), 138CSC. See Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC)CTAs. See Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs)cumulative impact, defined, 297
Dadaab Camp (Kenya), 266, 268–271, 272–273Daily, Gretchen, 537Daly, Herman E., 528, 537, 539, 543Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
City Council (DCC), 199–200, 202–203Master Plan, 1979, 198Water and Sanitation Authority (DAWASA),
203DAWASA. See Dar es Salaam, Water and Sanitation
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
See also servient tenementdos Rios Condesso, Fernando, 471Douglas Commission. See National Commission on
Urban Problems (Douglas Commission)Dourojeanni, Marc, 475Dr. Zahir Ansari v. Karachi Development Authority,
346DRDRS. See Department of Resource Surveys and
Remote Sensing (DRSRS, Kenya, 1975)Drought Relief Agency (China), 319due consideration to all alternatives, principle of, 225duty-of-care principle, 233DWAF. See Minister of the Department of Water
Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, South Africa)
EA. See environmental assessment (EA)EAA. See Environmental Assessment Act (EAA,
Ontario, 1990)EAARR. See Environmental Audit, Assessment and
Review regulations (EAARR, Swaziland)EAB. See Environmental Assessment Board of Ontario
(EAB)EABRN. See UNESCO East Asian Biosphere Reserves
Network (EABRN)EAP. See Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland)EARP. See Environmental Assessment Review Process
(EARP, Canada, 1973)Earth Summit. See United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)
easementCanadian common law, 125common law, 124–126, 128Costa Rican common law, 125Costa Rican reciprocal, 126defined, 159–160defined by Registered Land Act (Kenya), 127environmental, 128–129environmental, in Kenya, 129, 131environmental, unique feature of, 128essential characteristics of, 124, 129in gross, 125requirements of, 125–126statutory, 127
East Africa, 34East Asian Biosphere Reserves Network (EABRN),
353, 368East India Company, 376EBR. See Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR, Ontario,
1993)ECA. See Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South
Africa); Environmental Conservation ActNumber 73 (ECA, South Africa, 1989)
Eche, 290ecological economics, principles of, 539Ecological Equilibrium and Environment Protection
Act (Mexico, 1988), 492–493, 497, 499, 501, 502Article 46 of, 4991996 amendment to, 4932001 amendment to, 493
Ecological Fiscal Reform (EFR), 534, 535, 543–553descriptive framework for, 544–545
Economic Development Board (EDB, Singapore), 382economic incentives, 11economic instruments
criteria for, 538defined, 491, 535and direct regulation, 537–539See also market-based instruments
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
as a symbol of conservation, 41–42Ellison, Katherine, 537EMCA. See Environment Management and
Coordination Act (EMCA, Kenya, 2000)EMCAs. See environmental management cooperation
agreements (EMCAs)Endangered Species Act (United States, 1973),284, 584“end-of-pipe” control, 19, 21end-of-the-pipe restriction, 558English Town and Country Planning Act of 1947, 205Enhancement and Conservation of National
Environmental Quality Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand,a.d. 1992), 400, 414, 415–416
ENV. See Ministry of the Environment (ENV,Singapore)
environmentdefined, 162, 227–228fundamental right to, 480shared duty to protect, 473
Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South Africa),95
Environment Conservation Act 73 (South Africa,1989), 222
Environment Fund, 397Environment Management and Coordination Act
Part 8 of, 457Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act
(EPIP Act, Australia, 1974), 456Environment Working Groups (EWGs, Kenya), 273Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland), 95, 100Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Minister of, in
and the adjudication process, 464–469cost of preparing, 300Decree (Nigeria), 241defined, 89–90, 96, 181, 282–283, 451–452, 498defined by Chris Wood, 96defined by Swaziland, 96development of, 451exemptions from, under CEQ NEPA regulations,
287–291Guideline Document, 100Guidelines for Industry Sectors (Nepal, 1995), 426Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (Nepal, 1996),
426legal basis of, 94–96legislation, in South Africa, 182–184in Namibia, 94, 97objective of, 97and oil and gas resources, 285–287people involved in, 192–194politics of, 194–196principles of, 188procedure, 187–192process, 94, 98–106, 455and public participation, 291–293, 453, 454responsibility for preparing, in the United States,
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
environmental management systems, and pollutionprevention, 382–388
Environmental Planning and Assessment (EP&A) Act(Australia, 1979), 458–459
Parts 4 and 5 of, 458–459Section 123 of, 459
Environmental Planning and Management (EPM,Tanzania), 199–218
chronology of, in Tanzania, 201key features of, 200
Environmental Policies in Japan (1977), 11environmental policy
and congruence, 520considerations for the objective of, 540and cooperation, 520impact of existing, on environmental goal, 540–541and intergenerational equality, 520mainstays of, 494and the precautionary principle, 520and prevention, 520
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA,Nigeria), 284, 286, 299
Federal Executive (Mexico), 500–502Federal Fair Housing Act (United States), 595Federal Housing Authority (United States), 588Federal Public Administration Law (Mexico, 2000),
493Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (United
States). See Clean Water Act (CWA, United States,1972)
feudal tenure, 582“financially unlawful acts,” 18“finding of no significant impact” (FONSI), 292Fire Safety Bureau (Singapore), 387First Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1956–61), 423fiscal instruments, defined, 535Five-year Amphoe Development Plan (Thailand),
399–400Flint Ridge Dev. Co. v. Scenic Rivers Ass’n of Oklahoma,
288–289Fon of Oku, 313Fondom, Nso, 312FONSI. See “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI)Forest Act
Forests Act (Chapter 385 of the Laws of Kenya), 138,139–140
Forests Bill (Kenya, 2004), 139–140Fort Canning Park (Singapore), 391Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14fragmentation
reasons for, in South African environmentalgovernance, 221–223
scenarios to address, 235–239in South African environmental governance,
221–225Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11Fredericksberg (Denmark), 405Freedom of Access to Information (Argentina),French Civil Code, 510fruta do bibiri case, 475fuel, traditional renewable
in Africa, 48–50in Angola, 50in Asia, 49in Australia, 49in the Caribbean, 49in Central America, 49in Europe, 49in Ghana, 50in the Middle East, 49in New Zealand, 49in Nigeria, 50in North Africa, 49in South America, 49in the United States, 49
functional equivalence, doctrine of, 287
Gabcikovo dam project, 305Gandak River Agreement (1959), 419Ganges River, 417Garissa District (Kenya), 276Garissa Town Council (Kenya), 266–267, 270gate “community” levy, 30–31General Accounting Office (GAO, United States),General Environment Law (Argentina, 2002), 505,
512, 524. See also Argentina, Law 25.675 ofArticle 2 of, 519Article 4 of, 519–521Article 8 of, 521, 522Articles 9 and 10 of, 521Articles 11 to 13 of, 522
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
a.d. 1991), 398Government Lands Act (Chapter 280 of the Laws of
Kenya), 138GPA. See Global Program of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land-BasedSources (GPA)
Grassland Law (China, 2002), 323, 324Grazing Reserves Law (Nigeria, 1965), 251–252Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, 41greenhouse gases (GHGs), 21, 47, 60
factors in mitigation of, 62–63Groundwater Act b.e. 2520 (Thailand, a.d. 1977), 414group ranches (Kenya), 138–139Growth with Quality Commission (Mexico), 493Guidelines for Co-operation of the Protocol on Energy
of 1996, 94Gulf of Mexico
dead zone in, 565Hypoxia Action Plan for, 565
habitat conversionand agriculture, 123factors contributing to, 123as threat to biodiversity, 123
hanko, 42Hanoi Plan of Action (1999–2004), 354Harappa, 335Hassan, Arif, 348Hausa-Fulani, 290HDB. See Housing and Development Board (HDB,
problems in, 417–418Hluhluwe, 29Hollings, Fritz, 578, 579, 580home rule authority, 601–602Hoover Commission, 590House Transportation Committee, Subcommittee on
Water Resources and the Environment, 567Housing and Community Development Act (United
States, 1974), 598Housing and Development Board (HDB, Singapore),
375, 383, 385–386Howard, Christopher, 551Hyderabad Municipal Authority, 348
hydroelectric energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Hydropower Development Policy (Nepal, 2001), 424
Ibibios, 290Ibo, 290ICIMOD. See International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development (ICIMOD)IEA. See International Energy Agency (IEA)IEE. See Initial Environmental Examination (IEE);
initial environmental examination (IEE)IEM. See integrated environmental management
(IEM)IFPA. See Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario)Iganga District (Uganda), 169Ijaw, 290Ikware, 290Ilala Municipality,“Ilanga,” 273Ilhabela State Park, 481Illinois, 601
Department of Commerce and Community Affairsin, 594
Local Planning and Technical Assistance Act (2002)of, 594–595
iMfolozi, 29Imo State Land and Water Resources Conservation
(Erosion Prevention) Edict (Nigeria, 1986), 249Income Tax Act (Canada), 547incremental development model for housing, 348India, 34, 417Indo-Muslim Mughal culture, 335Indonesia, 352, 353, 368Indus Civilization, 335Industrial Park of the 21st Century (iPark21,
Singapore), 386Industrial Policy (Nepal, 1992), 425Industrial Revolution, 9Industrial Works Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992),
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
International Energy Agency (IEA), 46International Fund for Animal Welfare, 32International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
52–53, 60Third Assessment Report of, 62
International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). See also World Conservation Union
Academy of Environmental Law, SecondColloquium of, Nairobi, Kenya, 2004, 285
World Conservation Congress of 2000 onSustainable Use of Soil, 332
Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario), 466iPark21. See Industrial Park of the 21st Century
iPark21, Singapore)IPCC. See International Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)Irrigation Association of Australia, 446Isoko, 290Itai-itai (cadmium poisoning) disease (Toyama,
Japan), 13, 14Ithala Game Reserve, 30Itskiri, 290IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN)ivory, 27–43, 146
JapanAir Pollution Control Law (1974), 15Article 76, Clause 36 of the Constitution of, 18Article 709 of the Civil Code of, 13Article 719 of the Civil Code of, 13, 14asthma in, 12Basic Environment Law (1993), 22–23Basic Environment Plan (1994), 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control
(1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based
Society (2000), 23Business Federation of, 22Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (1995),
23dam construction in, 10environmental issues in, 10–11environmental lawsuits in, 12–19Environmental Policies in (1977), 11Factory Location Law (1973) in, 15Four Major Pollution Lawsuits in, 14and ivory, 42Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used
Vehicles (2002), 23Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling Food
Cyclical Resources (2000), 23Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related
Health Damage (1969) in, 13Law for Recycling of Building Materials (2002),
23Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of Home
Appliances (1998), 23National Compensation Law in, 16organic mercury poisoning in, 12petrochemical industrial complexes in, 10, 12pollution in, 10–11, 12–15Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation
Law (1973) in, 13, 15rule of damage compensation in, 13Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan) in, 16urban growth in, 11
joint liabilities, 14
Jos Platesu, 246Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), 382, 385–386
Master Plan (1974), 339Port Trust Co-operative Housing Society,
340Karatu, 209Karimabad, 343katchi abadis, 335–336Kathmandu Valley, 420Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act
(Nepal, 1988), 428Kebbi, 252Kenya, 114
2001 drought in, 51administrative tribunals in, 253agricultural sector in, 133agriculture in, 121Constitution of, 136, 137demographics of “environmental refugees,”
268environmental management at the national level in,
276–279faunal and floral diversity in, 132–133GDP in,importance of wildlife to, 120–131and ivory, 32, 39, 40land ownership in, 137–139land tenure systems in, 137–139land use planning laws in, 139land use policy in, 64National Environment Commission of, 136population of, 133–134private land in, 137refugee deforestation and erosion in, 269–270refugee urbanization in, 270–271refugee waste disposal in, 270refugee–ecology relationship in, 266, 267–280trust land in, 137wildlife management policy in, 140–144wildlife policy in, 136–144
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 34, 129, 130, 133, 136,141, 143, 151
Keshwani, Kiran, 349Kesselman, Jonathan, 552Khon Kaen Province (Thailand), 409–416Kibaha, 209Kirati period (Nepal), 422Kitunda, 204Koshi River Agreement (1954), 419Krishna, Vern, 544, 547Kruger National Park, 31Kumamoto, Japan, 13, 14Kwa-Zulu Natal, 29, 30–31, 38, 41Kwa-Zulu Natal Nature Conservation Management
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Laikipia National Reserve, 145Lake Chad, 51land. See also property
communal ownership of, in Africa,defined, 243–244, 305degradation, defined, 315–316national, defined, 308ownership in South Africa, 29reform and administration, 67–68reform and climate change, 63–70reform and ecosystem adaption, 68–69reform and socioeconomics, 69state, defined, 308tenure reform (Uganda), 179use, in Africa, and climate change, 58–59use laws, in sub-Saharan Africa, 56–59use planning, in Kenya, 157–158use reform, in Africa, 60, 64–67, 70
Land (Group Representatives) Act, 138Land (Survey and Measurement) Act (Nepal, 1961),
(1961), 430(1964), 422, 430(1964) 5th Amendment to (2002), 430(1964) Chapter 9(A) in, 430(1964) Section 51(f) to, 430
Land Reform Decree (Uganda), 166Land Revenue Act (Nepal, 1977), 430land tenure. See land use, managementland use
management, defined, 305planning and social development, 500–502regulation, 594–595. See also various states and
municipalitiessustainable, 244
Land Use Act (Nigeria, 1978), 247Section 1 of, 243
Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA, Oregon, 1979),592
Land Use Council (Nepal), 430–431Land Use Decree 1978 (Nigeria), 244Land Use in America, 590landscape
as a common resource, 75cultural, 73defined, 74, 82design, objective of, 80and the law, 72–73and legal categories of states, 72management, defined, 83national council for (France), 79perception of, 71–73planning, defined, 83
Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling FoodCyclical Resources (Japan 2000), 23
Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used Vehicles(Japan 2002), 23
Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related HealthDamage (Japan, 1969), 13
Law for Appraising Environmental Impacts (China,2002), 321, 323, 329
Law for the Prevention and Treatment of Solid Wastefrom Polluting the Environment (China 1996),321, 323
Law for Recycling of Building Materials (Japan, 2002),23
Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of HomeAppliances (Japan, 1998), 23
Law Number 1 (Cameroon, 16 April 2001), 307Law Number 78–263 (Cameroon, 3 July 1978), 307Law Number 80–21 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 80–22 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 94–01 (Cameroon, 20 January 1994),307Law Number 96–06 (Cameroon, 18 January 1996),
307Law Number 96–12 (Cameroon, 5 August 1996), 307,
313–314LCA. See Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)LEC. See Land and Environment Court (LEC, New
South Wales)Lee Hsien Loong, 395–396Lee Kuan Yew, 374, 383, 388–389, 394, 395Lee Sing Kong, 391Legal and Policy Expert Advisory Group (LPEAG,
China), 330–331legal system, conventional, 9–10LENORE. See Landscape Education: New
Opportunities for Teaching and Research inEurope (LENORE)
leopard, 146Leopold, Also, 284Lesotho, land use policy in, 64Li Swift, 552–553Licchavi period (Nepal), 422Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 23Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore), 374List of Projects Requiring an IEE
Part H of Schedule II of, 343Part I of Schedule I of, 343Part I of Schedule II of, 343
LOAs. See Land Owning Agencies (LOAs, Pakistan)Local Government Act (Uganda), 173, 175
Second Schedule of, 175Local Government Council (Uganda), 177
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Local Government Municipal Structures Act 117(South Africa, 1998), 224
Local Government Ordinances (Pakistan), 350Local Goverment Transition Act 209 (1993), 224Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act Number 7
(Tanzania, 1982), 206, 217Section A2(1) of, 207
Local Self Governance Act (Nepal, 1999), 427–428logging, consequences of, 246London, Great Fire of 1666 in, 583Longido plains (Tanzania), 122Los Angeles, 587“Lost Boys” of Sudan, 276Lower Peirce Reservoir (Singapore), 393LRS. See Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore)Lumbini, 419Lushoto, 209
Maasai Mara National Reserve, 122, 123, 145, 149,150
MAB. See UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme(MAB)
Machakos National Reserve, 145Madagascar, 54Mahabharata Ranges, 420Mahali Sugar and Rasiawal-khurd Lotan River
channel, 419Mail, and ivory, 32Makambako, 209Makhwela Community, 30Malawi, 279
land use policy in, 64Malaya, 377Malaysia, 352, 353, 363, 368, 377Maldives, 418Malli, Jayasthiti, 422Mandelker, Daniel L., 298Mandera (Kenya), 276Marekia, Nijeri, 39market economy
efficient, 529government intervention in, 530–533
market-based approaches, defined, 535market-based instruments,Marsh, George Perkins, 284Masaka (Uganda), 169Masasi, 209Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore), 374Massachusetts, 594Master Plan 2003 (Singapore), 394Mbeki, President, 196Mbuyuni, 204McDaniel, Paul R., 550–551, 552MEAs. See multilateral environmental agreements
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) betweenForest Department and Kenya Wildlife Service,157, 309
methane, 47Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People against Nuclear
Energy, 295–296Metropolitan Health Act (New York, 1866), 586Metropolitan Service District (Metro, Oregon), 592MEWR. See Ministry of Environment and Water
Resources (MEWR, Singapore)Mexico
Constitution of (1917), 502Constitution of (1917), Article 26 of, 489Constitution of (1917), Article 27 of, 485–488, 492,
499Constitution of (1917), Article 73, paragraph 4a of,
491Constitution of (1917), as basis for property rights,
485–489Constitution of (1917), environmental
amendments to, 487Constitution of (1917), Section XXIX-G of, 487–488environmental policy guidelines in, 494–495natural resources in, 484relationship between environmental protection and
poverty in, 484–485Mexico City, 484, 500MHRL. See Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New
York)Michaocan, 499MIKE. See Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)Millennium Development Goals,Minamata disease (organic mercury poisoning)
Minerals Act (Nigeria), 248Minerals Regulation and Minerals (Safe Mining)
Regulations (Nigeria), 248Mines and Mineral Act (Nepal, 1985), 427“minimum requirements” legislation, and
environmental policy, 517–518minimum standards, defined, 517Mining Cose (Cameroon, 2001), 308Mining Protocol of 1997, 93Minister of the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF, South Africa), 222Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA, Nigeria), and
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)reviews, 301
Ministry of Agriculture (China), 318Ministry of the Environment (ENV, Singapore), 381,
383Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF,
Cameroon), 313Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
(Kenya), 274Ministry of Environment and Water Resources
(MEWR, Singapore), 375, 383Ministry of Environmental Protection (Uganda),
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania, 1999), 217Ministry of National Development (Singapore), 390
Parks and Recreation Department of, 389Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI, Singapore), 382Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment (Uganda),
163Ministry of Water Resources (MWR, China), 318Minnesota, 594Mississippi River, dead zone in, 565MLHSD. See Ministry of Lands and Human
Settlements Development (MLHSD, Tanzania,1990)
MMS. See Mineral Management Services (MMS)Modern Abbatoir Project (Tanzania), 203Moedjadaro, 338Mohenjo Daro, 335Moi, President Daniel Arap, 34Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, 499–500Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), 35Montevideo Program III. See Program for the
Development and Periodic Review ofEnvironmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III)
Morin, Edgar, 471Mount Apo National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), 420Mount Iglit-Baco National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Kenya, 51Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 (South Africa,
1970), 224Mozambique, land use policy in, 64MRT. See Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore)Muir, John, 284multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), 513Mumma, Albert, 47Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New York), 602Murray-Darling Basin, 433, 448Murree, 340–341MV Tasman Spirit, 338Myanmar, 352, 368, 417
NAAEC, 91Article 10(7) of, 91
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
Nairobi National Park, 34, 120, 122, 123, 129, 149Nakvubo wetland, Kampala, 167Namibia
Constitution of, 95and ivory, 32, 35, 39land use policy in, 64
Napal, 417NAPIMS. See Nigerian Property Investment Services
(NAPIMS)Narok Game Reserve, 138National Academy of Sciences (NAS, United States),
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
350National Institute of Education (Singapore), 393National Land Use Planning Act (United States),
591National Ocean Council (NOC), 572, 577National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), 577National Park Service (United States, 1916), 284National Parks Act b.e. 2504 (Thailand, a.d. 1961),
413National Parks Act (Singapore)
(1990), 391(1996), 391–393, 394
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (Nepal,1973), 428
4th amendment to (1994), 428National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore), 390,
393functions of, 391–392Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) of,
392National Parks Board of the Ministry of National
Development (Singapore), 375National Parks Board (Singapore), 387, 390National Planning Commission (NPC, Nepal), 430National Policy for the Conservation and Management
of Wetland Resources (Uganda), 178National Policy for Wetland Resources (Uganda),
164National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES, United States), 558, 560–561, 563National Register of Plant Breeders Rights, 119
National Research Council (United States), 5632002 report of, 562
National Resistance Movement (NRM, Uganda), 170National Resource Management Ministerial Council
(Australia), 450National Round Table on the Environment and the
Economy (NRTEE), 491, 534, 537, 538–539National Social Development Policy (Mexico), 490National University of Singapore, 385National Water Act 36 (South Africa, 1998), 187
Sections 21(f) and 21(g) of, 223National Water Initiative (Australia, 2004), 446–450
expected results of, 447–448key elements of, 448–449Schedule A of, 449
National Water Quality Inventory (United States), 557,564
National Water Reform Framework (Australia, 1994),437
National Wetlands Conservation and ManagementProgramme (Uganda), 163
(1989), 171, 172(1998), 178
National Wetlands Policy (Uganda 1995), 172goals of, 172
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effects of population on environment in, 420–421historical land use in, 422land system in, 419–421land use for sustainable development in, 430–431natural resources in, 419–420periodic plans for land use, 423treaty obligations of, 421–422
NES. See National Environment Secretariat (NES,Kenya, 1972)
NESDP. See National and Social Development Plan(NESDP, Thailand)
New South Wales (NSW), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443,458–459
Court of Appeal in, 466Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO), 447Irrigator’s Council, 446
New York, 583, 586, 601, 602Constitution of, Article IX of, 602Padavan Law, 595and smart growth strategies, 596–598zoning in, 587
Ngochia, Fon, 311Niger Delta, 299, 305Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC),
296Nigeria
deforestation in, 246, 250–252environmental impact statements and oil and gas
in, 294–295environmental law in, 241–243fuelwood in, 246land use problems in, 245–247mining laws in, 248and oil, 299–300
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),299
Nigerian Property Investment Services (NAPIMS),299Niigata, Japan, 13NIMBY syndrome. See not in my backyard (NIMBY)
syndromeNinth Circuit (United States), 561, 570Ninth Plan (Nepal, 1997–2002), 423nitrous oxide, 47NNPC. See Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
(NNPC)No Surface Occupancy (NOS) oil lease, 285NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA); United States NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)
Nolon, John,“non-Euclidian zoning,” 589. See also “Euclidian
zoning”nonpoint source pollution (NSP), 556–557
defined, 561most common, 564in the United States, 564–573
North American Agreement on TransboundaryEnvironmental Impact Assessment, 91–92, 93,106, 107
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 585North Annamite Mountains, 364North Carolina, 600Northern Hunza, 343Northern Territory (NT, Australia), 435not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome, 193NParks. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore)
NPDES. See National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES, United States)
NRM. See National Resistance Movement (NRM,Uganda); Natural Resource Management (NRM,Cameroon)
NRTEE. See National Round Table on theEnvironment and the Economy (NRTEE)
NSW. See New South Wales (NSW)nuisance law, 9, 582
Oath of the Athenian City State, 346Obasanjo, Olusengun, 295Oblaseki, Jusde Andrew, 243Ocean Policy Trust Fund, 577ocean waters, zones of control over, 574Oceans Act (United States, 2000), 576OCS. See offshore continental shelf (OCS)OECD, 534, 536–537, 548, 552offshore continental shelf (OCS), 298Ogoni, 290Ohta, Itaru, 271oil, consequences of discovery of, 246Okidi, C.O., 302Oku, 313Order and Respect Commission (Mexico), 493Order in Council (Uganda, 1902), 165Ordinance Number 74/1 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307
Section 1 of, 308Ordinance Number 74/2 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307Ordinance Number 74/3 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974),
Osaka, Japan, 17international pollution symposium in, 16
Ouko, Evans, 39“Our Common Future” (Brundtland, 1987), 283
Pakistan, 417demographics of, 334, 335–338role of judiciary against environmental degradation,
344–347Supreme Court of, 345urban deterioration in, 338–342
Pan-European Biological and Landscape DiversityStrategy (Sofia, 1995), 71
Action Theme 4 of, 71Pantanal Mato-Grossense, 477, 480Park County Resources Council. Inc. v. United States
Department of Agriculture, 285Parker, Ian, 35Parks and Recreation Department (PRD, Singapore),
390Parks and Tree Bill (Singapore), 392Parks and Trees Act (Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees (Preservation of Trees) Order
(Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees Rule (Singapore), 391Pasture Land Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1974), 430Patricia, Annie, 309Paya Lebar iPark (Singapore), 386PCC. See Public Complaints Commission (PCC,
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defined, 558pollution in the United States, 560–564
Pokhara Valley, 420Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PPTR, Japan,
1999), 20Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), 12, 15, 23–24, 225, 233,
277–278, 490, 491pollution, 7, 9
and causal relationships, 21prevention, in an environment management
system, 382–388Pollution Control Department (PCD, Singapore), 375,
386–387Central Building Plan Unit (CBPU) of the, 387
Pollution Control Public Works Cost Allocation Law(Japan, 1970s), 23
Pollution Control Study, 388Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law
(Japan, 1973), 13, 15“poly-crisis,” 471population, global, increase to affecting global
environment, 7–8
POTWs. See publically owned treatment works(POTWs)
PPCSCA. See Permanent Presidential Commission onSoil Conservation and Afforestation (PPCSCA,Kenya, 1981)
PPP. See Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)PRC-GEF Partnership Program. See Peoples Republic
of China-Global Environment FacilityPartnership on Land Degradation in DrylandEcosystems (PRC-GEF Partnership Program)
precautionary principle, 12, 225, 233, 277, 350Presidential Council of Advisors on Ocean Policy, 577Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution
Act (Mexico, 1971), 491Private Forest Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1956), 429private property, defined, 309profits, 160Program for the Development and Periodic Review of
Environmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III),332
Program Habitat (Mexico), 491, 500project life-cycle, 226–227property. See also land
African law of, 27rights and sustainable wildlife management,
144–150rights in Kenya, 152–160social function of, 480–483
Protected Areas Act (South Africa), 38Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems, 93Protocol to the London Convention, 579PTRS. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore),
Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) ofpublic benefit, 561Public Complaints Commission (PCC, Kenya),
260–261public environmental report (PER), 457Public Health Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992), 414public interest
cost of cases in the, 465–467defined, 465
public participationdefined, 453facilitating effective, 454levels of, in environmental decision making, 454
Public Works Department (PWD, Singapore), Parksand Trees Unit of the, 390
publically owned treatment works (POTWs), 558,561–562, 564
recommendations to improve, 562Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China,Pulau Ubin (Singapore), 393Punjab, 335
Qld. See Queensland (Qld), AustraliaQRA. See Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA)Quality Growth Act (Utah, 1999), 592Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA), 387Queensland (Qld), Australia, 433, 438, 440, 441, 443Quia Emptores, Statute of (1290), 582quicquid planate solo solo cedit, 243
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Raffles, Sir Stamford, 376Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research (Singapore),
393Ramsar Convention. See Water Fowl Habitat (Ramsar
Convention, Uganda, 1971)Rational Energy Supply, Conservation, Utilization,
and Education (RESCUE, Kenya, 1999), 269–270,272–273
Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers ofthe Council of Europe (Hanover, 2002), 80
record of decision (ROD), 183, 292redevelopment
brownfield, 598–599defined, 594
Regina Conference, 169Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya), 127, 137–139Regulation 131 (Nigeria), 248Religious Land Use and Incarcerated Persons Act
(RLUIPA, United States), 595rent-seeking behavior, 542RESCUE. See Rational Energy Supply, Conservation,
Utilization, and Education (RESCUE, Kenya,1994)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA,United States), 288
resourcesbiological, access to, defined, 117biological, defined in Ethiopian draft law, 112biological, ownership of, in Ethiopia, 117–119genetic, defined, 111genetic, sovereignty over, 113natural, defined, 112natural, need to conserve, 112–113preservationist approach to managing, 29
Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 (South Africa,1994), 31, 224
revenue-raising instruments, 548–550Revised Forest Master Plan (Nepal, 1989), 424Revised Irrigation Policy (Nepal, 1997), 424Revised Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law
(Japan, 1997), 22rhinoceros, 146, 151Rift Valley, 55Rift Valley fever, 54“Right to Environment,” 506Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,11risk control, and environmental law, 11–12, 19–21“risk society,” 471risk-return analysis, 541rivalness, 529river health, strategies to achieve, 444RLA. See Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya)RLUIPA. See Religious Land Use and Incarcerated
Persons Act (RLUIPA, United States)ROD. See record of decision (ROD)Roosevelt, Theodore, 284runoff pollution, 557
SA. See South Australia (SA)SAARC. See South Asian Association of Regional
Cooperation (SAARC)Sabsay, Daniel, 518
SACEP. See South Asian Cooperation EnvironmentalProgramme (SACEP)
SADC. See Declaration and Treaty of the SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC)
Safe Drinking Water Act (United States), 288Safer Cities Project (Tanzania), 203Sahab, 377Saiban, 348–349SANP. See South African National Parks (SANP)Sanuru Game Reserve, 138Sarawak (Malaysia), 363, 377Satterwhwaite, David, 350Scheepers, T., 220SCP, 215
primary objective of, 212SD. See sustainable development (SD)SEA. See strategic environmental assessment (SEA)SeaBRnet. See Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve
Network (SeaBRnet)Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources,485Secretariat of Social Development (Mexico), 490–491,
500–501Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources
(Mexico), 493–494, 496, 498, 499, 500–501Senegal, and ivory, 39Serengeti National Park, 122, 150Serra do Mar, 477, 480servient tenement, 125–126, 160. See also dominant
tenementservitudes, 159–160Sessional Paper No. 3 (Kenya, 1975), 140–141, 145setback lines, 597sewer overflows, 562–563Shah, Gorkha Prithvi Narayan, 422Shap period (Nepal), 422Sharkansky, I., 232Sheehan, Molly, 347Shehri v. the Province of Sindh, 346Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan), 16Shinyanga, 209Short Tenure Land Launch Scheme (SHELL,
Singapore), 386Siad Barre regime (Kenya), 276Siddiqui, Tasneem, 348“significant adverse impact,” 452Silvermine Valley Coalition v. Sybrand van der Spuy
Boerderye and Others (2002), 181, 191–192Sindh, 335, 337–338, 340, 349
High Court of, 346–347Singapore, 352, 353
Biological Society, 395Concept Plan for (1971), 378–379Concept Plan for (1991), 384Concept Plan for (2001), 380, 381Current Master Plan for, 381demographics of, 374–375Development Guide Plans for, 380–381Environment Council, 395as a Garden City, 388–394Green Plan (1992) for, 381–382, 393, 394Identity Plan for, 381Improvement Trust (SIT), 377land use planning in, 376–396Master Plan for (1955), 377Master Plan for (1958), 377–378Parks and Waterbodies Plan for, 380, 381phases of industrialization in, 384–385
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Singapore (cont.)Planning Bill (1958), 377planning guidelines for, 385Planning Ordinance (1959), 377Revised Concept Plan (1991), 379Revised Green Plan (2012) for, 382River Basin, 388siting industries in, 386–387State and City Planning Project (1967), 378types of industrial premises in, 385–387
SIT. See Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT)Siwalik land areas, 420Sixth Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1980–85), 423smart growth, 596–598
strategies to achieve, 596–598Smart Regulation, Government of Canada’s report on,
537Social and Human Development Commission
(Mexico), 493social appropriation,Social Development Act (Mexico, 2004), 485, 489–490,
501, 502social impact assessment (SIA), 455social utility and environmental law, 16Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (Nepal, 1982),
429–430Sokoto State Forestry II Project Unit Edict Number 2
(Nigeria, 1987), 252Sokoto State Legal Notice
Number 7 (Nigeria, 1996), 251Number 14 (Nigeria, 1992), 252
Sokoto State Public Health Number 5 (Nigeria, 1985),249
Constitution of (1996), 95, 104, 223, 231–233Constitution of (1996), Section 24 of, 185, 194,
219–220, 229Constitution of (1996), Section 41(1) of,
231–232environmental governance in, 220–225fragmentation in environmental governance in,
221–225and ivory, 32, 35, 38land use management in, 223–225land use policy in, 64NEMA Amendment Act 8 of 1004 of, 98Regulation 3(1) of GN R 1182 of, 98
South African National Parks (SANP), 38South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation
(SAARC), 418meeting in Dhaka, 1985, 418
South Asian Cooperation Environmental Programme(SACEP), 418
South Australia (SA), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443South Dakota, 601South Durban Community Environmental Alliance v.
Head of Department of Agriculture and
Environmental Affairs (South Africa, 2003),189
Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network(SeaBRnet), 353
special natural spaces, 473. See also natural spacesspecial protocol of 20 December 1994, 73Sri Lanka, 40
and ivory, 36stakeholders, 19, 21–22
and environmental law, 12Standard City Planning Enabling Act (United States,
1928), 590Standing Committee of Nepal and India on
Inundation Problems, 418–419State Bank of Pakistan, 341State Development Planning Commission (China),
319State Environmental Protection Agency (China), 319State Flood Control Agency (China), 319State Forest Administration (China), 318State Measures for Implementation of the 1991 Water
and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1993), 320,321
Statement for Human Environmental Quality(Stockholm, 1972), 16
stormwater runoff, 562–563. See also EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA, United States),Stormwater Management Programs
strategic environmental assessment (SEA), 456Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania,
1999), 204, 205–206, 208, 209–211challenges to, in Dar es Salaam, 209–214
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country development plans in, 399–400environmental management plan in, 398–403government administration divisions in, 398–399integrated town and country planning in, 410–411laws governing the protection of forests in, 413laws protecting the cultural heritage of, 413laws that govern noise in, 414legally mandated plans for environmental
management, 403specific town and country planning in, 411–413types of master plans in, 399–403
Thays, Charles, 505Thematic Committee (Nepal), 425Thompson, Barton H., Jr., 536Thoreau, Henry David, 284Thuronyi, Victor, 551, 552TMDL. See Total Maximum Daily Load Program
(TMDL, United States)Toder, Eric, 551, 553
TOP. See Temporary Occupation Permit (TOP)Torrens system, 441Total Maximum Daily Load Program (TMDL, United
States), 564, 566–572daily load rule, 570program implementation strategy for, 567
Toto Agreement (1900), 165“Towards Harmonising the Management and Action
Plans for Transboundary Reserves in ASEAN”(2000), 364
“town and country planning,” defined, 409Town and Country Planning Act b.e. 2518 (Thailand,
a.d. 1975), 413, 415Town and Country Planning Law (Nigeria), 249Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap. 378
Town Development Act (Nepal, 1988), 428Toxic Substances Control Act (United States), 288Toyama, Japan, 13TPAs. See transboundary protected areas (TPAs)tradable permits, 489Traffic and the World Wildlife Fund report, 39transboundary conservation areas, 362–370transboundary impact, defined, 90–91transboundary protected areas (TPAs), 352, 362–370
benefits of, 362Transfer of Property Act (Kenya), 137–139transparency
and democracy, principles of, 225and public participation, principles of, 233
Treatise on Constitutional Law (Bidart Campos),517–518
Tree Planting Day (Singapore, 1967), 389Tristane Park, 364Trust Lands Act (Kenya), 138Tsavo West National Park (Kenya), 122Tunduma, 209Tunisia, and ivory, 32Turkana District (Kenya), 276tusks
burning of, by Kenyan Wildlife Service, 34burning of, in Zambia, 34
uapixanas, 475UASU. See Urban Authorities Support Programme
(UASU, Tanzania)Uganda
Constitution of (1995), 173–174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(1) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(2) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 39 of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 189(3) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 237 of, 173Constitution of (1995), Article 245 of, 174environmental policy in, 170–172importance of wetlands in, 167–168and ivory, 32land use policy in, 64nature of wetlands in, 167problems affecting wetlands in, 168–169wetlands in, 167–169wetlands management in, 162–163, 164–166
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD), 61
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE), Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context, 90
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 397United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO), 113, 114United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), 61Article 4(1)(f) of, 62
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), 267, 271–275
United Stateschecklist for land use controls in the, 604–606and colonial property rights, 583–584Constitution of (1787), 584–586Constitution of (1787), Article 1, Section 8 of, 584Constitution of (1787), Article VI of, 585Constitution of (1787), Fifth Amendment to,
585–586Constitution of (1787), Tenth Amendment to,
585Constitution of (1787), Fourteenth Amendment to,
585Constitution of, and land use law, 581constitutional provisions for land use controls in,
606duplicative jurisdictions in land use control,
602–603Environmental Impact Assessment and the oil
sector in, 298–299and the formation of the federal republic, 584–586funding and other programs for land use control in,
606interstate commerce in, 581land use control and English law, 581, 582–583land use control in, historically, 581and local land use control, 590–595municipal governments and character and
partimony in land use controls in, 608municipal governments and home rule in land use
controls in, 608municipal governments and smart growth land use
controls on, 607municipal governments and urban revitalization,
608municipal governments local land use controls in,
608nineteenth century land use in, 586–587overall coastal conditions in the, 559–560preemption of local land use control in, 595public concern for environmental quality in, 283regulatory acts for land use control in, 606role of federal government in land use controls in,
606role of municipal governments in land use control
in, 607–609role of state governments in land use control,
606–607state constitutional provisions for land use controls
in, 606state funding and other programs for land use
control in, 607state laws for direct local land use control in,
607state laws that restrict local land use control in, 607
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
traditional land use controls for municipalgovernments in, 607
treaties and conventions for land use control in,606
urban revitalization in, and the federal government,598
water quality in, 557zoning in, 587–590
United States Army Corps of Engineers, 454United States Commission on Ocean Policy, 555–556,
576–579, 580Ocean Commission Report, 578–580Recommendation 14–11, 578Recommendation 29–8 of, 579Recommendations in the Preliminary Report of,
577–580United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 563
conservation programs of, 572–573United States Department of Commerce, 603United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 556, 559URA, Special and Detailed Control Plan of, 394Urban and Regional Planning Act (Nigeria), 248Urban Authorities Support Programme (UASU,
Tanzania), 214Urban Environment Plan (Buenos Aires), 507
Council of, 507urban growth, planned,Urban Planners Association (Argentina), 505Urban Planning Code (Argentina), 505, 507Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA, Singapore),
383, 386Urhobo, 290USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA)
Vic. See Victoria (Vic), AustraliaVictoria (Vic), Australia, 433, 438, 441, 443Vidal, John, 335–336, 347Vietnam, 352, 364, 368Village Land Act (Tanzania, 1999), 207Virachey National Park (Cambodia), 362Virginia, 584Vuwa, 209
WA. See West Australia (WA)Wang Kelian-Thaleban/Helabala, 363War Tax Act (Canada, 1917), 547Washington convention of 12 October 1940, 72water access security, 444–445Water Act (Kenya, 2002), 255Water Act (Uganda), 173, 175
Section 2 of, 175Water and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1991), 320,
Water Law (China, 2002), 323–324, 326Water Management Act (New South Wales, 2000), 442water pollutant trading system, 569Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment Law
(China, 1996), 321Water Pollution Prevention Control Law (China,
1996), 323
water quality standards, 566Water Resource Plan (WRP, Australia), 436Water Resources Act (Nepal, 1992), 427water rights, 441–442
certainty of title to, 441criteria for efficient use of, 438–443detached from land rights and restrictions,
443divisibility and transferability of, 443duration of, 441exclusivity of, 442–443impediments to trading, 445trading, 445, 449universality of, 438–439
water rights and volume predictability, 439–440Water Sources Strategy (Nepal, 2001), 424Watkins, James, 555, 578, 580WCMD. See Wildlife Conservation and Management
Department (WCMD)Weitzman, Martin, 536Wentworth Group on Concerned Scientists (Australia,
2003), proposal for national water plan,443–446
West Australia (WA), 438, 441, 449Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO),
447wetlands, 602–603
defined, 164, 169sustainable, defined, 169sustainable use of, 169–170
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86216-5 - Land Use Law for Sustainable DevelopmentEdited by Nathalie J. Chalifour, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Lin Heng Lye and John R. NolonIndexMore information