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Index
Aarhus Convention, 139, 236governing body of, 135Kiev Protocol and, 135–136types of participation, 133
genetic resources and, 86, 97, 99, 111IARCs and. See IARCsMultilateral Treaty on Agrobiodiversity
Resources, 311patentability and, 413PGR and. See plant genetic resourcesresearch and, 294, 299. See also IARCsseed banks, 311seed market, 414–415seed wars, 414sustainable. See sustainabilitytransnational corporations and, 299TRIPs and, 404, 419. See also TRIPswater and, 180, 206–207, 223See also specific organizations, topics
air as commons, 90bubble approach, 350–351climate change and. See climate changeCLRTAP and, 121common pool resources, 77distributive effects, 102economies of scale and, 90emission credits, 360–361enclosure and, 90, 112gasoline and, 387Montreal Protocol. See Montreal Protocolnotification and, 122ozone and. See ozoneprivatization and, 90regulation and, 377. See specific topicstradable permits, 250. See tradable permitstransboundary pollution, 61–62, 90, 102,
374Albania, 39Amazon region, 289, 333Amazonian Cooperation Treaty, 333American Convention on Human Rights, 129
BEP. See best environmental practiceBern Convention for the Conservation of European
Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 127, 323
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literaryand Artistic Works, 401
best available technique (BAT), 161best available technology not entailing excessive
costs (BATNEEC), 442best environmental practice (BEP), 161bio-regionalism, 295biodiversity. See biological diversitybiological diversity, 37, 166, 288, 295, 304
agrobiodiversity, 16, 64, 95, 109, 306bioprospecting, 303, 305biosphere reserves, 292biotechnology and, 109. See also biotechnologyCBD and. See Convention of Biological
Protocolreporting requirements and, 125UNCLOS and, 358United States and, 365
CLRTAP. See Convention on Long-rangeTransboundary Air Pollution
CMS. See Bonn ConventionCO. See carbon monoxideCO2. See carbon dioxideCoastal Areas Management Programmes, 145Cold War, 8collective action problems, 76colonialism, 60, 290. See also specific countriesColorado river, 186, 242, 480Columbia River Basin Agreement, 231,
system (CBNRM), 79, 293CAMPFIRE system and, 79closed systems, 79–80
community management, 294community participation dialogues, 18complexity, of regimes, 63compliance
Aarhus Convention and, 127due process requirements, 128function of, 128mechanisms for, 114non-adversarial, 128procedures of, 127, 128verification and, 126
compromis d’arbitrage, 56compulsory licensing, 406, 407conciliation approaches, 56Conference of the Parties (COP), 16
arbitration and, 56enforcement and, 315environmental law and, 15FAO and, 16
conservation, defined, 328conservation methods, 290. See specific regimes, topicsconsultation, 123. See specific topicsConsultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR), 297–298Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
See MARPOL Convention
Convention for the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources, 257
Convention for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment of the North East AtlanticConvention, 161
Convention on Access to Information, PublicParticipation in Decision Making andAccess to Justice in Environmental Matters,129
Convention on the Safety of Spent FuelManagement and on the Safety of RadioactiveWaste Management, 434
Convention on Supplementary Compensation forNuclear Damage (CSC), 449
Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution, 121,125–126
Convention Relative to the Preservation of Faunaand Flora in their Natural State, 28
cooperation, models of, 10, 11Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission ofAir Pollutants in Europe, 15
COP. See Conference of the Partiescopyrights, 399Corfu Channel case, 39, 40, 476corporations, 48. See specific organizations; topicscost-effectiveness, of programs
cost-recovery principle, 226efficiency and. See efficiency, 73equity and. See equity, 74international law and, 65regional enclosures and, 96–97See also effectiveness
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 44–45Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, 54CRTD. See Convention on Civil Liability for
Damage Caused During Carriage ofDangerous Goods
crude oil washing (COW), 155CSD. See Commission on Sustainable DevelopmentCT. See carbon tetrachloridecultural globalization, 48customary law, 23, 24cyberspace, 81. See also Internet
Egypt-Sudan Agreement, 177, 196EIA. See Environmental Impact Assessmentelites, national, 67EMEP program, 121, 125, 377Emerald network. See Areas of Special
ERUs. See emission reduction unitsESSD. See Environmentally and Socially Sustainable
Development Networkestablished rights, principle of, 196Estai case, 254Ethiopia, 172, 196, 197, 198EU. See European UnionEuratom Treaty, 136–137European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, 15European Commission, 19European Community (EC), 11, 51, 145,
Fisheries Jurisdiction cases, 123, 252, 260Fisheries Resources regime, 61flag of convenience (FOC), 245fluorides, 149FOC. See flag of conveniencefood, 416
agricultural research centers, 297–298Codex Alimentarius, 421developing countries and, 418right to, 418See also agriculture
freshwater resources, 100demand-led management, 206demand-led scarcity, 88Genevese aquifer agreement, 230, 231groundwater. See groundwaterinternational management, 101jurisdictional control of, 171management regimes, 63Middle-East region, 218RBOs. See River Basin Organizationsregional agreements for, 101river basin systems, 77states and, 101TVA, 212–213water resources and, 77, 88See specific regimes, treaties
furans (PCDFs), 143
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros case, 139, 186game theory, 10Ganges Agreement, 177–178Ganges river, 173, 174, 214gas pipeline project, 373gasoline, 90, 387Gasoline case, 389GATS. See General Agreement on Trade in
ServicesGATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGEF. See Global Environment Facilitygene banks, 87, 296
communal seed treasury, 311national, 296plants, 415. See also PGRregional, 296IARCs and, 415seeds, 297–298
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),383, 386
anti-corporation strand, 48discontent with, 48environmental law and, 95environmental standards and, 48forms of, 48global welfare, 95human rights and, 95. See also human rightsinternational law and, 47market policies, 48sustainable development and, 47
good faith, principle of, 391good offices process, 56governance mechanisms, 114GPA. See Global Programme of ActionGrand Prince case, 256Great Britain. See United KingdomGreat Lake Quality Agreement, 240greenhouse gases, 104
IAEA. See International Atomic Energy AgencyIARCs. See International Agriculture Research
CentersIATTC. See Inter-American Tropical Tuna
CommissionIBPGR. See International Plant Genetic Resources
InstituteIBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction
and DevelopmentICAM. See integrated coastal zone managementICARM. See Integrated Coastal and River Basin
ManagementICCAT. See International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic TunasICDM. See Integrated Conservation and
Development ManagementIceland, 252ICES. See International Council for the
Exploration of SeaICJ. See International Court of JusticeICOMOS. See International Council on
Monuments and SitesICPDR. See International Commission for the
Protection of the Danube RiverICPR. See International Commission for the
Protection of RhineICZM. See Integrated Coastal Zone
ManagementIDPs. See Internally Displaced PersonsIFF. See Intergovernmental Forum on ForestsIITA. See International Institute for Tropical
AgricultureILC. See International Law Commissionillegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU),
277ILO. See International Labor OrganizationIMDG. See international maritime dangerous goods
codeIMF. See International Monetary FundIMO. See International Maritime Organizationin situ conservation, 300, 301, 342INBO. See Network of Basin Organizationsincentive systems, 97
Indus river, 177, 212, 213Indus Water Treaty, 175, 213industrialization, 71, 448
air pollution. See air pollutionchemicals, 143. See specific typesdirty but cheap, 91policies in, 350pollutants and, 70. See specific typestechnology and, 90. See technology
information, 120access to, 130–131Basel Convention, 121CBD and, 122exchange of, 121institutionalization of exchange, 206Montreal Protocol, 121–122notification, 122right to, 129, 136Rio Declaration, 121Stockholm Declaration, 121technology, 64, 121water regimes, 206
Institute of International Law, 188insurance markets, 450Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management,
153integrated coastal zone management, 144, 145,
247endorsement of, 144purpose of, 144
integrated conservation and developmentmanagement, 294–295
integrated river basin management (IRBM), 182,225
integrated water resources management, 170, 182,212–213
intellectual propertybiotechnology and, 400, 412commons and, 81developing countries and, 99, 400, 403enclosure and, 81, 87, 97exhaustion of, 407germplasm resources, 310global public goods, 400institutions, 401intellectual property regime, 98patents and, 99pharmaceuticals, 409piracy and, 100plants and. See plant genetic resourcespurpose of, 399regime shifting, 404rights and, 84, 86, 299–300, 310, 399as second enclosure movement, 401software, 400third party enforcement and, 100traditional resource rights, 417tragedy of anti-commons, 88TRIPs Agreement. See TRIPsworked resources and, 99
International Court of Justice (ICJ)adjudication and, 57Article 38 of, 23civil aviation and, 13compromis agreement, 12compulsory jurisdiction, 12–13equity and, 24. See also equityestablishment of international custom, 23judges elected, 13jurisdiction of, 12–13nuclear weapons and, 12, 14, 45Permanent Court of Arbitration, 13sources of law and, 21stare decisis principle, 13United Nations and. See also specific cases, 12
International Dolphin Conservation Program,267
international environmental lawas branch of international law, 67command-and-control character, 108distributional issues, 75effectiveness and, 107. See effectivenessequity and. See equityfoundations of, 59instruments in, 108. See specific organizations;
casesinternational law and. See international lawsoft law instruments, 14See also specific countries, topics, cases
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture,297–298
International Labor Organization, 5, 21, 124international law
areas of concern, 5commissions and, 175–176, 243cost-effectiveness and, 65custom and, 23development of, 5efficiency concerns, 73environment and. See international
environmental lawglobal welfare, 95human rights and, 6. See human rightsincentives and, 74. See incentivesinter-state relations, 6international legal system, 61international police force, 72–73jurisdictional overlap, 16lawmaking process, 20minimum public order, 66peace and, 66, 67, 73persuasion and, 74power and, 61, 174self-enforcing nature of, 74treaties and, 21. See specific organizations
wars and, 5world community and, 5See specific organizations, topics, cases
International Law Association, 209International Law Commission (ILC), 52, 188,
191, 468, 477, 478International Liability for Acts Not Prohibited by
International Law, 475International Management Code for the Safe
Operation of Ships and for PollutionPrevention, 160
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code(IMDG), 158, 435
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 14International Monetary Fund (IMF), 48, 384International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
(IPGRI), 298international regimes
classification of, 112complexity of, 62, 63definition and, 61effectiveness and, 67. See effectivenessenclosure and, 112. See enclosureequity and, 112. See equityissue-focused, 62parallel bureaucracies, 64regime shifting, 62. See specific organizations,
regimesInternational Rice Research Institute (IRRI),
297–298International River Basin Organizations (IRBOs),
Iraq, 11, 172, 222, 223IRBM. See Integrated River Basin ManagementIRBOs. See International River Basin
OrganizationsIreland, 136, 137, 138IRRI. See International Rice Research Instituteirrigation projects, 180ISA. See International Seabed AuthorityISM Code. See International Management Code
for the Safe Operation of Ships and forPollution Prevention
Morrocco, 459most favored nation status, 384MOU. See Memorandum on Port State ControlMOX. See mixed oxide fuelMozambique, 177, 178, 204, 205, 206, 294–295MPA. See marine protected areasMTAs. See Material Transfer Agreementsmultilateral approach, 372Multilateral Material Transfer Agreement, 309multinational companies, 98
Pacific islands, 151, 272, 275pacta sunt servanda rule, 21–22, 66, 68PAHs. See polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPakistan, 177, 212–213Palestinians, 222Panama, 255PAP. See Priorities Action Programmepaper trails, 249Papua New Guinea, 167, 295parallel imports, 407parallel systems, 63Pareto optimality, 72, 87, 100Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property, 153, 401, 404patent system, 399
compulsory licensing, 406Cooperation Treaty, 401developing countries and, 404international classification, 402Patent Law Treaty, 401property rights regime, 99technology and, 405TRIPs Agreement and, 405, 407, 413
PCBs. See polychlorinated biphenylsPCIJ. See Permanent Court of International Justicepeace, international law and, 66, 67, 73Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), 56, 137,
233Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 5,
Plant Genetic Resources for Food and AgricultureTreaty, 50
plastics, 148PM measurements, 375PNG. See Papua New Guineapoint sources, 162Poland, 43, 133Polar Bear Agreement, 341pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs),
135–136polluter pays principle, 25, 34, 51, 53, 166, 233,
Ramsar Treaty, 30, 124, 296, 322ratification process, 22RBMP. See River Basin Management PlanRBOs. See River Basin OrganizationsRCRA. See Resource Conservation and Recovery
Agenda 21, 32, 35anthropocentric character, 33command-and-control legislation, 38CSD and, 12, 35Earth Charter and, 33environment and, 12. See Rio Declarationenvironmental law and, 377importance of, 38NGOs and, 32polluter pays principle, 34, 51precautionary approach and, 33, 51Rio Declaration. See Rio Declaration on
Environment and DevelopmentStockholm Conference and, 35sustainable development and, 33, 35, 38
Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment, 30–31, 32, 123
indigenous peoples and, 301information exchange, 121polluter pays principle and, 51precautionary principle and, 51Stockholm Conference and, 35sustainable development and, 52See also specific instruments
River Basin Management Plan (RBMP), 227River Basin Organizations (RBO), 176, 182, 183,
223Commissions, 172, 183fisheries and, 89freshwater treaty, 109regional agreements for, 109
Rome, Treaty of. See European EconomicCommunity
Rotterdam Convention on Prior InformedConsent, 124
RussiaCFCs and, 355Kyoto Protocol, 373, 374LDC regime, 167radioactive wastes and, 142, 167See also Soviet Union
SADC. See Southern African DevelopmentCommunity
safety management systems, 160Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS), 160safety regulation, 159salinity, 170–171, 231–232Salmon Case. See Australian Salmon case, 397salmon import, 397Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement
(SPS), 383–384, 385, 394sanitation, 169SAP. See Strategic Action ProgramSARA. See Superfund Amendment and
Reauthorization ActSBTs. See segregated ballast tanks technologyscientific communities, 19, 50, 65Sea-bed Agreement, 84, 85sea-bed mining, 83, 85SEA. See Protocol on Strategic Environmental
Assessmentseabirds, 285SEAFO. See South East Atlantic Fisheries
Organization
seals, 336, 339. See Behring Sea Seals caseSEAs. See Strategic Environmental AssessmentsSecurity Council, 7, 11seeds. See plant genetic resourcessegregated ballast tanks technology, 155self-defense, 58self-enforcement, 73–74self-help measures, 58self-reporting, 368self-sufficiency, 17, 77–78, 105, 429settlement of disputes, 383–384. See dispute
Silent Spring (Carson), 27Slovakia, 186, 187Small Island States, 36SMS. See safety management systemssoft law instruments, 14, 25soft norms, 62software, 249, 400SOLAS. See Safety of Life at Sea ConventionSouth Africa, 177, 179, 201, 204, 205, 294–295south-east Asian states, 9, 330. See specific statesSouth East Atlantic Fisheries Organization
(SEAFO), 268, 269, 270South Pacific Convention on the Conservation of
Nature, 154, 333South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (SPFFA),
Soviet UnionAlmaty treaty of 1992, 236–237Aral Sea region, 236Canada and, 476Chernobyl disaster, 34, 51–52, 122, 449Cold War and, 8IWMC, 237Russia. See Russiaspace law, 23water management and, 237
space law, 8, 23Space Liability Treaty, 475, 476Spain, 254
France and, 41Lac Lanoux case, 41, 123
SPFFA. See South Pacific Forum Fisheries AgencySPM. See suspended particulate matterSPS Agreement, 397SPS. See Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Agreementstakeholder participation, 182standard of living, 70, 201Standstill Agreement, 212stare decisis, principle of, 59status quo, institutions of, 59STCW Convention. See International Convention
on Standards of Training, Certification andWatchkeeping of Seafarers
steel industry, 162Stockholm Conference, 30
Declaration. See Stockholm Declarationhuman dignity and, 54Johannesburg Conference and, 38Rio Declaration and, 35UN Conference on the Human Environment,12
Stockholm Declaration on the HumanEnvironment, 30, 316–317
Fish Stock Agreement and, 82history of, 30information exchange, 121Principle 21, 31sovereignty of states and, 34
TACs. See total allowable catchesTanzania, 198, 291taxes, 25–26TBNRM. See Transboundary Natural Resource
ManagementTDPs. See tradable discharge permitstechnology, 8
deep ecology and, 17developing countries and, 32, 353environment and, 26industries and, 90information technology, 121knowledge transfer and, 74Montreal Protocol and, 353patent application, 405renewable, 25technological transfers, 32, 353TRIPs and, 405. See TRIPs
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 183, 212–213Territorial Use Rights in Fishing, 245–246terrorism, 96, 435–436textiles, 162, 404Thailand, 211Tigris-Euphrates basin, 174, 222TIIMA. See Tripartite Interim Incomati-Maputo
205, 206TRIPs. See Trade-Related Intellectual Property
Rights Agreementtropical rainforests, 95, 289tuberculosis, 37tuna, 264–265, 281Tuna-Dolphin case, 58, 420–421Tunis-Morocco Nationality Decrees case, 7–8TURFs. See Territorial Use Rights in FishingTurkey, 223
WENRA. See Western European NuclearRegulators’ Association
Western and Central Pacific Commission (WCPC),266, 271
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Convention(WCPFC), 272–273, 275
Western European Nuclear Regulators’ Association(WENRA), 436
Western Hemisphere Treaty, 333wetlands, 322WFD. See Water Framework Directivewhales, 295, 337, 338Whaling Convention, 64, 337, 339WHO. See World Health Organization
wilderness areas, 329wildlife industry, 290WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Rights
Organizationwithdrawal rights, 245–246WMO. See World Meteorological OrganizationWorld Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO),
436World Bank, 15, 175
categorization of and projects, 118displaced people and, 291EIA and, 117ESSD and, 118India and, 213Indus Water Treaty, 213inspection panel, 118involuntary resettlement, 291market policies and, 48multilateral funding and, 352Pakistan and, 213QACU and, 118SEAs and, 119
World Charter for Nature, 31World Health Organization (WHO), 14, 21,
357–358, 410drinking water and, 224IPCC and, 357–358nuclear weapons and, 45
World Heritage Convention (WHC), 18, 296, 316,317
World Intellectual Property Rights Organization(WIPO), 314