7 x 11 long - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/74212/index/9780521874212_index.pdf · ARC tool 66–67 architecture EPC 224–228 ARFCN 18, 119, 122 ARPU 53,

Index

16QAM 192, 233, 2441XTREME 1913 bits/symbol 543 dB beam-width 1063GPP 147

standards 1364QAM 233, 2446-sector 121802.11 13, 39, 74, 264

AP 39capacity 38expected range 75HILI 38hot spots 39latency 40MAC 38PHY 38planning 7roaming 40STA 39

802.11a 75802.11b 38802.11b/802.11g mixed mode 268–269802.11e 269802.11g 75802.11n 41802.11s 41802.16 41802.16a 239802.16d 239802.16e 223, 239

coding rates 244802.21 2258PSK 54, 115

AAA 39AAL 286A-bis link 37absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN)

119absorbed rays 90access network 11

GPRS 24

access network planning 45access protocols and latency 116–118acknowledged mode 173active set 162

UMTS 326activity factor 186activity ratio 269adaptive antennas 177adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) 244–245adaptive routing 269adjacent channel interferers

target C/I 120admission control

UMTS 169, 171AF (assured forwarding) 287AFP 120AGCH 16AICH 163A-interface 11AIPN 222air interface 7

OFDM 228–239AMC (adaptive modulation and coding) 244–245AMR 37, 113, 123

UMTS processing gain 180vs. VoIP over HSPA 195

AMR codec 125angular spread 176antenna

adaptive 177back lobe 106beam width 96

3 dB 106bore-sight 96, 106considerations 49diversity 50, 95down-tilt 107gain 48, 95height 49, 73near-field nulls 97omnidirectional 50, 96, 121radiation pattern 96radiation profiles 95, 97

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87421-2 - Deploying Wireless NetworksAndy Wilton and Tim CharityIndexMore information

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Index 341

sectored 50tilting capability 95tri-sectored 50vertical main beam gain 107

antenna characteristics 95–97AP 39, 264application 22, 37

average data rate 86burst-arrival rate 87burst behaviour 61burst size 86, 87

distribution 87classes 68data collection 62delay 62deployed 82description 86instance 61interactive 60inter-burst interval 61machine-to-machine 61multimedia 54packet layer 61packet loss 62performance, infinite bandwidth 62portfolio 86scenario 83

area 83propagation characteristics 83subscriber density 83

selection 73server 62session 60, 87session duration 87statistical description 64, 86

parameters 86trade-off 65web browsing 57behaviour 67

application characterisation 292–298application description 86–88

BER 86jitter 86latency 86

application server 24application statistics 62–64ARC tool 66–67architecture

EPC 224–228ARFCN 18, 119, 122ARPU 53, 72ARQ 254

WiMAX 245–246array gain 238arrival rate 86

Poisson 62

assuranceservice 305–306

assured forwarding (AF) 287asymmetry 86ATM 285–286

service classes 285attach

GPRS 28attach request

UMTS 152AuC 18auctions 4authentication 16–18, 25, 33

AAA server 39key 14

autocorrelation 156automatic frequency planner 120availability 303

GSM network 314MSC 278requirements 93

back lobe 106back-haul 36–37, 53, 303

cellular 69daisy chain 303dimensioning 68hub-and-spoke 303requirements 98transport 57wireless 268

back-haul planning 291–292base station, height 80BBH 121

cavity combining 122hybrid combining 122

BCCH 15allocation 16carriers 105frequency plan 109

non-uniform 108, 121frequency reuse 108reuse pattern 108

BCCH allocation 16BCIE (bearer-capability information element)

151beam width

3 dB 121bearer

circuit 54, 55class 68data 54packet 55rate 65wireless 68

bearer-capability information element (BCIE) 151






342 Index

bearer rate 87, 88maximum 72

bearer service mapping 149bearer services 274BER 47, 86

for GSM 104radio-link performance 177UMTS 175vs. Eb/N0 177

BER floor elevation 102best effort (BE) 247best server 190, 202, 316BGCF 283bill 14billing 306billing systems 21–22bits/symbol 47, 115BLER 114, 134, 158, 178, 201, 321blocking

0.02 132Erlang 113GPRS 323–324hard 110level 51, 110soft 110

benefits of 133blocking rates 36border gateway 40bore-sight 106broadband 5–7

data pipe 88BSC 11BSSGP 31BSSGP protocol 32budget, end-to-end 73buffer 247

finite 60infinite 59overflow 60queuing delay 65size 58, 65

buffer–pipe model 56, 58–60, 67burst

arrival rate 61, 293fractal 63rate 68size distribution 293–298

burst arrival rate 87, 255burst behaviour 61burst data 61burst size 58, 87, 255

behaviour 61distribution 87

burstiness 247bursty 3, 23, 40

traffic 170

business plan 118business strategy and project value

70–73busy hour 61, 86

C/Iassessment for GSM 100–105continuum 113degradation 115for required BER 100matrix 317OFDM 230

calculation of required GPRS resources136–138

call 87application probability 87arrival rate 87busy-hour attempts 87forwarding 53records 22

call control (CC) 244, 246, 276call quality

BER 94dropped-call rate 94MOS 94packet delay 94packet-loss ratio 94set-up success rate 94

call records 22call set-up 309call set-up success rate 314call trace 311call volume 315CAMEL 275camping 32camps 16, 28capacity 50–53

C/I targetvs. mobile velocity 112vs. receive diversity 112

Erlang 67, 132increasing

UMTS 186interference limited

co-channel 110limited 73mixed service profiles

UMTS 188–191requirement 118transmission 51UMTS 175–191UMTS estimates 188UMTS system evaluation 180–191

capacity planning 75–77GPRS 133–138voice 132–133






Index 343

capital depreciation 74cash flow 46

future 46CDF 63CDMA 82CDR 306cell 5, 10

antenna 52capacity 35, 50contention 67density estimates 93diffraction 52extended 37, 131extended range 54macro 50micro 52mutual interference 97noise limited 51omnidirectional 51provisioning 93radius 13, 35

maximising 47maximum 55

reflection 52resource partitioning

68sectorisation 96sites 82size 47, 48, 54, 72,

118high-rate bearers 55maximum 82

splitting 51, 96cell acquisition 163cell breathing 181cell capacity

GPRS 116soft-blocked 116

HSDPA 192HSUPA 193UMTS 191

cell coveragehandover hysteresis 97handover margin 97

cell isolation 202cell overlap matrix 327cell planning 73–74, 175

design flow 118GSM 118key steps 98

cell radiusUMTS 181

cell sitepenetration loss 94

cell sizeUMTS calculation 218–221

UMTS maximum 205WiMAX 256–257

cellular 5coverage 10investment profile 45reuse 5

factor 50standards 10system 70

cellular networks 10–38channel

coding 54coherence bandwidth 102common control 16control 16dedicated 16dedicated control 16estimator 145frequency selective 102GSM 19impulse response 101, 140

estimate 103interleaving 54radio 119reduced interference 128signalling 19traffic 16

channel estimation 164channel impulse response

coefficientschannel rate 182channel structures

GPRS 30GSM 11–22

characterisation of applications60–64

chargingmodels 226

charging ID 28chip rate

UMTS 156, 159churn 6CINR

WiMAX 244CIR 101circuit

contention 56data services 54

circuit bearer 54circuit voice networks 45–54clear-channel assessment 76clutter 200clutter models 89co-channel interference 109

reduction 111DTX 111






344 Index

co-channel interfererstarget C/I 120

code orthogonality 167codec

adaptive multi-rate 113AMR 37, 123differential encoding 3enhanced full rate 123G711 2, 86, 252G723.1 64G729 248, 252, 293G729B 64GSM full rate 104, 123GSM half rate 123GSM-FR 64MOS 123non-VAD 86reduced bit rate 123sophisticated 3tokenising 3variable bit rate 64

codec adaptationwith C/I 123

coding 19convolutional 103, 110, 174due to multi-path 102turbo 174

coding rates802.16e 244

coding scheme usageGPRS 321

coding schemesEDGE 115GPRS

vs. C/I 114coherence bandwidth 102coherent addition 107common control channels 16communications

liberalisation 1–2market 1

competitive environment 38compressed mode 149, 203concentration 11confidence

percentiles 107configuration management 20conformance testing 12

UMTS 188connectivity

best efforts 88constant bit rate (CBR)

applications 248content 6

digitalisation 2–3user-generated 86

contention ratio 269, 272maximum 88

context 7activity 27deletion 30mobility management (MM) 25, 28, 29, 31, 33PDP 34

multiplexed 29, 31continuous-time model 101control channels 16convolution

input symbol sequence 141convolutional coding 110, 174convolutional turbo-code (CTC) 244core 8core network 11, 17, 274

3GPP Release 4 2793GPP Release 8 280–2843GPP Release 98 276–279signalling delays

UMTS 194core network evolution 274–284cost

back-haul 53development 45finance 74of capital 70per service instance 65per subscriber 74production 45recurring 74terminal 53

COST 231 131COST 259 49

Hata 204coverage 10, 46–50

best-server plot 97C/I plot

CDF 97confidence 107confidence limits 97, 108HSDPA 208indoor 75mixed-service profiles

UMTS 188–191optimisation 97, 315–316

UMTS 327–328quasi-stationary 74UMTS 175–191, 199–200UMTS system evaluation 180–191

coverage area 88coverage planning 75coverage plots 89coverage prediction 97–98CPE 248CPICH 163–165






Index 345

CQIWiMAX 244

cross-correlation 156CS1 114CSCF 283

P-CSCF 283CS-MGW 279current value 46customer

churn 6customer administration 20customer complaints 312cyclic prefix 231, 233

WiMAX 244

daisy chain 303data bearer 54data collection 62, 83–90data collection approach 61data pipe

common 86data rates

average 56C/I exploitation 113

bits/symbol 113channel coding 113incremental redundancy

113mean 136peak 56

competitive 138DCH

UMTS 153decoding

recursive 142dedicated channels 16dedicated control channels 16default IP access service 227delay 291

GPRS 319HSDPA/HSUPA 195–196UMTS 150, 175VoIP 249

delay spreadsRMS 100

deployed applications 83deployment

green-field 53, 72plan 82

antenna types 82cell site 82

planning 196region 72, 82, 88

topographical data 82timescales 94

depreciation and finance costs 37

design flow 118detach

explicit 30implicit 30

deterministic models 90, 92–93development costs 45DFT-SOFDM 236DHCP 39differential encoding 3diffracted rays 90diffraction 48, 52DiffServ (differentiated services) 287

PHB 287digital

format 2transport 3

digital elevation model (DEM) 88digital terrain model (DTM) 88digitalisation content 2–3dimensioning

HSDPA 204Release 99 204UMTS example 196vendor-specific 98

dimensioning applications for QoS 73direct ray 80, 100

excess loss over 52directive 4discontinuous transmission (DTX) 111, 125discount rate 46, 70discrete time model 101distance handover 128distortion, frequency selective 102distribution

burst size 58heavy-tailed 58, 63log–normal 162Pareto 57, 63Poisson 255Weibull 63

diversityantenna 73BTS 73receive 37

spatial 110transmit 37

diversity gain 238Doppler

frequency shift 48spread 176

downlink 19UMTS transmit powers evaluation 190

downlink interference scenario 105–108DPCCH 166DPCH 165DPDCH 166, 169






346 Index

drive testing 305, 310, 311, 316dropped call 308, 309dropped-call rate 315DS0 30DSCH 170DTX 111

silence periods 111dual-mode 199dummy neighbours 317

E1 links 30early adopters 45early majority 45Eb/N0 156, 157, 169, 174, 176, 205

definition 218vs. BER 177vs. data rate 178

Ec/I0 200EDGE 54

bits/symbol 115circuit bearers 54coding schemes 115MCS formats 115MCS modes 115MCS1-MCS9 134modulation and coding schemes 115time slot data rates 136

EF 287EFR 123EGPRS 134EGSM 119EIRP 209elevation 200email 88E-model 252empirical models 91–92

correction terms 92encapsulation 27end-to-end optimisation 308–310e-node B 227

scheduler 234enterprise management 306–307environment

competitive 38EPC 224

architecture 224–228planning 289–298

equalisation in GSM 103equaliser

architecture 102channel estimates 145error probability 145known state 144linear transversal 102, 145performance with partial response modulation

145

sequence comparison 140soft decision 144tail bits 144Viterbi 104

Erceg-B 248Erlang 36, 51

capacity 132Erlang ‘B’ 51, 67Erlang blocking 113ertPS 246Ethernet 38e-TOM 300ETSI specifications 12EU directive 4European Union 2E-UTRAN 224, 227–228

channel bandwidth 232data rates 238default IP access service 227FER 238MIMO support 237modulation schemes 233performance 237–239resource block 235SC-OFDM 236uplink 236

evaluation of limiting system C/I scenarios105–109

evolved packet core (EPC) 68expense, operating 7extended cell 37, 131

FAB 304FAC (final assembly code) 14FACH 169, 170

UMTS 152fade 73fading 48

fast-fadinglink budget margin 183margin 212

frequency-selective 176, 230margin 50multi-path 48Rayleigh 48, 157Rician 48spatial dependent 176temporal 176

fast power control 158FBI bits 167FCAPS 304FCC 75FDD 154, 242FER 201FFT 233final assembly code (FAC) 14






Index 347

finance costs 37finger 158firewall 40flow management 31fractional reuse

WiMAX 245frame 19frame relay 30free space

propagation 79frequencies, ISM 74frequencies/cell 50frequency band, ISM 38frequency diversity 110frequency hopping (FH) 109, 121–123

baseband 121co-channel interference 121hopping sequence 121interference minimisation 122interference spreading 121spectral efficiency 121synthesised 121

frequency planBCCH 109optimisation 317

frequency reuse 6, 82, 105, 120–1213 × 9 1084 × 12 108BCCH 108non-uniform 108

frequency selective channel 102frequency selective distortion 102frequency shift, Doppler 48frequency-selective fading 230Fresnel zone 92FTP 64, 319fulfilment 305FUSC 244future cash flow 46

G711 2, 86, 246, 252G723.1 64G729 248, 252, 293G729B 64gain factors 169gaming 55gateway

PDN 68serving 68

Gaussian filtering, effect of 100Gaussian noise 177Gb interface 24GGSN 11, 24

dimensioning 279GIS 88GIS data 88–90

GMSC 11GMSK 18, 100, 134Gold code 169GOP (group of pictures) 296GPRS 11, 22–34

absence of guaranteed QoS 134access network 24attach 28, 32average aggregate demand 134channel structures 24coding schemes 114, 134

vs. C/I 114contexts 26CS1 114CS1 or CS2 134CS3 or CS4 134downlink data 27encapsulation 27half-rate code 114idle 29latency 116link adaptation 114logical connections 26network dimensioning 134packet core 24physical connections 26physical layers 26protocols 116queuing 31radio blocks 31radio resource (RR) 31RAN optimisation 318–324ready 30, 31resources 25session 28, 32signalling resources 28standby 29target performance 321time slots 133

GPRS and EDGE 113–116GPRS cell capacity and user throughput

FER 116frequency reuse 116number of users 116queuing delay 116

GPRS contexts 25–26GPRS operation 32–34GPRS overview 23–25GPRS RAN planning example

118–138GPRS/EDGE

load, aggregated/subscriber 136time slot

data rates 136dimensioning 137estimation 136






348 Index

grade of service 51, 75G-ratio 244green-field 72ground-reflected ray 80ground reflection 47GSM

A-interface 11architecture 11BTS 11cell planning 118channel 19channel structures 15–16circuit data 54circuit network 11–22core network 276–279equaliser performance 104–105features 118–129frequency allocations 51frequency bands 119–120half rate 123key features 119MSC 11network 11network operations costs 34–38network performance optimisation

313–318operator issues with 41–42phase 2+ 109RAN planning and design 100–138system functionality 109–113

GSM1800 119GSM900 119GSMA 53GSM-FR 64, 123GSM-HR 123GTP 26, 225guaranteed

availability 82capacity 82coverage 82

guard sub-carrier 243guard time

WiMAX 244GW

SAE 226

HA 225handover 42

active set 162algorithms 126hysteresis threshold 126hysteresis value 161inter-BSC 11inter-cell 327inter-RAT 327inter-system GSM/UMTS 199

intra-cell 128mobile assisted 125ping-pong effect 161reasons for 125soft 160–163success rate 315triggers 125

handover for traffic management129

handover in GSM 125–126handset subsidies 53, 72HARQ 207, 250, 254

chase combining (CC) 246incremental redundancy (IR) 246WiMAX 245–246

Hata 48extended model 91

heavy-tailed 63traffic 254

HLR 18hop 264hopping sequence

cyclic 122number 122pseudorandom 122

hot spot 38, 39Wi-Fi 77

hot standby 303HSCSD 22, 25HSDPA 88, 191–193, 194

cell capacity 192class or category 204coverage 208design considerations 201dimensioning 204EIRP 209fast hybrid ARQ 192HS-DSCH 191HS-DSCH power allocation 213interference 212modulation 192user-plane delay 195–196VoIP over 195vs. Release 99 balance 203

HSDPA/Release 99 balance 203HS-DSCH 191HSS 283HSUPA 191–193

AGCH 193cell capacity 193peak data rates 193RGCH 193user-plane delay 195–196VoIP over 195

HT100 105hub-and-spoke 303






Index 349

hybrid ARQ, fast UMTS 192hysteresis 161

idleGPRS 29

idle frames 37idle mode 28

UMTS 327IEEE 802.11 39, 74IEEE 802.11 networks 38–41IETF 23IFFT 233IMEI 14improved codecs 123–124IMS 8, 56, 276, 282

application plane 283AS 283BGCF 283control plane 283CSCF 283HSS 283MGCF 283MGW 283MRCF 283MRFP 284PCEF 284PCRF 284P-CSCF 283SGW 283transport plane 283

IMSI 14IN 275INAP 275incremental redundancy (IR) 115, 135, 246

retransmission delay 115infrastructure life-cycle management

302–303innovators 45instance

single 61intelligent optimisation system (IOS) 317interactive gaming

dimensioning 294–297inter-burst interval 61, 62inter-cell interference 164interference

averaging 110co-channel 109constructive 81diversity 110HSDPA 212handover 128margin UMTS 181null 81on idle (IOI) 128physical channel 108

power 107reduction 238rejection combining 112same-sector 212self 76UMTS 187

interleaving 19, 54, 110, 174inter-symbol interference 160

BER floor elevation 102due to multi-path 100sensitivity loss 102

inter-system handover 199intserv (integrated services) 287investment, minimising 46IOI 128IP 8, 23, 24, 60

address 70port number 70socket 70

IP packet networks 286–287IPR 42

policy 42IRC 112IS-95 162ISI 229ISM 38ISM band 74, 267

interference 76IST 86ITU 92

P.525 92P.526 92P.800 315P.862 315

jitter 86GPRS 319

jitter buffer 252jitter tolerance 249, 252, 253, 254

key 14KPI 8, 307, 311

GPRS 319–321, 324blocking 321packet loss 321radio link quality 321TBF performance 321

GSM 313–315call set-up success rate 314call volume 315dropped-call rate 315handover success rate 315mean time between drops 315SDCCH access success rate 314TCH blocking rate 314voice quality 315






350 Index

laggards 45LAN standards 38LAN traffic 62late majority 45latency 40, 86, 222

resume 195UMTS 194–196

latency tolerance 249, 253–254LDP (label distribution protocol) 288LER (label edge router) 288liberalisation, communications 1–2licence, exempt 74life-cycle 300, 302–307

costs 303management infrastructure 302–303product 304

line of sight 48, 52, 79linear transversal equaliser 102, 145link adaptation (LA) 114, 134link budget 37, 48

downlink 50planning 56propagation loss 88shadowing 88UMTS voice 205uplink 50

LLC 31LLC protocol 32LMA 225load

busy hour 51EDGE 137GPRS 137GSM, single carrier 51offered 51

load balancingUMTS 202

load planning 200–202location area 16, 17

UMTS 327location updating 16–18logical channels

UMTS 173log–normal distribution 162log–normal shadowing 109LOS 92LPA 233LRM 53LSP 288LSR 288LTE 36, 222, 224

MAC collision avoidance 38machine-to-machine 22, 55, 61macro-cell 50, 81, 129

planning 52

maintenance 21, 35costs 36

MAIO 122margin

C/I target 131fade 73log–normal shadowing 107Rayleigh fading 107shadowing 73

marketing and subscriber acquisition 38Markov chain 59mast head amplifiers 198maximum likelihood sequence estimation

102maximum sustained rate 249, 252, 253,

254–256MCS formats 115MCS modes 115MCS1-MCS9 115, 134ME 14mean opinion score 123mean time between drops 315measurement report (MR) 317

1A-1F 326UMTS 326

measurement test beds 57–58mesh

Wi-Fi 77mesh adaptation 266mesh linking protocols 266–267mesh networking 88mesh networks 264–266

access layer 264back-haul 272capacity 273cluster 265gateway 265gateway layer 264handover 266–267management layer 266performance 273planning 267–273propagation models 270radio-channel planning 271–272routing 266–267

message flows 40messaging

dimensioning 297–298metrics 304

wireless network 196MGCF 283MGW 283MIB 305microcells 52, 72, 81, 129microwave links 30, 36MIMO 40, 237, 238






Index 351

array gain 238diversity gain 238interference reduction 238spatial multiplexing gain 238

minimum reserved rate 253, 254–256MLSE 102, 140MLSE equaliser 140–146mobile

active 108cell allocation, power minimisation 129device 13dual band 129log–normal shadowing 109measurement report 126

averaging 127networks 1path loss 109phone 11power-on 32quality threshold 112Rayleigh fading 109registration 111activity 109

mobile access gateway (MAG)225

mobile allocation (MA) 122mobile allocation index offset (MAIO)

122mobile assisted handover (MAHO) 125mobile controlled handover (MCHO)

125mobile device 13mobile drops 189mobile originated (MO) 22mobile phone 11mobile profile 189mobile station (MS) 11mobile terminated (MT) 22mobility management (MM) 25, 149

context 28–30, 31states 29

entity (MME) 226optimisation 325

mobility requirements 93nomadicity 93

model3-D 89, 90, 92clutter 89continuous time 101demographic 89deterministic 131digital elevation 88digital terrain 88discrete time 101line of sight 90morphological 89

photographic imaging 89propagation 89ray tracing 90, 92RF propagation 89semi-deterministic 90vector 89

model tuning 92–93modelling 58modelling – the two step process 67–69modulation

schemes 76UMTS 167–171

modulation and coding schemes 115utilisation 135vs. BLER 135vs. C/I 135

modulation schemes16QAM 233, 24464QAM 233, 244E-UTRAN 233QPSK 233, 244WiMAX 244

Monte Carlo 190Moore’s law 2MOS 123, 252, 315MPLS 287–289

LDP 288LER 288LSP 288LSR 288

MRCF 283MRFP 284MS (mobile station) 11MSC 8, 11, 276–279MS-SGSN physical layer 30–31MS-SGSN protocols 31–32MTBF 21MTTR 21multi-frame 19multimedia

planning 289–298multi-path 48, 50, 157

angular spread 176channel coding 141delay 100delay spreads 100Doppler spread 176generic model 101low-delay scenario 176median-delay scenario 176time-delay spread 176

multi-path propagation characteristics 140multiple access interference (MAI) 169multiplexors, statistical 36Multi-user packet transport configurations 69–70MVNO 38






352 Index

NAS 226neighbour

dummy 317inter-frequency

UMTS 203inter-system GSM/UMTS 203intra-frequency

UMTS 203neighbour list

optimisation 316–317UMTS 203

networkarea 83capacity evolution 51core 8

GSM 11coverage 45coverage area topography 83dimensioning

cost–quality trade-offs 83green-field 51mobile 1optimisation 8packet 3performance requirement 83provisioning 8subscriber densities 83user applications 83wireless 1access, GSM 11planning 49

network discovery 225network features and handset subsidies 53–54network negotiation 225network optimisation 307–313network performance, GPRS 321network selection 225NLOS 92NMF 20NMS 304node 264node B 148noise

power 47ratio models 188white Gaussian 177

noise power 47noise rise 202NPV 46, 72nrtPS 247

Ofcom 75OFDM 223

air interface 228–239average C/I 230channel bandwidth 232

DFT-SOFDM 236disadvantages 232high PAPR 236implementation 233–237MIMO gain 238planning and design 222–261planning example 239–261radio frame 243reference resource elements 233sub-carriers 230, 242

OFDMA 82, 243RTG 243sub-channelisation 242–244TTG 243

Okumura–Hata 90, 131, 248model 91

correction factors 91parameters 91

OMC 14OMC-R 20, 310omnidirectional antenna 121operating costs, life-cycle 36operations 21, 304–306

staff 35operations support 306operator driven 41OPEX 52, 53, 57, 72, 303optimisation 8, 305, 307–313

automatic 317coverage 315–316end-to-end 308–310frequency plan 317GPRS RAN 318–324GSM network 313–318intelligent 317methodology 320neighbour list 316–317sources of data 310–312UMTS network performance 324–329voice quality 317–318

orthogonality 230, 232code 167factor 187

OSPF 266outage criteria 57outer-loop power control 158outsourcing 303over-dimensioning 137overlay network 149over-subscription 269OVSF code tree 168

packetcontext 7data 7delay 58, 59






Index 353

idle 31loss 57, 58, 291

GPRS 319, 323loss ratio 60

estimate 60modelling 56multiplexing 24networks 3protocols 23, 40, 86services 54system planning 56transfer 31

packet channel structures 30packet core

GPRS 24packet layer 61packet-planning process 70–74PacketCable 284packets/burst 61packets/second 61paging 16PAPR 236parameters, ARC

input 66output 67

Pareto distribution 57, 63, 87, 151, 255path

most likely 144survivor 144

geometric distance 144path-loss 47, 90, 91, 92, 109

estimation 131free space 47

path loss valuesGSM1800 131GSM900 131

payback period 46PBCCH 24, 25PCEF 284PCH 16, 169PCRF 226, 284P-CSCF 283PCU 11, 24, 30PDCH 31PDN SAE GW 226

PCRF 226PDP 24, 25PDP context 26–28, 31, 34

address 27PDSCH 170PDTCH 24PDU 27, 173penetration, mobile device 88penetration loss, building 72, 73performance baseline 307per-hop behaviour (PHB) 287

permutation mode 244phase 2+ 109phone

bill 14mobile 11triple mode 14

physical channel 108transport channel mapping 174

physical channels 18–20power allocation 171structure 165–167UMTS 165–175

PICH 163picocells 129pilot bit 166pilot channel 159pilot pollution 164, 202pilot power 198pilot sub-carrier 243pilot surprise 326ping-pong effect 161planning

802.11 7802.11x 74–77cell 175circuit multimedia 55deployment 196key questions to address 131OFDM 222–261packet multimedia 55–74preparation 129–132RAN 7regions 73RF coverage 131

planning guide, equipment 133planning process

step and repeat 93PLMN 11PMIP 225

HA 225LMA 225MAG 225PA 225

PMM 149PMM states

PMM connected 149PMM detached 149PMM idle 149

PN-code 155point-to-multipoint (P2MP) 267Poisson 62, 64, 86Poisson distribution 255pole capacity

downlink 187–188uplink 183–187

policy 42






354 Index

port number 70post paid 38potential planning approaches 57–58power

density 47noise 47

power allocation 163, 171power budget handover 128–129power control

BTS 111fast 158in GSM 109link quality 111mobile 111mobile battery life 111outer loop 158transmit 166UMTS 157–158

power control and DTX 111power efficiency 35power headroom, UMTS 201power management, transmitter 171power sharing 203PPCH 24PPDN 11, 24, 26PPP 24PRACH 24practical modelling methodologies 64–69pre paid 38principles of equalisation 101–104product

development 304feedback 45life-cycle management 304management 304

production, costs 45profit and loss 7, 34

account 7, 34benefits 55impact 65

project 83costs, capitalised 37deployment 70depreciation 37NPV 72profit and loss 73profitability 72

low-revenue market 72radio planning 94value 72

propagationclassification 49conditions, GSM 104COST 259 49free space 79HT100 105

law 48, 81line-of-sight 48loss 49, 88, 91observed values 92predictions 92RA250 105shadowing 48, 50survey 92TU 50 104turnover point 80

propagation model 48COST 231 131COST 231 Hata 204deterministic 90empirical 90Erceg-B 248errors

reflections 93shadowing 93

Hata 48, 204Hata extended 91improved Hata 48Okumura–Hata 248range exponent 49selection 131–132SUI 248tuning 92UMTS 204Walfisch–Ikegami 248WiMAX 248–249

propagation modelling 90–93protocol

collision management 76FTP 64GPRS 116packet 23packet data 24

protocol stacksGSM 40Wi-Fi 40

provisioned QoS parameter set 249provisioning 8, 303proxy agent (PA) 225PSCH 163PSTN 11puncturing 175PUSC 243

QoS 6, 54802.11e 269actual 73budget 70classes 69default 65diffserv 287engineering 289–298






Index 355

guaranteed 7, 57planning for 61

information element (UMTS) 151intserv 287modelling 87positioning 72provisioned QoS parameter set 249specified 61UMTS 150WiMAX 246–247requirements 94

QoS profile 28, 34delay 28mean throughput 28peak throughput 28precedence 28reliability 28

QPSK 233, 244quad-play 6, 284quality handover 127–128quasi-stationary 74queuing 31

delay 57theory 58

R&TTE directive 75RA250 105RAB assignment 194RACH 16

UMTS 152radio bearer service 149radio block 20radio-channel planning

802.11 271–272radio channels 119radio frame

UMTS 165WiMAX 243

radio-link quality 321–322radio-link simulation 176–180radio planning 94–98

coverage confidence limits 95outputs 95

frequency allocations 95neighbour lists 95pilot powers 95

signal-strength plots 95tools 95

GIS data accuracy 95radio-planning tool 92

C/I plot 97coding scheme

uplink–downlink 135usage 135

coverage plots 135radio resource control 171

rake receiver 158–160RAN

other network elements 98key considerations 82, 98

planning 7RAN planning and design

introduction 82–98RAN specific planning 98range

exponent 49limited 73

rate matching 174ray

direct 48, 80ground-reflected 80diffracted 48

Rayleigh fading 48, 109, 110, 114,157

ray-tracing 90absorbed rays 90diffracted rays 90reflected rays 90

reading time 255received-signal-level handover 126–127redundancy 94, 303reflected rays 90reflection 52

ground 47region

population density 88subscriber density 88suburban 88urban 88

regulation 35planning 94

regulatory requirements 94antenna

gain 94ERP 94interference 94inter-system interference 94transmitter

power 94UMTS 94WiMAX 94

Release 99call set-up 194–195

repeat pattern3 × 9 1084 × 12 108

requirementscoverage confidence limits 83QoS 83

resource blockE-UTRAN 235virtual 235






356 Index

reuse 5, 6fractionally loaded systems

111–113pattern 110

reuse configurationwith SFH 111

reuse factor 50reuse pattern 120reuse plan

1 × 1 1221 × 3 1223 × 9 106, 1084 × 12 1084 × 3 1225 × 3 122

revenue, maximising 46RF coverage planning 131RF propagation 89Rician fading 48RLC/MAC 31RLC/MAC protocol 32RNC 148roaming 40, 93Rogers 45root raised cosine filter

171routeing area 25, 33royalties 42RRC, UMTS 172RRM 171RSCP 200RTG 243rtPS 246RxLev 114RxQual 114, 128

S/N 47for required BER 100

SACCH 16SAE 225

GW 226MME 226NAS 226PDN SAE GW 226

SAE bearerSDF 226

SAIC 112SCCPCH 169, 170scenario

planning 87sub-set selection 129

SCH 163–165scheduler

e-node B 234fairness 213HSDPA 213

SC-OFDM 236scrambling code 169, 328

planning 203secondary 198, 202

s-curve 45SDCCH access success rate 314SDF 226SDP 280–281SEACORN 86seamless mobility 149secondary scrambling codes 198, 202sectored site 36sectorisation 121

WiMAX 245self-optimisation 36self-similarity 64sensitivity 180

loss of 102server 62

latency 65queuing delay 65

servicetrade-off 65

service assurance 305–306service classes

ATM 285WiMAX 246

service ratePoisson 62

services 37serving cell 164session 60, 87

duration 136session activity rate 248session data 61session duration 87sessions 87SFH 109, 121

adjacent channel interference benefits 110and AMR 112and interference rejection combining 112and single antenna interference rejection 112and soft blocking 111and tight reuse patterns 112and trunking efficiency 112C/I benefit 110C/I-driven capacity improvement 112capacity benefits 112channel utilisation 110co-channel interference benefits 110frequency diversity 110hybrid combining 122improved call quality 112increased capacity 112interference averaging 110interference diversity 110






Index 357

interference diversity benefit, key factors 110quality benefits 112reuse configurations, capacity benefit 110when spectrum is limited 112

SFN 232SGSN 11, 24, 30

dimensioning 279SGW 283shadowing 48, 50, 73, 88, 162shadowing margin 212Shannon’s Law 6, 47, 115shift register 141SHO 327silence descriptor (SID) 125SIM 14simulation 58

radio link 176–180single-antenna interference reduction

112SIP 196, 280–281

message compression 196site

acquisition 53and operations 35–36capacity 133infrastructure 54rental 53sectored 36selection, UMTS 199tri-sectored 51, 121

SLA 303sliding window

ARQ 245slot 244slow frequency hopping 109SM 149, 151smart antenna 328SMS 86SNDCP 31SNR 14socket 70

information 70soft blocked 110soft decision 144soft handover 160–163

factor 202gain 205, 212threshold 162

softer handover 162spatial multiplexing gain 238spatial receive diversity 110spectral efficiency

UMTS 191spectrum

and frequency reuse 108auctions 4

dedicated 75efficiency 96ISM 74license exempt 38licensed 75management 3–4shared 77sub-leasing 4technology neutrality 4unlicensed 267–269

spreading 154, 167–171factor 156

SSCH 163STA 39standards 10

3GPP 13LAN 38

static simulationUMTS 189

statistically similar 63statistics 310step and repeat 93STM-1 30strategy 302

competitive 72streaming video 296sub-carriers 230, 242sub-channel 242sub-channelisation 242–244

FUSC 244PUSC 243TUSC 244

sub-leasing 4subscriber

acquisition 53, 72behaviour 90density 50, 51, 52, 73, 88penetration 132

subscription 18SUI 248SVN 14symbol duration 231symbol state, alphabet 142synchronisation channels

UMTS 169system

limiting C/I conditions 100redundancy 94

system capacityWiMAX 257–260

system coverage and capacity 100–109

talk times 5tap 176tariffs

pay-as-you-go 53






358 Index

TBF 31performance

drop rate 323establishment success rate 322

resources 32TCH 16TCH blocking rate 314TCP 62TCP-IP 40TDD 154, 242TDMA 82technology neutrality 4telecommunications management

20–21teleservices 274TFCI bit 166third-party tools 311throughput

GPRS 319UMTS 175

TID 27time-delay spread 176time synchronisation 163timers

ready 34standby 34

time slotdata 138reservation 138UMTS 165

timing advance (TA) 128TISPAN 284TMF 300TMN 20token ring 38tokenising 3topographical data 82topography 83traffic

asymmetry 86balancing 129bursty 3, 40concentration 11control channel 133demand 132LAN 62management 129mean load/cell 137multiplexing 56, 70priority 70self-similar 64statistically similar 63

traffic asymmetry factor 86traffic channel 16, 19traffic distributions

log–normal 296

Poisson 255Pareto 297

traffic priority 253, 256training sequence 145transceivers 121transcoder and rate adaptor unit 36transmission 274, 285–289, 303

capacity 51narrow-band 62planning 289–298power, UMTS 202

transmitdiversity 198power control 166

transmitter power management 171transparent mode 173transport

bandwidth 36, 59, 62digital 3IP 8over-provisioning 57time 65

transport blocks 173transport channel

coding and multiplexing entity 173physical channel mapping 174UMTS 165–175

transport plane 283trellis diagram 142trial network 300triple-play 284trunking efficiency 51TRX 121TS 23.401 225TS 23.402 225TTG 243TTI 174TU50 profile 104tunnel 26turbo-coding 174turnover point 80TUSC 244type allocation code (TAC) 14

UK Ofcom 75Um 30UMTS 13, 55, 129

access protocols 194–196acknowledged mode 173admission control 169AICH 163air-interface features 196attach request 152bearer service 149capacity 175–191cell acquisition 163






Index 359

cell isolation 202channel estimation 164channel rate 182compressed mode 149, 203core network signalling delays 194coverage 175–191, 199–200CPICH 163–165DCH 153delay 150design considerations 198design deployment 196dimensioning 204downlink capacity estimate 188downlink transmit powers evaluation 190DPCCH 166DPCH 165DPDCH 166, 169DSCH 170Eb/N0 205E-DCH 194FACH 152, 169, 170gain factors 169Gold code 169GSM dual-mode 199HARQ 207increasing capacity 186link budgets 205load balancing 202load planning 200–202logical channels 173mixed-service profile capacity and coverage

188–191modulation 167–171neighbour list 203node B 148orthogonality factor 187other-cell interference 187OVSF code tree 168PCH 169PDSCH 170performance targets 328–329physical channels 165–175PICH 163pilot channel 159pilot power 198PMM 149power allocation 163power control 157–158PSCH 163QoS 150RAB assignment delays 194RACH 152radio-resource control 171RNC 148RRC 172SCCPCH 169, 170

SCH 163–165scrambling code 169secondary scrambling codes 198,

202serving cell 164site selection 199soft handover factor 202spreading 167–171SRB setup 194SSCH 163static simulation 189synchronisation channels 169system-capacity evaluation 180–191system-coverage evaluation 180–191system overview 147–153time synchronisation 163transparent mode 173transport channels 165–175unacknowledged mode 173uplink pole capacity 183–188with GSM/GPRS legacy network 199

UMTS air interface 153–165, 196UMTS network optimisation 324–329UMTS physical channel uplink performance

178unacknowledged mode 173uniform planning area (UPA) 91, 93–94

parameters 93unlicensed spectrum 267–269unsolicited grant service (UGS) 246uplink 5, 19

limited 55UMTS budget 182UMTS physical channel performance 178

uplink interference scenario 108–109user

agent (UA) 280applications 83–88behaviour dimensions 83driven 41experience 34interface 13throughput

GPRS 116UTRA 222

VAD 186, 293Viterbi decoder 145VLR 18voice-activity detection (VAD) 124

and discontinuous transmission (VAD/DTX)124–125

voice qualityoptimisation 317–318vs. C/I 124

voicemail 53






360 Index

VoIP 42, 55, 64, 195characteristics of 248dimensioning 293–294telephony 58

Walfisch-Ikegami 90, 92, 131,248

building heights 92model parameters 92street widths 92

WAP 34, 87WCDMA 154WCDMA air interface 155–165web browsing 55, 57, 64, 88

characteristics of 248dimensioning 297

Weibull distribution 63Wi-Fi 13, 38, 264

alliance 40handover 42hot spots 77mesh 77MIMO 40

WiMAX 239air-interface features 239–247AMC 244–245ARQ 245–246channel bandwidth 242CPE 248

FDD 242forum 223fractional reuse 245HARQ 245–246licensed spectrum 241maximum cell size 256–257modulation schemes 244operating frequencies 241–242propagation model 248–249QoS 246–247radio frame 243RTG 243sectorisation 245service classes 246slot 244system capacity 257–260TDD 242TTG 243unlicensed spectrum 241

wireless network 1design 300initial planning 300life-cycle 300, 302–307metrics 304operations 304–306optimisation 305, 307–313strategy 302

WLAN 74X.25 24






7 x 11 long - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/74212/index/9780521874212_index.pdf · ARC tool 66–67 architecture EPC 224–228 ARFCN 18, 119, 122 ARPU 53,

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