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Index

The numbers in the index refer to sections rather than to pages.

a 256, 274, 275, 279–287, 302–310, 390, 391a + infinitive 310a dix kilometres 400a droite/a gauche 400a linking adjective to infinitive 279, 280a linking noun to infinitive 281, 282a linking verb to infinitive 283–285a linking verb to noun 286, 287a Paris 400au printemps 402expressing a compound idea 309expressing measurement 308indicating place 304indicating manner 306indicating time 305to mark responsibility 307verbs with a + noun and de + infinitive 298, 299with place names 393

s’abaisser 283abattre 228, 229s’abetir 283abolir 176aboutir 176aboyer 176abreger 176s’abrutir 283absolument 405absoudre 60, 165, 176, 295s’abstenir 176, 292abstract nouns 188abuser 294academic subjects

gender of names of 181a cause de 274, 311accabler 295acceder 176accelerer 176accepter 156, 292s’accommoder 294s’accompagner 294accomplir 176accoucher 294s’accoutumer 283accueillir 176accuser 282, 295–ace 181acharnement 281s’acharner 283acheter 18, 48, 56, 59, 92, 167, 171, 176achever 176, 292–acle 180a condition de 275, 312

a condition que 148, 458a cote de 274, 313acquerir 176active voice 110actuellement 402–ade 181a dessein 398adherer 176adjectives 180, 193–205

agreement 197, 225change of meaning according to position 203comparison 199–201

comparative and superlative of inequality 199comparative of equality 199use of ne/le in comparisons 200

demonstrative – see demonstrative adjectivesgender 193–195

feminine formed by adding –e 193feminine same as masculine 193identical masculine and feminine forms 193radical adjustment 193

linked to adjective by de 298, 299linked to infinitive by a 279, 280multiple adjectives 205number 196

+ –s 196+ –x 196compound 196

position of adjectives 200following the noun 200preceding the noun 200stylistic variation 200variable position 200, 204

possessive – see possessive adjectivesused as adverbs 314

admettre 156, 176s’adonner 283adorer 276adoucir 176adverbial expressions 394adverbial phrases 394adverbs 394–414

adverbs as connectors 394, 396, 413, 414adverbs of affirmation and negation 394,

410, 411adverbs of degree 394, 396, 405–407adverbs of manner 394, 396, 398, 399

with similes 398adverbs of place 394, 400, 401adverbs of time 394, 397, 402, 403comparative and superlative forms of adverbs 409formation of adverbs 395

407

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Index

adverbs (cont.)adjectives used as adverbs 395adverbs with no corresponding adjective 39by adding –ment 395with d’une maniere / d’une facon / d’un

air 395interrogative adverbs 394, 412position of adverbs 397

multiple adverbs in a sentence 397with an adjective 397with an adverb 397with a verb 397

with more than one meaning 396aeroplanes

gender of names of 180affaiblir 176affermir 176affirmer 150(s’)affliger 176, 292s’affoler 283affranchir 176afin de 274, 314afin que 148, 460a force de 274, 315agacer 176–age 180agir 176s’agir 294s’agit, il 164, 294a grande vitesse 398agrandir 176agreement of adjectives 197agreement of adjectives and past participles with on

225agreement of past participle with preceding direct

object 214–ai 180aide 184(s’)aider 283, 294–aie 181–ail 180, 189–aille 181ailleurs 400aimer 149, 164, 276aimer mieux 276–aine 181ainsi 396, 398, 413air 184, 290

d’un air 395aisance 281–aison 181–al 189a la fois 398s’alimenter 294aller 13, 17, 21, 44, 49, 63, 67, 69, 73, 75, 76, 95,

93, 100, 118, 166, 167, 171, 176, 276used to express future time 136

allonger 176alors 396, 402, 413alors que 465(s’)alourdir 176, 294alterer 176amaigrir 176

amener 176, 276, 283a moins de 343, 389a moins que 148, 458s’amuser 283–ance 181ancien 203annoncer 176a partir de 274, 317a peine 405, 469(s’)apercevoir 176, 294a peu pres 405apparaıtre 59, 176appartenir 176, 298

il appartient 298appeler 18, 48, 56, 59, 92, 167, 171, 176, 283applaudir 176s’appliquer 283apposition 254apprendre 176, 283s’appreter 283(s’)approcher 294, 295appuyer 176apres 274, 317, 402a present 402apres que 133, 157, 465apte 279aptitude 281ardeur 281s’armer 274arracher 295(s’)arreter 292arrive, il 150, 164, 298arriver 63, 276, 283, 298articles 248–264 – see also definite article, indefinite

article, partitive article, zero articledifferences between French and English usages

251–257article in French vs none in English 251–253:

with abstract nouns 251; with names ofcountries 252; with names of languages 253;with nouns describing classes of items 251;with various sets of nouns – seasons,substances, products, illnesses 253

definite article in French vs different usage inEnglish 255; to indicate quantities, prices255; with lists 255; with parts of the body255; with titles 256

no article in French vs article in English 254;apposition 254; to indicate person’sprofession / status 254; with par = per 254;with quel as exclamative 254

forms 249position 250repetition 261tout + article 250

aspirer 283assaillir 176(s’)asseoir 56, 61, 86, 102, 104, 170, 174, 176assez 259, 405, 406, 408

en avoir assez 235assis 279assister 286assurer 295

408






Index

a suppose que 148–at 180a tort 398a travers de 273, 319s’attacher 283s’attaquer 286atteindre 176attendant que, en 148(s’)attendre 149, 176, 286, 292

attendre, sans 398attention, faire 233attentivement 398–au 189au bout de 274, 320au cas ou 458au contraire 413au cours de 273, 321aucun 415

ne . . . aucun 415au-dedans 400au-dehors 400au-dela de 274, 322au-dessous 400au-dessous de 274, 323au-dessus 400au-dessus de 273, 324aujourd’hui 402au lieu de 274, 325au loin 400au moins 405, 413auparavant 402aupres de 274, 326aussi 396, 405, 413aussi in comparison of equality 199, 409aussi . . . que 461aussitot 402aussitot que 133, 465autant 259, 405, 408autant plus que, d’ 459autorisation 290autoriser 283autour 400autour de 274, 327au travers de 274autrefois 402autrement dit 413auxiliary verbs 8, 63–65avancer 176avant 273, 328avant que 133, 148, 465avec 273, 329, 391avec enthousiasme 398avenir 176avertir 176, 295avide 288avidite 281aviser 295avoir 8, 42, 44, 54, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70,

72, 87, 90, 98, 100, 101, 102, 119, 170, 174,176, 283

avoir beau 276avoir besoin 294avoir (le) droit 301

avoir envie 149, 294avoir honte 294avoir peur 149, 294avoir recours 233

bal 184balancer 176balle 184bannir 176bar 184barre 184bas 204battre 33, 56, 59, 82, 95, 169, 173, 175,

176beau/bel 195beaucoup 242, 259, 405, 408, 409begayer 176benir 176besoin 290

avoir besoin 294bien adverb 398, 405, 408, 409bien entendu 410bien faire 292bien pronoun 242, 259bien que 148, 457bien sur 411bientot 402bizarrement 413blamer 292blanchir 176blasphemer 176boats

gender of names of 180boire 37, 56, 58, 84, 169, 173, 176bon 203, 280bon, il est 150bondir 176se borner 283bouger 176bout de, au 274, 320brave 203bref 204broyer 176bruire 165bruler 292brunir 176brusquement 398

ca 238cacheter 176capable 288capacite 290capital 184capitale 184capital letters 484car 452cardinal numbers 432–438, 442

approximate numbers 437cent 435fractions and decimals 438gender of names of 180mille 435million 435

409






Index

cardinal numbers (cont.)pronunciation of cinq, six, huit, neuf, dix,

cent 435use of et and hyphens in compound numbers

433, 434use of figures to express cardinal numbers

436with titles 442

carsgender of names of 181

cas ou, au 458causal clauses 455, 456cause, en connaissance de 398cause de, a 274, 311ce/cet . . . -ci 265, 266ce/cet . . . -la 265, 266ceci 239ce demonstrative adjective 247, 265, 266ceder 176ce dont 464cela 239celebrer 176celle 237, 238celle-ci 237, 238celle-la 237, 238celui 237, 238celui-ci 237, 238celui-la 237, 238ce neuter pronoun 200, 219, 220

ce or il ? 221to translate English it with infinitive 221to translate English it with adjective + clause

221to translate English it with another part of

speech 222to translate English it with adjective 221

cent 433centaine 437cependant 413ce que 464, 481ce qui 464, 481certain, il n’est pas 150certain adjective 203, 288certainement 411certain pronoun 242certes 411ces 247, 265, 266ces . . . -ci 265ces . . . -la 265, 266cesser 292c’est-a-dire 413c’est to highlight 223, 279, 463cet 247, 265, 266cette 247, 265, 266cette . . . -ci 265, 266cette . . . -la 265, 266ceux 237, 238ceux-ci 237, 238ceux-la 237, 238chacun 245, 246chaıne 184champagne 184chance 290

il n’y a aucune chance, il y a de grandeschances 150

chanceler 176changer 176, 294chaque 272(se) charger 176, 292, 294, 295charmant 204cheeses

gender of names of 180chene 184cher 203chercher 283cherir 176chez 274, 330, 400choir 165choisir 176, 292choque, etre 149chose 184-ci 237, 238ci-dessous 400ci-dessus 400ci-joint 198clauses 453–469

clauses consisting of sequence of words 453clauses consisting of single word 453clause types 454

main clauses 454subordinate clauses 454: causal clauses 455,

456; concessive clauses 455, 457 ; conditionalclauses 455, 458; consecutive clauses 455,459; final clauses 455, 460; manner clauses455, 461; noun clauses 455, 462

definition 453clore 165coeur, de tout son 398col 192colle 192colons 484colours

gender of names of 180combattre 176combien 259, 412, 476, 477commander 149, 298commas 484

inverted commas 484comme 456, 461, 465

comme intoducing similes 398exclamative sentence with comme 483

commencer 20, 44, 56, 75, 76, 92, 167, 171, 176,283, 301

comment 412, 476, 480commercer 176commettre 176comparer 301comparison of adjectives 199, 200 – see also

adjectivescomparison of adverbs 409complement of subject and inversion 469completement 405completer 176complex sentences 448, 450complimenter 295comploter 292

410






Index

compound-complex sentences 447, 451compound nouns 187

adjective + noun / noun adjective 187, 190adverb / preposition + noun 187, 190noun + noun 187, 190noun + prepositional phrase 187, 190phrase 187, 190verb + noun / verb + verb 187, 190

compound sentences 447, 449compound tenses

of pronominal verbs 104–106, 108of simple verbs 62–73

comprendre 156, 176compris 198, 274, 331

y compris 198, 331compromettre 176compter 276conceder 176concessive clauses 455, 457concevoir 156, 176conclure 32, 84, 169, 173, 176condamner 283conditional clauses 455, 458conditional perfect tense 72, 139, 141, 158

in reported speech 139used to express uncertainty 139to refer to events that might have taken place 139

conditional tense 45–55, 138, 140in main clause of sentence with conditional clause

138in reported speech 138used to express uncertainty 138

condition de, a 273, 312condition que, a 148, 458conduire 35, 56, 60, 83, 95, 169, 173, 176, 283se confier 286confirmer 276confondre 176confus 288conjugation 10conjunctions, coordinating 452

car 452et 452mais 452ni 452ou 452

conjunctions, subordinating 454conjunctive expressions requiring subjunctive 148connaissance de cause, en 398connaıtre 176conquerir 176se consacrer 283consecutive clauses 455, 459conseiller 298consentir 149, 176, 283, 286considerer 176consister 283consoler 292conspirer 283construire 176se consumer 283content 288

etre 149

contenter 292continuer 283, 292, 301contraindre 176, 283, 285contre 274, 332, 391contredire 176contrefaire 176contribuer 222convaincre 176, 292convenir 238, 294convertir 176convier 283coordinating conjunctions 452

car 452et 452mais 452ni 452ou 452

corrompre 176cote – d’un cote . . . de l’autre cote 413cote de, a 274, 313cote de, du 274, 352couche 279coudoyer 176count nouns 188countries

names of + zero article 252prepositions + names of 393with capital letters 484

cour 184courir 13, 25, 52, 59, 80, 94, 99, 100, 118, 168,

172, 176, 276cours 184

au cours de 274, 321court adjective 184, 204court noun 184couvrir 176craindre 37, 56, 60, 83, 149, 169, 173, 176, 292crainte de, de 274, 346crainte que, de 148, 149crepe 184crever 176critique 184croire 34, 56, 59, 84, 95, 150, 169, 173, 176, 277,

286, 301croıtre 59cueillir 26, 51, 56, 59, 78, 94, 168, 172, 176cuire 176curieux 288

il est curieux 151cyniquement 398

d’abord 402daigner 276d’ailleurs 400, 413danger, il y a 200dans 274, 333, 390, 391, 400

with place names 393d’apres 274, 391dates 441

days 441months 441periods of time 441years 441

411






Index

d’autant plus que 459days 441

gender of names of 180de article 256

des → de before adjective before noun 259with negative expressions 260, 416with quantifiers 249

de preposition 274, 275, 285, 288–301, 334–345,390, 391

de before second noun after verb 296, 297de linking adjective to infinitive 288, 289de linking noun to infinitive 290, 291de linking verb to infinitive 292, 293expressing cause 341expressing function, material 339expressing idea of containing, measurement

337expressing manner 342expressing place, origin 336expressing time 340forming expressions 345indicating possession 335introducing an infinitive 344introducing attribute of noun or pronoun

343verbs with a + noun and de + infinitive 298,

299with expression of quantity 338with place names 393

debarrasser 295debattre 176debout 279, 398decevoir 176decharger 176dechoir 165decide 279(se) decider 283, 292declarative clauses 466

elements of a declarative clause 466word order in declarative clause 466

declarative sentences 444, 448declarer 277deconseiller 298decourager 176decouvrir 176de crainte de 274, 346de crainte que 148, 149decrire 176dedaigner 292dedans 400dedicacer 176deduire 176de facon a 273, 247de facon a ce que / que 148defaillir 176defaire 176defective verbs 165defendre 150, 176, 298defense used as alternative to imperative 122se defier 294definir 176definite article 247, 248, 249

+ a / de → au / du 249

differences between French and English usages251–257

article in French vs none in English 251–253:with abstract nouns 251; with names ofcountries 252; with names of days of theweek 253; with names of languages 253; withnouns describing classes of items 251; withvarious sets of nouns – seasons, substances,products, illnesses 253

definite article in French vs different usage inEnglish 255; to indicate quantities, prices255; with lists 257; with parts of the body255; with titles 256

elision 249degager 176degeler 176degouter 295dehors 400deja 402de la 248, 249de la part de 274deliberer 176delivrer 295de loin 405demain 402demander 149, 283, 292, 298, 301de maniere a 274, 347de maniere a ce que / que 148de meme que 461demenager 176demesurement 405demeurer 63demi 193, 438demissionner 294demolir 176denoncer 176demonstrative adjectives 247, 265, 266demonstrative determiners 265, 266

forms 265demonstrative pronouns 237–239departments, prepositions + names of 393se depecher 292depeindre 176dependre 176, 294depenser de l’argent 283de peur de 274, 346de peur que 148, 149deplacer 176deplaire 176, 286depuis 140, 142, 274, 348, 402depuis que 465de quoi 464deranger 176dernier 155, 200, 253derriere 274, 349, 400des 248, 249des 274, 350

des lors 402descendre 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 90, 176, 276desesperer 176, 292desir 290desirer 149, 276desireux 288

412






Index

desobeir 176, 286desole 388

etre 149desormais 402de sorte que 148, 460des que 133, 465dessecher 176dessein, a 398dessous 404detendre 176determination 281determine 279(se) determiner 283determiners 247–272

demonstrative determiners 265, 266 – see alsodemonstrative adjectives / determiners

indefinite determiners 272possessive determiners 267–271 – see also

possessive adjectives / determinersdetester 292detourner 295de toute facon / maniere 413de tout son coeur 398detruire 176devancer 176devant 274, 351devenir 176devoir 42, 55, 56, 61, 87, 97, 160, 170, 174, 176,

276se devouer 283different 203difficulte 281digerer 176dire 37, 56, 60, 83, 95, 118, 150, 169, 173, 176,

276, 292, 298, 301direct questions 470–480 – see also questionsdiriger 176disparaıtre 176dispenser 292, 295dispose 279(se) disposer 283, 294dissuader 292dissoudre 165, 176divers 203(se) divertir 176, 283dizaine 437dommage, c’est / il est 150donne, etant 198, 283donner 8,14dont 464dont, ce 464dormir 25, 71, 168, 172, 176double 204double compound past tense 134doucement 398doute, il n’y pas de 150

sans aucun doute 411sans doute 411

(se) douter 150, 292, 294douteux, il est 150douzaine 437droit 290

avoir (le) droit 301

tout droit 398du 248, 249du 279du cote de 274, 352du haut de 274, 353du moins 413durant 274, 354

–e 180–eau 180, 189eblouir 176ecarter 295echanger 176(s’)echapper 286, 294, 301–eche 181eclaircir 176ecouter 276ecrire 36, 56, 60, 83, 95, 118, 169, 173, 176–ede 180–ee 181efficacement 398s’efforcer 292egayer 176–ege 180–eil 180–eine 181elargir 176elever 176elire 176elision

of definite article 249of personal pronouns 209

elle 208elles 208elles-memes 208ellipsis

elliptical oui – non questions 475elliptical question with a question word 476elliptical questions without question word but

suggesting one 480eloigner 295(s’)embellir 176, 294embetant, etre 149–eme 180s’emerveiller 294emettre 176emmener 176, 276s’emparer 294(s’)empecher 150, 292(s’)employer 176, 283s’empresser 292en aller de meme 235en avoir assez 235en avoir marre 235, 292en bas 400–ence 181enclin 279en consequence 413encore 259, 402, 403, 405, 469encore que 148, 457encourager 176, 283en-dehors de 274, 361en depit de 274, 362

413






Index

en dessous 400endommager 176en effet 413s’enerver 283en face de 274en fait 413enfin 402enfoncer 176(s’)engager 176, 283en general 413s’enhardir 283en haut 400enlacer 176enlaidir 176enlever 176, 295(s’)ennuyer 176, 283, 294, 301enoncer 176enorme 204enormement 405en preposition 256, 274, 355–360, 390, 391

en ce moment 402en connaissance de cause 398en fevrier 402en hiver 402expressing position 356expressing time 357in fixed expressions 360with clothing 358with names of languages and countries 359with place names 393

en pronoun 211, 234, 235= English possessive determiner 235equivalent of de + noun 235in verbal expressions 235= some, any 235

enrager 292en retard 402, 403en revanche 413(s’)enrichir 176, 294enseigner 283ensemble 398en somme 413ensuite 402entendre 176, 278s’enteter 283enthousiasme, avec 398entierement 405s’entourer 294(s’)entraıner 283entre 274, 363, 391entrelacer 176entreprendre 176, 292entrer 63, 276entretenir 176entrevoir 176enumerer 176envahir 176s’envelopper 294envers 274, 364envie 290

avoir 149, 294envier 292environ 274, 365, 437, 440

envisager 156, 176, 292en vouloir 235envoyer 49, 167, 171, 176, 278epeler 176eponger 176s’epuiser 283–eque 181equivaloir 283–er 180ere 184eriger 176erreur, par 398–es 180–ese 181esperer 19, 48, 56, 92, 167, 171, 176, 276(s’)essayer 176, 283, 292essentiel, il est 150s’essoufler 283essuyer 176est-ce que

with oui – non questions 473with question word questions 476

estimer 276et 452–et 180etablir 176etant donne 198, 456eteindre 176etinceler 176etonne 288s’etonner 149, 292etre 8, 37, 44, 53, 56, 60, 62–65, 66, 68, 70, 72,

84, 90, 96, 100, 101, 102, 119, 169, 173, 176agreement in compound tenses 64, 65, 105, 166

etre choque 149etre content 149etre desole 149etre embetant 149etre fache 149etre heureux 149etre honteux 149etreindre 176etre mecontent 149etre ravi 149etre satisfait 149etre surpris 149etre triste 149–eu 189–euil 180–euse 181eux 208eux-memes 208s’evader 294–eve 181evidemment 411, 413eviter 150, 292exagerer 176exceder 176excellent 204excepte 198, 274, 366exclamative sentences 444, 448, 483

with comme, que or qu’est-ce que 483with intonation 483

414






Index

with que + subjunctive 483with que de 483with quel 483

exclure 176(s’)excuser 292, 294, 295exempter 295exhorter 283exiger 176expletive ne 417expliquer 156expres 398expressions of avoiding, chance, denial, evaluation,

forbidding, (im)possibility, improbability,necessity, uncertainty requiring subjunctive150

expressions of emotion requiring subjunctive –agreement, anger, anticipation, anxiety,command, desire, fear, permission, pleasure,request, sadness, surprise 149

face a 274, 367fache, etre 149facile 279facilite 281facon, d’une 394facon a, de 274, 347facon a ce que/que, de 148faiblir 176faillir 176, 276, 286faire 37, 53, 56, 60, 83, 96, 118, 169, 173, 176, 278,

301faire, bien 292faire attention 233faire semblant 292fait 184

le fait que 152falloir 42, 55, 56, 61, 87, 150, 160, 164, 170, 174,

176, 276il s’en faut de peu 150

se fatiguer 283faux, il est 164feindre 176, 292(se) feliciter 150, 292, 295fendre 176ferme 279fermement 398fete 184fier adjective 288se fier 286final clauses 455, 460finale 184finir 13, 14, 24, 44, 50, 56, 59, 67, 68, 71, 73, 78,

90, 94, 99, 100, 102, 118, 168, 172, 176,292, 301

se flatter 292foie 184fois 184, 442

a la fois 398fonde 279force de, a 174, 315forcer 176, 285forces, en utilisant toutes ses 398fort 204

fou / fol 195franchement 413franchir 176frapper 295fremir 176frequemment 402frire 165froncer 176fruit

gender of names of 181fuir 176futur 204future perfect tense 70, 71, 137, 141future tense 45–55, 135, 136, 141

to refer to future events 135used as alternative to imperative 122, 135

gaiement 398garantir 176garde 184

prendre garde 292se garder 292garnir 176geindre 176geler 176gemir 176gender 178, 193–195

awkward cases of gender identity 182gender of academic subjects 181

aeroplanes and boats 180American states 183animals 186British counties 183cars 181cheeses and wines 180colours 180compound nouns 187countries 183French departments 183French regions 183fruit and vegetables 181human agents 180, 181; languages 183metals and minerals 180months 180names of days of week 180

of adjectives 193–195invariable adjectives 194variable masculine form 195of nouns 178

people 186rivers 183seasons 180towns 183trees and shrubs 180weights and measures 180

patterns for feminine gender 181patterns for masculine gender 180

gens 185grace a 274, 368–gramme 180grand 203grande vitesse, a 398grandir 176

415






Index

gre, savoir 298greffe 184grimacer 176grincer 176gronder 292grossir 176guere, ne . . . 422, 430guerir 176guillemets 484

habile 279habilete 281(s)’habituer 233, 283haır 59, 176haleter 176harceler 176hasarder 283se hater 292haut 203haut de, du 274, 393hesitant pas, en n’ 398hesitation 281hesiter 283heureusement 398, 413heureux 288

etre 149hier 402highlighting 223, 463, 469, 474homonyms 184honte 290

avoir honte 294honteux, etre 149hors de 274, 369human agents

gender of names of 180, 181hurler 292

–i 180ici 400–ie 181–ier 180–iere 181il 200

and ce 219ce or il ? 221

to translate English it with adjective + 221,288

to translate English it with adjective + clause221

to translate English it with another part ofspeech 222

to translate English it with infinitive + 221illnesses

names of + zero article 253ils 200il y a 140, 142, 164(s’)imaginer 276immediatement 402immensement 405immerger 176impatient 288imperatif, il est 150imperative mood 6, 115–123

alternatives to the imperative 122forming the imperative 117–119meaning 121with negation 416position of personal pronouns 212restricted forms 116imperative sentences 444, 448

imperfect indicative tense 43, 44, 129, 142to express duration of time 129to express period of time 129to express repeated or habitual action 129used to describe set of circumstances 129

imperfect subjunctive tense 99, 100impersonal expressions 164impersonal verbs 164implorer 292important, il est 150importe, peu 150imposer 298impossibilite 290impossible, il est 150, 164improbable, il est 150impuissance 281inadmissible, il est 150incapable 288incapacite 290incinerer 176inciter 283incliner 283inclure 176indefinite article 247, 248, 249, 250

des → de before adjective before noun 259de with negative expressions 260de with quantifiers 259

indefinite determiners 272indefinite expressions requiring subjunctive 152indefinite pronouns 245, 246indicative mood 6, 124–143, 167–170s’indigner 149, 292, 294indirect questions 481

treatment of oui – non questions 481treatment of question word questions 481use of si 481

–ine 181inevitable, il est 150inferer 176infinitive 1, 4, 11, 180

a + infinitive 310de + infinitive 344linked to adjective by a 279, 280linked to infinitive by de 288, 289linked to noun by a 281, 282linked to noun by de 290, 291linked to verb by a 283–285linked to verb by de 292, 293position of pronouns 213used as alternative to imperative 122with negation 416

infliger 176informer 295–ing 180innombrable 204(s’)inquieter 176, 292, 294

416






Index

inscrire 176insistance 352insister 149, 283, 301s’inspirer 294instruire 176intelligemment 398interceder 176interdire 150, 176, 292, 298interet 281

il y a interet 150(s’)interesser 283interet 281interferer 176interpreter 176interrogatives 470–482

direct questions 470–480indirect questions 481

interrogative sentences 444, 448, 470oui – non questions 470–475 – see also oui – non

questionsquestions introduced by question word 470,

476–482with negation 416

interrompre 176intervenir 176intonation

with exclamative sentences 483with oui – non questions 473with question word questions 476

intransitive verbs 63introduire 176inversion in declarative clauses 469

after certain adverbs 469after initial complement of subject 469for stylistic purposes 469in relative clauses 469with oui – non questions 472with question word questions 476with rester and venir 469

inverted commas 484inviter 283invraisemblable, il est 150s’irriter 283–ise 181islands

names of + zero article 252prepositions + names of 393

–isme 180it anticipatory English it not translated 230

jaillir 176jamais 402, 415, 430

ne . . . jamais 423with imperative 423with infinitive 423without ne 423with sans 423

plus jamais 430jaunir 176je 200jeter 18, 44, 92, 118, 167, 171, 176jeune 203joindre 83, 176

joliment 398jouer 301, 390jouir 27, 176, 294juger 2176, 294, 301jurer 292jusqu’a 274, 370jusqu’a ce que 148, 465juste, il est 150juste adjective 440juste adverb 405

la definite article 248, 249la personal pronoun 200la 237, 238, 400lacer 176laisser 278lancer 176languages

gender of names of 180names of + zero article 253

laquelle 464lecher 176le definite article 248, 249

+ a / de → au / du 249leger 203le in comparisons 200le personal pronoun 208, 211

referring to previously expressed concept 229le long de 247, 371lent 279lequel

interrogative pronoun 477relative pronoun 464lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles 464

les definite article 248, 249les personal pronoun 208, 211leur personal pronoun 208, 211leur possessive adjective 267, 271leur possessive pronoun 240, 241se lever 103, 104liberer 176, 295libre 288librement 398lieu de, au 247, 325se limiter 283lire 35, 56, 59, 84, 169, 173, 176livre 184loger 176loin 400long 202, 204long de, le 247, 371longtemps 402lors de 247, 372lorsque 133, 465louer 292lui 208, 211luire 176

ma 247, 267, 268magnifique 204maigrir 176maintenant 402maintenir 176

417






Index

maire 184mais 452majeure partie 244majorite 242major sentences 445, 447–451mal 398, 409malgre 274, 373malgre que 148, 457malheureusement 413malmener 176manche 184maniere, d’une 394maniere a, de 274, 347maniere a ce que / que, de 148manger 20, 44, 56, 75, 76, 92, 118, 167, 171, 176manner clauses 455, 461manoeuvre 184manquer 274, 286, 292, 294, 301marre, en avoir 235, 292marrer 294mass nouns 188maudire 176mauvais, plus 199me 208, 211, 228mechant 203meconnaıtre 176mecontent 288

etre 149medire 176, 294mediter 292se mefier 294meilleur 199melanger 176se meler 286, 292, 301meme 203, 405

de meme que 461memoire 184menacer 176, 292, 295mener 19, 48, 56, 92, 167, 171, 176, 276–ment 180mentir 176mer 184merci 184, 411mere 184meriter 292mes 247, 267, 271mesure ou, dans la 458metals

gender of names of 180–metre 180(se) mettre 33, 83, 169, 173, 176, 283mi 193mien 240, 241mieux 409mille 433millier 437million 433minerals

gender of names of 180minor sentences 445, 446

a phrase 446a single word 446a subordinate clause 446

minorite 242modal verbs 159–163, 276mode 184modeste 204moi 208moindre 199moins de, a 274, 316moins in comparison 199, 201, 209, 390, 405, 409moins in superlative 151, 409moins pronoun 242moins que, a 148, 458mollement 298mon 247, 267, 271

before feminine noun beginning with vowel 267monter 63, 276months 441

gender of names of 180mood 1, 6, 115–158, 167–174se moquer 294mordre 176mort 184mou / mol 195mourir 28, 52, 56, 59, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73, 80, 168,

172, 176mouvoir 56moyens, les 290munir 176

nager 176naıtre 60, 63, 176naturel, il est 150naturellement 413neanmoins 413ne as negative particle 415–426, 429, 430

expletive ne 417ne alone 417

with cesser 417with n’avoir de cesse 417with n’importe qui / quoi 417with pouvoir 417with si ce n’est 417

ne . . . pas 416omission of ne 431

necessaire, il est 150necessite 290negation 465–431

expletive ne 417multiple negators 430ne alone 417

with cesser 417with n’avoir de cesse 417with n’importe qui / quoi 417with pouvoir 417with si ce n’est 417

ne . . . aucun 420ne . . . guere 422, 430ne . . . jamais 423, 430 – see also ne . . . jamaisne . . . nul 421ne . . . pas 416

separated from verb by adverb 416with imperative 416with indefinite article 416with infinitive 416

418






Index

with interrogative 416with present participle 416with verb 415, 416

ne . . . (pas) . . . ni . . . ni 426ne . . . personne 418, 430ne . . . plus 424, 430 – see also ne . . . plusne . . . que 425, 430ne . . . rien 419, 430 – see also ne . . . riennon 428omission of ne 431pas alone 427. . . pas non plus 429

plus jamais 430negliger 176, 292ne . . . guere 422neiger 176ne in comparisons 200ne . . . jamais 423

with imperative 423with infinitive 423without ne 423with sans 423

n’en plus pouvoir 233, 424ne . . . nul 421ne . . . pas 416

separated from verb by adverb 416with imperative 416with indefinite article 416with infinitive 416with interrogative 416with present participle 416with verb 415, 416

ne . . . (pas) . . . ni . . . ni 426with ne . . . aucun 426with ne . . . plus 426without a verb 426

ne . . . personne 418ne . . . plus 424

with infinitive 424ne . . . que 148, 425ne . . . que + pas 425ne . . . rien 419

rien as noun 419rien de 419rien que 419

n’est-ce pas 472nettoyer 176ni 452nier 150, 276n’importe comment 245, 246n’importe lequel 245, 246n’importe ou 245, 246n’importe qui 245, 246ni . . . ni, ne . . . (pas) 426

with ne . . . aucun 426with ne . . . plus 426without a verb 426

noircir 176nombre 242non 411, 428

mais non 428nonchalamment 398non pas que 148

non plus, pas 429non que 148normal, il est 150nos 247, 267, 271notre 247, 267, 271notre 240, 241noun clauses 455, 462nouns 177–192

abstract nouns 188collective nouns 188compound nouns 187 – see also compound

nounscount nouns 188forming plural of nouns 189gender of nouns 178–187irregular plurals 189linked to infinitive by a 281, 282linked to verb by a 286, 287mass nouns 188noun as complement of subject or object 177noun as indirect object 177noun as prepositional expression 177noun as subject 177nouns and number 188–192plural of compound nouns 190plural of foreign nouns 189

nous 208, 211, 228nouveau / nouvel 195noyer 176nu 193nuire 176, 286nul, ne . . . 421number 186–192, 196

adjectives 196 – see also adjectivescontrast between singular and plural usage in

French 192different usages of number in English and French

191nouns 188–192 – see also nouns

numberscardinal numbers 432–438, 442 – see also cardinal

numbersapproximate numbers 437fractions and decimals 438pronunciation of cinq, six, huit, neuf, dix,

cent 435use of figures to express cardinal numbers 436with titles 442

ordinal numbers 402, 432, 439, 440, 444with fois 444with Parisian districts 444

numerals 432–444

–o 180obeir 176, 286obligation 290obliger 285s’obstiner 283obtenir 176occasion 290s’occuper 283, 292, 294, 301–oeu 189oeuvre 185

419






Index

s’offenser 294(s’)offrir 176, 283, 292–oi 180–oir 180omettre 176, 292on 200, 224

its various values 224on and agreement 197, 225on and its other forms 226on and possessive adjective 268used to avoid passive 114, 224

operer 176opportunite, il y a 150or 413ordinal numbers 402, 432, 439ordonner 149, 292, 298s’orner 294oser 276oter 295ou 197, 452–ou 180, 189ou 412, 464, 465, 476, 479

ou que 152oublier 292s’oublier 283oui 411

mais oui 411oui – non questions 470–476

elliptical oui – non questions 475treatment of oui – non questions in indirect

questions 481with est-ce que 473with intonation 473with inversion of subject and verb 472with n’est-ce pas 472with –t– with pronouns 472

ouır 165ou que 152–our 180ouvertement 298ouvrir 59, 67, 71, 73, 118, 168, 172, 176

page 184paire 184palir 176par 274, 275, 374, 390, 391

par erreur 398parachever 176paradoxal, il est 150paraıt, il 164paraıtre 176, 276parce que 456par consequent 413par contre 413parcourir 176par-dessous 274, 375, 400par-dessus 274, 376pardonner 286, 292, 298(se) parer 286, 294parfois 402parler 292parmi 274, 377par suite de 274, 378

part – d’une part . . . de l’autre part 413partager 176part de, de la 274parti 184participer 286participles 56–61

past participles 58–61agreement with preceding direct object 214

present participles 56, 57with negation 416

particulierement 405partie 184partir 12, 13, 14, 25, 44, 56, 59, 63, 67, 69, 71, 73,

78, 90, 168, 172, 176, 276, 294partitive article 247, 248

de with negative expressions 260, 416partout 400parvenir 176, 283pas, ne . . . 416pas alone 427passer 63se passer 294passer son temps 283passive voice 106, 110–114

avoiding the passive voice 114, 224formation of passive voice 112

past anterior 88–90, 133used in time clauses 133

past historic 74–87, 130used in formal circumstances 130used in written French 130

past tenses 128–134pauvre 203payer 176peau 184pecher 176peindre 176peine, a 405, 469peine, ce n’est pas la 150pendant 274, 379, 390pendant que 465pendre 176pendule 184penetrer 176penser 150, 233, 276, 286, 294, 301percer 176percevoir 176perdre 31, 82, 169, 173, 176perdre son temps 283pere 184perfect indicative tense 66, 67, 131

used to refer to time in past 131perfect subjunctive tense 101, 102, 146, 147, 158periods of time 441perir 176permettre 149, 176, 292, 298permission 290perpetrer 176perseverer 283persistence 281persister 283person 1, 5personal pronouns 206–236

420






Index

ce and il 219with reference to persons 219

elision 209first person 208, 215, 227

stressed 231–233forms 208objects 227position 210, 211position with imperative 212position with infinitive 213position with voici, voila 213second person 208, 216, 227

stressed 231–233stressed pronouns 231–233third person 208, 217, 227

differences between French and English usages218

stressed 231–233personne 415, 430

ne . . . personne 418persuader 292, 295, 298peser 176petit, plus 199peu 242, 259, 405, 409peu, un 259, 405peu importe 150peu probable, il est 150peu que, pour 148, 458peur 290

avoir 149, 294peur de, de 274, 346peur que, de 148, 149peut, il se 150peut-etre 161, 411, 469phrase as minor sentence 446physique 184pile 440pincer 176se piquer 292pire 199pis 398, 409placer 176(se) plaindre 103, 104, 149, 176, 292(se) plaire 176, 283, 286plaisir 290pleuvoir 42, 55, 56, 61, 87, 170, 174, 176se plier 283plonger 176ployer 176plupart 242, 244pluperfect indicative tense 68, 69, 132

used to express event of period which has takenplace before another in the past 132

pluperfect subjunctive tense 101, 102plus, ne . . . 424, 430

plus jamais 430with infinitive 424

plus, . . . pas non 429plus grande partie 244plus in comparisons 199, 201, 259, 390, 405,

409plus in superlative 151, 199, 409plus pronoun 242

plus que, d’autant 459plutot 398, 405, 413poele 184poids 184point, ne . . . 416point que, a tel 459pois 184poix 184polir 176politique 184porter 14, 16, 44, 47, 56, 59, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 90,

91, 99, 100, 118, 167, 171possessive adjectives 247, 265, 267–271

with parts of the body 255possessive determiners 267–271

forms 217possessive pronouns 240, 241

forms 240possible, il est 150, 164poste 184pot 184pour 274, 380, 390pour peu que 148, 458pour que 148, 460pourquoi 412, 476, 479poursuivre 176pourtant 413pourvoir 176pourvu que 148, 458pousser 283pouvoir 12, 42, 44, 55, 56, 61, 67, 69, 71, 73, 87,

90, 98, 100, 150, 161, 170, 174, 176, 276n’en pouvoir plus 235

precedemment 402precipitamment 398precis 440predire 176preferable, il est 150preferer 149, 176premier 155premierement 402(se) prendre 37, 56, 60, 67, 71, 73, 83, 169, 173,

176, 283, 301prendre garde 292prendre part 286prendre plaisir 283prepare 279se preparer 283prepositional alternation 391prepositional expressions 302–393prepositions 273–393

effect of varying prepositions 390interlocking of English and French prepositions

392prepositions and place names 393prepositions which link 275–301verbs with variable prepositional usage 300,

301zero preposition 276–278

pres 400prescrire 176pres de 274, 381present 203

421






Index

present indicative tense 15–42, 125–128, 142of –er verbs 16–21to express continuous time 126to express future time 127, 136to express habitual time 125to express past time 127to express universal time 125used to describe events happening at the present

moment 125present subjunctive tense 91–98, 146, 147presque 405, 406(se) presser 292pret 279pretendre 176, 276preter 298prevenir 176, 295prier 292principal 204probable, il est 164probable, il est peu 150, 164probablement 411prochain 200, 253prochainement 402products, names of + zero article 253produire 176profiter 294projeter 176, 292prolonger 176promener 176promettre 176, 292prompt 279pronominal verbs 55, 103–109

agreement of past participles 105, 108compound tenses 104–106, 108forming the imperative 120used to avoid passive voice 114variable values 106

prononcer 176pronouns 206–246

demonstrative pronouns 237–239 – see alsodemonstrative pronouns

impersonal pronoun on 114 – see also onindefinite pronouns 242, 245, 246object pronouns and imperative 123personal pronouns 207–236 – see also personal

pronounspossessive pronouns 240, 241 – see also possessive

pronounsquantifying pronouns 242reflexive pronoun 106–108, 228

(se) proposer 292propre 203, 279proscrire 176proteger 176puis 413puisque 456punctuation 484

capital letters 484with book titles 484with names of countries 484with names of nationality 484with names of organisations 484with professional names and official titles 484

colons and commas 484inverted commas / guillemets 484

punir 176pur 203

quand 133, 412, 453, 465, 476, 479quand meme 413quant a 274, 382quantifiers 259quantifying pronouns 242, 243quantite 242quart 438que in exclamative sentences 483que interrogative pronoun 476, 477, 481que relative pronoun 464

que = which 464que = whom 464

que subordinating conjunction 462introducing clause requiring subjunctive 152replacing si 458

que, ce 464, 482que, ne . . ., 425, 430que de 483quel 254, 476, 478

in exclamative sentences 483quel . . . que 153, 457quelque 153quelquefois 402quelque que 153que . . . ou 148, 458qu’est-ce que 477, 481

exclamative sentences with qu’est-ce que 463qu’est-ce qui 477question, il est 164questions 470–482

direct questions 470–480elliptical questions without question word but

suggesting one 480indirect questions 481oui – non questions 470–475questions introduced by question word 470,

476–482treatment of question word in indirect

questions 481with ellipsis 476with est-ce que 476with intonation 476with inversion 476

rhetorical questions 482question words 476–479qui, ce 464, 481qui interrogative pronoun 476, 477

qui after preposition 477qui object 477qui subject 477

quinzaine 437qui que 152, 245qui relative pronoun 464

qui after preposition 464qui subject = which 464qui subject = who 464

quoi, de 464quoi interrogative pronoun 477

422






Index

quoi que 152, 457quoique 148, 457quoi qui 152, 457

racheter 176rafraıchir 176rage 290rager 176raison 290rajeunir 176rallonger 176ramener 176ranger 176rapide 204(se) rappeler 176, 276rare, il est 150ravi 288ravir 176rayer 176recemment 402recevoir 40, 44, 55, 56, 61, 67, 69, 71, 73, 87, 90,

97, 99, 100, 102, 118, 170, 174, 176recommander 292reconnaissant 288reconnaıtre 176, 276recours, avoir 233recouvrir 176recueillir 176rediger 176redouter 149, 292reduire 176referer 176reflechir 176refleter 176reflexive pronouns 106–108(se) refuser 149, 283, 292regarder 278regions

prepositions + names of 393regret 281regretter 149, 292reiterer 176rejeter 176se rejouir 149, 176, 283, 292relative clauses 453, 464, 468

following superlative requiring subjunctive 151reluire 176remedier 286remercier 292, 295remplacer 176remplir 176renoncer 176, 283, 286renouveler 176rentrer 63, 276renvoyer 176repandre 176repartir 176se repentir 176, 292repeter 176repondre 31, 82, 169, 173, 176, 286, 294, 301reprendre 176reprocher 298reproduire 176

repugnance 281repugner 283, 286requerir 176reserve que, sous 148se resigner 283resister 286resolu 279(se) resoudre 176, 283, 292responsable 288ressembler 286ressentir 176rester 63, 469retard 281

en retard 402, 403(se) retenir 176, 292retourner 54, 276reunir 176reussir 176, 283(se) reveler 176, 276revenir 176, 276rever 233, 292rhetorical questions 482richement 398rien, ne . . . 419, 430

rien as noun 419rien de 419rien que 419

rire 32, 83, 169, 173, 176, 294risque 290(se) risquer 150, 283, 292rompre 32, 56, 59, 82, 95, 169, 173, 176rougir 176, 292

sa 267saillir 176saisir 176, 294sale 203salir 176sans 274, 383

sans attendre 398sans aucun doute 411sans doute 410

sans que 148satisfaire 176satisfait 288

etre 149sauf 274, 384savoir 42, 55, 57, 61, 87, 98, 119, 162, 170, 174,

176, 276savoir gre 298

–scope 180se 208, 211, 228seasons

gender of names of 180names of + zero article 253

secher 176secourir 176seduire 176sel 184selle 184selon 274, 385semble, il 150, 164

indicative vs subjunctive 150

423






Index

sembler 276semer 176sensible 279sentences 443–452

normal structure of a sentence 443sentences in speech 443sentences in writing 443sentence structure 445–451

major sentences 447: simple sentences 448;declarative 448; exclamative 448; imperative448; interrogative 448; complex sentences450; compound sentences 449;compound-complex sentences 451

minor sentences 445, 446sentence types 444

declarative sentences 444exclamative sentences 444imperative sentences 444interrogative sentences 444

sentir 176, 278sequence of tenses 140, 141(se) servir 176, 283, 286, 294, 301ses 267seul 155, 203seulement 413shrubs

gender of names of 180si adverb of affirmation 410si adverb of degree 405si conjunction 453, 458

replaced by que 458si . . . que 459use of si in indirect questions 481

sien 240, 241similes as adverbs of manner 398simple 203simple sentence 447, 448

declarative 448exclamative 448imperative 448interrogative 448

simple tenses 14simuler 292–sion 181si . . . que 409soi 208soit 487soit que . . . ou / soit que 148solde 184solidement 398somme 184son 247, 267

before feminine noun beginning with vowel 267possible ambiguity 269the son series – its values 268

songer 176, 233, 283, 286sonnant 440sorte que, de 148, 460sortir 63, 176, 276, 294se soucier 292soudain 402souffrir 176

souhaiter 149, 276soulager 176soulever 176soumettre 176soupconner 292soupeser 176sourire 176sous 256, 274, 386, 391souscrire 176sous reserve que 148soutenir 176se souvenir 103, 104, 176, 292, 294souvent 402stem 14stylistic effect 257, 468subir 176subjunctive mood 6, 91–102, 124, 144–158,

171–174circumstances requiring subjunctive 148–153circumstances that may require subjunctive

154–158uses 144–158

subordinate clauses 454–466subordinate clause as minor sentence 446types of subordinate clauses 455

causal clauses 455, 456concessive clauses 455, 457conditional clauses 455, 458consecutive clauses 455, 459declarative clauses 466–468final clauses 455, 460manner clauses 455, 461noun clauses 455, 462relative clauses 464time clauses 465

subvenir 176, 286succeder 176, 286suffire 176, 286, 292suggerer 176, 292, 298suite de, par 274, 378suivant 274, 387suivre 60, 176superlative of adjectives 199superlative of adverbs 409superlative without plus or moins perhaps

requiring subjunctive 155superlative with plus or moins requiring

subjunctive 151supplier 292supporter 292supposant que 148suppose que 148, 481suppose que, a 148sur 274, 388, 390, 391sur 288

il n’est pas sur 150surgir 176sur-le-champ 402surprendre 176, 283surpris, etre 149survivre 286surprendre 176

424






Index

–t–use of –t– with pronouns 472

ta 267, 271tacher 292taire 59, 176tandis que 465tant 259, 405, 408tant que 465tant . . . que 459taon 184tard 402, 403tarder 283, 298,

il me tarde 298, 301te 208, 211, 228–te 181tel 459telephoner 286, 292tellement 405, 408tellement . . . que 459tel point que, a 459tel . . . que 459temoigner 294temps 290

il est 150, 164tendance 281tendre 176, 283tenir 27, 52, 56, 59, 79, 176, 233, 283, 301

s’en tenir 283tenses 1, 7–176

compound tenses of pronominal verbs 104–106,108

compound tenses of simple verbs 62–73conditional perfect tense 72, 73, 139, 141, 158

in reported speech 139to refer to events that might have taken place

139used to express uncertainty 139

conditional tense 45–55, 138, 141in main clause of sentence with conditional

clause 138in reported speech 138used to express uncertainty 138

differences between French and English usages140

sequence of tenses 140, 141with depuis, il y a, voici, voila 140,

142with venir de 143

double compound past tense 134future perfect tense 70, 71, 137, 141future tense 45–55, 135, 136, 141

to refer to future events 135used as alternative to imperative 122, 135

imperfect indicative tense 43, 44, 129, 142to express duration of time 129to express period of time 129to express repeated or habitual action 129used to describe set of circumstances

129imperfect subjunctive tense 99, 100past anterior 88–90, 133

used in time clauses 133

past historic 74–87, 130used in formal circumstances 130used in written French 130

past tenses 128–134perfect indicative tense 66, 67, 131

used to refer to time in past 131perfect subjunctive tense 101, 102, 146, 147,

158pluperfect indicative tense 68, 69, 132

used to express event or period which has takenplace before another in the past 132

pluperfect subjunctive tense 101, 102present indicative tense 15–42, 125–128, 142

of –er verbs 16–21of –ir verbs 22–28of –oir verbs 38–42of –re verbs 29–37to express continuous time 126to express future time 127, 134to express habitual time 125to express past time 127to express universal time 125used to describe events happening at the

present moment 125present subjunctive tense 91–98, 146, 147sequence of tenses in subjunctive mood 145–147simple tenses 14tense formation 14

tenter 292terminer 301terrible 204terriblement 405tes 267, 271tien 240, 241tiers 438time 440

telling the time 440approximately 440half past the hour 440other times 440precisely 440quarter past and quarter to the hour 440the hour 440

time clauses 453, 465–tion 181titles 442

with an article 256toi 216tomber 63ton 267ton noun 184ton possessive adjective 267, 271

before feminine noun beginning with vowel 267tordre 176tort 290tort, a 298tot 402totalement 405toujours 402, 403tour 184tout 250, 272, 405, 406

tout droit 398

425






Index

tout a coup 402tout a l’heure 402tout de suite 402toutefois 413tracer 176traduire 176trahir 176traire 165traiter 295tranquillement 398transcrire 176transferer 176transitive verbs 65travailler 283travers de, a 274, 319travers de, au 274trees

gender of names of 180trentaine 437tres 405tressaillir 176triompher 294triste 203triste, etre 149se tromper 294trop 259, 406, 406, 409trouver 150tu 208, 216, 267–tude 181tutoyer 176

-ueil 180un/une 248, 249unanime 279unanimement 398unir 176un peu 259, 405–ure 181s’user 283utile 279utilisant toutes ses forces, en 398utiliser 283

vague 184vaillamment 398vaincre 59, 176valoir 42, 55, 56, 61, 87, 170, 174, 176valoir mieux 276se vanter 292, 294vapeur 184vase 184vegetables

gender of names of 181veiller 149, 283vendre 14, 31, 44, 53, 56, 59, 67, 69, 71, 73, 82,

90, 95, 99, 100, 102, 118, 169, 173,176

venger 176venir 27, 52, 59, 63, 79, 94, 118, 168, 172, 176,

301, 469venir de 143, 292

verbs 1–176

Group 1 –er verbs 13, 15–21, 44, 47–49, 56, 59,67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 90, 91–93, 99, 100,102, 167, 168, 171

conditional tense 47: radical stem variation inconditional 49

conditional perfect 73future tense 47: radical stem variation in future

49future perfect 71imperfect indicative tense 44imperfect subjunctive tense 99, 100past anterior 90past historic 75, 76past participles 59perfect indicative tense 69perfect subjunctive tense 102pluperfect indicative tense 69pluperfect subjunctive tense 102present participles 56present indicative tense 15–21present subjunctive tense 91–93Subgroup 1 18verbs in –eler 18, 48verbs in –eter 18, 48Subgroup 2 19, 48verbs with e or e in stem 19Subgroup 3 20commencer / manger 20subgroup 4 21aller 21, 49

Group 2 –ir verbs 13, 22–28, 44, 50–52, 56, 59,67, 69, 79, 73, 77–80, 90, 91, 94, 99, 100,102, 168, 171

conditional tense 50–52conditional perfect 73future tense 50–52future perfect 71imperfect indicative tense 44imperfect subjunctive tense 99,100past anterior 90past historic 77–80past participles 59perfect indicative tense 67perfect subjunctive tense 102pluperfect indicative tense 69pluperfect subjunctive tense 102present participles 56present indicative tense 22–28present subjunctive tense 91, 94Subgroup 1 24, 51, 77finir 24Subgroup 2 25, 52, 80courir / partir / dormir 25Subgroup 3 26, 77cueillir 26Subgroup 4 27, 79tenir / venir 27

Group 3 –re verbs 13, 29–37, 44, 53–54, 56, 59,60, 67, 69, 71, 73, 81–84, 90, 91, 95, 96, 99,100, 169, 173

conditional tense 53, 54conditional perfect 73

426






Index

future tense 53, 54future perfect 71imperfect indicative tense 44imperfect subjunctive tense 99, 100past anterior 90past historic 81–84past participles 59, 60perfect indicative tense 67perfect subjunctive tense 00pluperfect indicative tense 69pluperfect subjunctive tense 00present participles 56present indicative tense 29–37present subjunctive tense 91, 95, 96Subgroup 1 31vendre / perdre / repondre 31Subgroup 2 32rompre / rire / conclure 32Subgroup 3 33battre / mettre 22Subgroup 4 34croire 34Subgroup 5 35lire / conduire 35Subgroup 6 36ecrire 36Subgroup 7 37boire / craindre / dire / faire / prendre

/ vivre / etre 37Group 4 –oir verbs 13, 38–42, 44, 55, 56, 61, 67,

69, 71, 73, 85–87, 90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102,170, 174

conditional tense 55conditional perfect 73future tense 55future perfect 71imperfect indicative tense 44imperfect subjunctive tense 99, 100past anterior 90past historic 85–87past participles 61perfect indicative tense 67perfect subjunctive tense 102pluperfect indicative tense 69pluperfect subjunctive tense 102present participles 56present indicative tense 38–42present subjunctive tense 97, 98Subgroup 1 40–ecevoir 40Subgroup 2 41voir 41Subgroup 3 42asseoir / avoir / devoir / falloir /

pleuvoir / pouvoir / savoir / valoir /vouloir 42

defective verbs 165followed by two nouns, second with de 296,

297impersonal verbs 164intransitive verbs 63linked to infinitive by a 283–285

linked to infinitive by de 292, 293linked to noun by a 286, 287linked to noun by de 295, 296modal verbs 159–163participles 56–61

agreement of past participles with etre 64past participles 58, 59present participles 56, 57

pronominal verbs 63, 103–109agreement of past participles 105, 108forming the imperative 120used to avoid passive voice 114variable values 106

verbs and negation 415–417verbs with a + noun and de + infinitive 298,

299verbs with variable prepositional usage 300, 301verbs with zero preposition 276–278

verb stem 14verb subgroups 26vers 274, 389, 440vetir 59, 176vieillir 176vieux / vieil 195vingtaine 437viser 283vite 398vitesse, a grande 398vivre 37, 56, 84, 169, 173, 176, 294voice 106, 110–114

avoiding the passive voice 114formation of passive voice 112

voici 140, 142, 213voila 140, 142, 213voile 184voir 41, 44, 56, 61, 86, 97, 156, 170, 174, 176,

278volonte 290volontiers 398vomir 176vos 267, 270votre 247, 267, 270votre 240, 241vouloir 42, 55, 56, 61, 87, 98, 119, 149, 163, 170,

174, 176, 276en vouloir 235, 298used as alternative to imperative 122, 163

vous 208, 211, 216, 228, 267vouvoyer 176voyager 176vrai 203vrai, il est 164

il n’est pas 150vraiment 405vraisemblablement 409vu que 456

weather 164weights and measures

gender of names of 180wines

gender of names of 180

427






Index

wordas clause 453as minor sentence 446

word order in declarative clause 467, 468

y 211, 234, 236equivalent of a + noun 236= there 236

years 441

zero article 248, 258with adverbial expressions 256with past participles 256with prepositions 256with set phrases 256

zero preposition 275–278

428






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