7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848
7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848
7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
7.1 Conservatism
Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity:
Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity:
Congress System, balance of power, existing borders
Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church
7.2 Liberalism
1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism
2) Economics • Free markets and Free
Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism
John Stuart Mill
On Liberty (1859)
Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property
Qualifications • Middle Class Bias
7.3 Nationalism
• Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose
(Levee en Mass) • Romanticism
• Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have
a nation? • Sense of “Them”
7.4 Socialism
1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism
2) Common Features • Cooperation >
Competition • Anti-Private Property
Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA)
Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party
(Britain) • Social Democratic
Party (Germany) • Labor Unions
7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich
Revolutions of 1830 1) France
• Charles X to Louis-Phillipe
• Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland
• Uprising against Russian Rule
3) Italy • National uprising
against Austria
Revolution of 1848 - France • Louis-Phillippe –
“Bourgeois Monarch”
• February Revolution • Second Republic • Louis Blanc – National Workshops
Revolution of 1848 - Austria
• Ferdinand to Franz Joseph
• Hungary and Russia • Italy
Revolution of 1848 - Germany
• Frankfurt Parliament • What is Germany?
Revolution of 1848 – Legacy?
Success or Failure?
Pivot of Nationalism?