7. Branislav Jovanovic Serbia.ppt · 6 – 12 April 1941 – Belgrade ... Allied bombing of Belgrade 21 September – 22 October 1944 - liberation of Belgrade. 11/06/2015 8 SMAC has

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ERW-Residual Contamination

Case Study -Serbia

Serbian Mine Action Centre

Serbian Mine Action Centre (SMAC)Foundation of Mine Action Centre (SMAC) – 2002SMAC is civilian independent government organizations.

Competence of SMAC:SMAC does not directly conduct demining-clearance operations, but among other things, conducts following:

- Survey- Development of humanitarian demining projects- Following implementation of projects- QA/QC on the project and activities- International cooperation- MRE

Demining conducted by accredited companies andorganizations.

Main problem is lack of funds (economic situation,donations).

SMAC has just technical role in tender procedures forselection of contractors for implementation of HMA projects.

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Risks in Republic of Serbia:

1. WW I

2. WW II

3. Conflict 1991-1995

4. 1999-raids

5. Clash-2001

PROBLEMS

CLUSTER MUNITIONS GROUP OF MINES UXO PROBLEMS Air Drop Weapons – NATO

raids1999 SUNKEN GERMAN FLEET-

WWII UW UXO-WWI, WWII and

NATO raids 1999 Residual contaminations

WWI,WWII, conflict ex-Yu, NATO raids

Serbian Mine Action Centre

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WW I-ERW Residual contamination

WW II ERW Residual contamination

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1999-raids

ERW and mine influence on Republic of Serbia

Serbian Mine Action Centre

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Legal frame in Republic of Serbia

Health and Safety law -Official Gazette 101/2005Risk Assessment Act is an act that contains a description of the work processwith an assessment of the risk of injury and / or damage to health in theworkplace in the working environment and measures to eliminate or reduce riskin order to improve the safety and health at work.

Rules of occupational safety due construction works - Official Gazette 53/97

When earthworks are perform on old battlefields or military warehouses, before work employees must verifies the existence of unexploded ordnance and other dangerous objects and substances. (risk treatment)

Social impact:

In most cases, the local populations in Serbia are not aware of the presence of ERW risk in the ground or the attendant dangers

Frequently the introduction of risk management processes regarding ERW is seen as an unnecessary nuisance.

Investors and companies often approach the idea of risk management as an additional cost and burden which must be avoided.

Some companies insist on certificates that the area is complete free of explosives (Free Explosive Certificate), while others maintain that all risks resulting from ERW are acceptable.

In practice, the use of risk management often calls for a course of action between these extremes.

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Economic Impact

Economic development in the Republic of Serbia is one of the main objectives of the government, and investment is essential for this to occur.

Investors must finance risk treatment

When investors choose or try to evade responsibilities in managing risks of ERW, they are essentially trading employee safety for increased profit margins.

Role of insurance company:

insurance companies are an essential component in economic development and in alleviating investors’ concerns

adequate insurance procedures can help define how the investor must be compensated for cost

Targeted and appropriate measures in risk reduction can help reduce insurance premiums, thereby incentivizing investors to take appropriate action.

Residual Risk Projects

Oil refinery – Novi Sad (1999 raids)

Belgrade waterfront (WW I, WW II)

South stream gas line (all)

Chines embassy (1999)

Novi Sad bridges (1999)

Palic Lake (1999)

etc.

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Case Study -Serbia

Belgrade waterfront

Risks on Belgrade Waterfront Site

28/29 July – 13 December 1914 –First World War battles

05 – 8 October 1915 – First World War battles

6 – 12 April 1941 – Belgrade heavily bombed by Nazi Germany

16 April – 3 September 1944 –Allied bombing of Belgrade

21 September – 22 October 1944 -liberation of Belgrade

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SMAC has defined the following basic guidelines:

No victims external to the project;

Avoid operator victims;

Reduce to the minimum incidental findings of UXO;

Risk management activities of the residual ERW have as little influence as possible on preparation and construction of the project;

Optimum definition of the risk reduction methods based on ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable)

Risk assessment matrix model

The process is continuous and allows for constant improvement

As Low as Reasonably Practicable

There are several elements taken into account in risk assessment: complex risk (5 time periods on the same territory) Wetlands at the moment of risk and later backfilling of the area with construction materials from the

bombed Belgrade Sava river as integral part of the project Non-systematic approach during previous EOD operations at this location. Construction system that includes dense piles and large scale earth works

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Methodology - DRAFT

Risk Assessment-Belgrade waterfront

Risk Possibility Effect Risk Note

Small ammunitions1 1 1 WW I

Artillery ordnance till 76mm

6 6 36 WW II

Artillery ordnance up76mm

4 8 34 WW I

Air drop weapons 6 6 36 WW II

AP/AT mines 1 3 3 WW II

Torpedo/river mines1 8 8 WW I

Chemical ammunitions0 0 0

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Risk assessment-related to the activityActivities Risk Possibility Effect Risk level

Usually activity

Smallammunitions 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance up 76mm

1 1 1

Air drop weapons 1 1 1

Mine 1 1 1

Torpedo/River mines 1 1 1

Special type ammunitions 1 1 1

Hand digging

Smallammunitions 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm 2 3 6

Artillery ordnance up 76mm

2 6 12

Air drop weapons 1 8 8

Mine 1 8 8

Torpedo/River mines 1 8 8

Special type ammunitions

1 8 8

Mechanical work’s

Small ammunitions 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm

6 6 36

Artillery ordnance up 76mm

4 8 32

Air drop weapons 6 6 36

Mine 1 1 1

Torpedo/River mines 1 1 1

Special type ammunitions

0 0 0

Settings Pilons

Small ammunitions 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm

6 6 36

Artillery ordnance up 76mm

4 8 32

Air drop weapons 6 6 36

Mine 1 3 3

Torpedo/River mines 0 8 0

Special type ammunitions

1 6 6

UW works

Small ammunitions 1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm

1 1 1

Artillery ordnance till 76mm

4 6 32

Air drop weapons 6 6 36

Mine 1 1 1

Torpedo/River mines 1 8 8

Special type ammunitions

0 0 0

Recommendations

Risk Risk level Risk mitigations Activity

1‐4 Low Partly activityEducations of employee, project adopt, 

survey

5‐12 Low‐medium Partly activity

13‐27 Medium‐high ActivitySurvey, clearance, changing project

28‐82 HighActivity

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Benefit of MORE in Serbia:

The entire society is involved

Prioritization are more realistic

More effective

Cost reductions

Increasing safety of local populations (to learn to live with risk)

Long term system

Educations of personal

Centralizad data base

Open questions?

Establish separate IMAS?

Role of GICHD?

Who is responsible?

Role of donors?

Less or more donations

Correlations with HSE law?

Deadline for solutions? (permanent or not)

Correlations with UW UXO operations

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The Future for Serbia, 2019 and beyond.

“Country without mine’’

“Country without cluster munitions’’

“A Country managing ERW risk”

THANK YOU

QUESTIONS?

Serbian Mine Action Centre31, Vojvode Toze St.Belgrade, SerbiaT +381 11 30 45 280E: [email protected]: www.czrs.gov.rs

Serbian Mine Action Centre