7. (a) claw-like (b) club-shape (c) swollen - Assiut University

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Part A (Final): Choose the correctjlnswers for the folloryingguestioug:1. Genus characterized by its growth on cattle dung is ................

(a) the shape of the sporangiophore(c) sporangiophore branching

(50 marks)

(b) the shape and arrangement of sporangia(d) all of the above

(b) Motile porangiospores(d) None of the above

(b) dichotomously branched(d) seldom branched

(a) Circinella (b) Thamnidium (e) Phycomyces (d) Pilobolus2. Which of the following taxonomic category is more specialized ...............

(a) kingdom (b) order (c) genus (d) family3. Perenosporales order is divided into 3 families, based on..............

4. Sporangiophores are covered in calcium oxalate and sporangia are monosporic in ......{a) Saprolegnia (b) Cunningharnella (c) Albugo (d) Circinella sp.

5. Zoospores formation is preceded by the formation of a bubbleJike vesicle, whichemerges from the tube extending from the hyphae of ...............(a) Rhizopus sp. (b) Aspergillus sp. (c) Pythium sp. (d) Circinella sp.

6. The fungus that causes white rust disease of cruciferous plants is .,......".....(a) Dichtyuchus sp. (b) Albugo sp. (c) Bremia sp. (d) Zygorhynchus sp.

7. ..... is a genus belong to F: Perenosporaceae and characterized by the swollensporangiophores.(a) Bremia (b) Plasmopara (c) Sclerospora (d) Perenospora

8. What of the following statements is rightly describes the genera of the family Mucorales?

9. fithium sp. causes.............. disease.(a) late blight (b) black wart (c) damping off (d) powdery mildew

10. One of the characteristics of fungi belong to Fl Blastocladiaceae is the ............. thallus.

(a) Mycelia not septate(c) Only smooth zygospore

(a) unbranched(c) Highly branched

U. The sporangiophore of fungi belong to family F: Albuginaceae is adistinguishable character.(a) claw-like (b) club-shape (c) swollen (d) branched

12. Which of the following fungi contains rhizoids to fix itself on the nutrient medium?(a) Rhiaryus sp. (b) Aspergillus sp. (c) Pythium sp. (d) Phytaphth.ora sp.

13. Zygomycetous genus characterized by branching of sporangiophores is ...,............(a) Circinella (b) Syncephalastrum (c) Phycomyces

14. Reproductive structures that can moye are not called ....i......a) zoospores (b) swimming gametes (c) conidia

15. The fungus that causes downy mildew in grapes is catted..........,..(a) Albugo sp. (b) Pyrhium sp. (c) Plasmopara viticola (d) Alktmyces sp.

16. Zygomycetous genu$ characterized by the formation of merosporangia is .........,......ta) Circinella (b) Syncephalastrum (c) Phycomyces (d) Rhizopus

17. When there is no lid at the tip of the discharge tube, the zoosporangia called ..r..........(a) operculate (b) inoperculate (c) homothallic (d) heterothallic

I"8. The tfuallus of fungus completely converted into a reproductive cell is called

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{d) Rhizopus

(d) none of the above

Assiut UniversityFaculty of ScienceBotany & l\{icrobiology Ddpt

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Systemic mycology 1 (2628) X'inal exam (29 June 2021) Time: 2 hours

Microbiology & Botauy students (2"d level)

(a) Fullycarpic (b) Holocarpic (c) Eucarpic

19. Rhizoids are alternate with sporangiophores in .............'(a) Circiella (b) Phycomyces (c) Absidia

20. Synchytrium endobioticlrrd, causes disease

(d) incarpic

(d) Rhizopus

(a) black wart of tomato(c) Swellings of cabbage

(b) black wart of potato(d) None of the above

21. The genera of Famity ............ form columellate sporangia and sporangioles

(a) Mucoraceae (b) Cunninghamellaceae (c) Mortierrellaceae (d) Thamnidiaceae

22. Self-sterile fungi that require a partner for sexual reproduction are called

(a) Heterotrophic (b) Heterothallic (c) Heterogenous (d) Heterocyclic

23. Which of the following is rightly describes members of F: Synchtriaceae?(a) Epibiotic (b) Euocarpic parasites (c) operculate sporangia (d) None of the above

24. Whiah of the following is rightly describes members Albugo sp.?

(a) Fucultitave parasite O) tirry sporangiphores (c) Obligate parasite (d) None of the above

25. Mdtiple thailfconnected together in chains via a system of rhizomycelium in chytrids is

called(a) Endobiotic (b) Interbiotic (c) Eucarpic (d) Holocarpic

26. Fungi are thattophytic microorganisms for having roots, stems and leaves

(a) True (b) False

27. Atracheophyta means the organism have no vascular system(a) True (b) False

28. Conidiophores are a mass of more or less loosetry interwoven hyphae, constituting the

vegetative body of most of the true fungi(a) True (b) False

29. Fungal cell wall consists of cellulose in some members of Oomycota(a) True (b) False

30. ileproduction is the formation of new individuals having alt the characteristics typical of

the species(a) True (b) False

31. Fungi are restricted and loeal in their distribution(a) True (b) False

32. Achlorophytlous means the cells devoid of chlorophyll(a) True (b) False

33. Aggregation of uni-nucleate naked cells referred as pseudoplasmodium(a) True (b) False

34. Structurally the fungal mitochondria not resemble those of green plants(a) True (b) False

35. Golgi bodies, starch grains and plastids are reported in all fungal cells(a) True (b) False

36. Each germ tube elongates to form long, fine, branched filaments called hyphae

(a) True (b) False

37. Hyphae in many fungi do not develop the cross walls or septa, as in iVlastigomycotina

andZygomycotina(a) True (b) False

38, ierm hyphae is used for any small propagative, reproductive or survival unit which

separatei from the sporogenous cell and gives rise to a new individual(a) True (b) False

39. The name xenospores are concerned with the spores survival(a) True (b) False

40. Cratogamae are organisms reproducing typically by spores not by flowers

2/4

(a) True (b) False

41. Gwynn e 1937 mentioned seven characters that are used in fungal taxonomy

(a) True (b) False

42. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of sex cells or gametes and union of two

compatible nuclei(a) True (b) Faise

43. karyogamy follow plasmogamy almost immediately in higher fungi(a) True (b) False

44. According to Dayal {1975) elassification Myxomycetes are not fungi(a) True (b) False

45. iungal spore is characterized hy cessation of the cytoplasmic movement

(a) True (b) False

46. Aptanospores are ron'motile sporangiospores(a) True (b) False

47. The thallus of eucarpic fungi entirely converted into reproductive structures

(a) True (b) False

48.In gametangial copulation the entire contents of two gametangia fuse

(a) True (b) False

49. Fusion between undifferentiated vegetative cells or spores called somatogamy

(a) True (b) False

so. wtrittaker (1969) proposed a five-kingdom system placing fungi in separate kingdo

(a) True (b) False

(30 marks)51. .......... means the fungus enters in partnership or share benefit with another organism

(a) Symbiosis (b) Heterotrophes (c) Qbligate parasites (d)Facultative parasites

52. ..,,.,.,,. are intercellular fungal mycelia that absorbs food from host cells

(a) Conidiophore (b) Plasmodium (c) Ilaustoria (d) Hyphae

53. Kingdo* .......... inclueles prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and blue green algae

(a) Fiotista (b) Monera (c) Mycetae (d) Plantae

54.If the fungus hyphae break up into small fragments, each fragment in suitable condition

gives rise to a new individual it is called ..,.....r.(a) Fragmenration (b) Sporulation (c) Fission (d) Budding

55, .......... means fungi that iack chlorophyll and get their own food from inorganic

material(a) Symbiosis (b) Heterotrophes (c) Obligate parasites (d) Facultative parasites

56. Zygospores are type of sexual spores present in ...""",(a) Asiomycetes (b) Eumycota (c) Zygomycetes (d) Deuteromycetes

57. Mycorrhizae referred to symbiosis relationship between the fungus and ......."'(aj Plant roots (b) Algae (c) Bacteria (d) Archegonates

58. When the oldest cell set at the base and the youngest at the tip of chain it called

..........succession(a) Acropital (b) Lateral (c) Basipital - (d).Norrnal

59. .......,,. is acervulusJike body, in which the compact mass of conidiophores develop on a

cushion-like mass of hyphae or stroma'(a) conidiomata (bi sporodochia (c) Acervuli (d) synnema

- 60. involves the fusion of a motile male gamete with a non-motile female gamete

(a) Isogamy (b) Anisogamy (c) Heterothallic (d) Heterogamy *

61. .......... is the fusion of the two'nuitei brought together by plasmogamy to form a diploid

(2n) nucleus or Zygote

3t4

,

d(a) Isogamy (b) Karyogamy (c) Heterogamy (d) Anisogamy

62. ......,... is spherical closed ascocarps with scattered asci inside(a) CleistoGcium (b) Perithecium (c) Acervuli (d) Apothecium

63. .......... is narrow ostiolate flask-shaped ascocarps with arranged asci inside

(a) Cleistothecium (b) Peritheciurn (c) Acervuli (d) Apothecium

64. When planogametes are morphologically similar but different in size it called

(a) Isogamy (b) Anisogamy (c) Heterothallic (d) Heterogamy

65. ........:. is a large, erect reproductive structure bearing compact conidiophores fuse

together to form a strand resembling a stalk.(i) Conidiomata (b) Sporodochia (c) Acervuli (d) Synnema

66. The male gametes differ fiom the female gametes in the genus Allomyces in size and

- shape.(a) True (b) False

67. Fungi belong to Oomycetes are characterized by the production of zoospores that have

two flagella.(a) True (b) False

68. The antheridia are always cylindrical or club-shaped and are much smaller than the

oogonia.(a) True (b) False

69. The fungal division Myxomycota is characterized by its ability to secrete gelatinous

substances.(a) True (b) False

70. Alteration of generation is always found inAllomyces,(a) True (b) False

71. Club-root disease of Cabbage is caused by Plasmodiaphora brassicae.

(a) True (b) False

72. Fungi are usually harmful.(a) True (b) False

73, Phytophthora characterized by forming lemon shape sporangium(a) True (b) False

74. Fungi are widespread organisms.(a) True (b) False

75. The 1amiiy plasmodiophoraceae includes 5 genera difTerentiated based on the shape ofcystosorus.

(a) True (b) False

76. Sporangiophores not distinguished from hyphae in family Pythiaceae.(a) True (b) False

77.\n Allonnyces, sporothallus (1n) producing two types of sporangia.(a) True (b) False

78. Claw tike appendages bearing conidia found rnPhytophthora.(a) True (b) False

79. Bremi.a is a soil inhabitant genus, causes root rot and damping off diseases of seedlings.

(a) True (b) False

80,Atbugo sp. is reproduce asexually by planogametic copulation.(a) True (b) False

With our bestwishes

Dr. GhadaAbd-ElmonsefProf. Abd.el-Raowf M. Khallil

4/4

Dr. Dalia A. Gaber

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Botany & Microbiology Dept

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Molecular Biology (2128) Final exam (1 JuIy 2021) Tirne: 2 hours

Microbiology & Botany students 2nd level

1.

,

Q I: Choose the correct answer:

a. Singlet b. Duplet c. Triplet

a. replication b. linear chromosorne end

(40 marks)

d. Quadruplet

c. prokaryotes d. AGGGTT3. Hgw maulbands would be see,n after electrophoresis of eisht DNA fragments, of which four

fragments are equal in length?a.8 b.5 c,6 d.4

4. Perfgct vectors should have the following essential features exceut ......

5. If each of G, A and T represent 307o in one strand of a double stranded DNA. horv manv thenur.nbers of C bpses will be in 100 hase pairs of a.double helix?a. 10 b.40 c.20 d.30

6. The first arnino acid to beincorporated in the nrokarvotic polypentide is ..,.....a. Methionine b. N-formyl methionine c. Valine d. N-acyl valine

7. A teqhnique used to rqgke mulEple copies of a DNA sequence. in vitro. fhrough series ofthermal reagligns.a. Gel electrophoresis b. PCR c. DNA replication d. DNA sequencing

8. The p-rocess of svnthesis of comnlemenJary DNA from RNA template is galled .....,.,.a. DNA replication b. reverse transcription c. translation d. transcription

9. The amino acids for protein svnthesis is activated by the enzvFe .....,.....

a. selective marker

c. virulent gene

a. rRNA synthetase

c. IRNA synthetase

b. origin of replication

d. cloning site

b. Aminoacyl-mRNA synthetase

d. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

l.0.Which of the following is not a part of a nu.cleotide?a. Pentose sugar b. Phosphate group c. Hydrogen bond d. Nitrogen base

11.For the translation to be ipitiated which of the followine does not occur?a. Binding of the large and small subunits of the ribosomeb.Binding of ribosome to the mRNAc. Presence of charged tRNA at the P sited. Positioning of ribosome on starting site

v8

II

L2.The arrow refers to r.......

a. mRNA b. template sffand c. primary transcriPt d. sense strand

c. nitrocellulose filter d. gel electrophoresis

ls.Check which one of the fo4owi

occurrence?a. RNA processing - cYtoPlasm b. Translation - cytoPlasm

c. Transcription - nucleus d. Translation - ER

c.Initiation site d. promoter

19. Which of the follorn:ine does not take part in sene expression?

a. Transcription b. RNA processing c. Translation d. Replication

20.Abortive transcrintion is

-

a. cycles of synthesis of short mRNA transcripts

b. synthesis of primary transcript '

c. common onlY in EukarYotes

d. fonnation of transcription elongation complex

21.Which enzvme is involved in the svnthesis of tlre DNA over an RNA template?

a. Reverse transcriPtase

c. Endonuclease

22, Southern blot is detected bv .....'......a. photographic filmc. nitrocellulose filter

13.Mar.k the cprrect pair with respect to primers used in DNA replication.

a. RNA primer- for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

b. RNA primer- for Prokaryotes onlY

c. DNA primer-for eukaryotes onlY

d. DNA primer- for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

14. DNA frasments are blotted usins ...............a. photographic film b. radioactive Probe

c. Transcription - nucleus tr' lralrsral

16.Which of lhe followins does not affect DNA reDlication?

a. Helicase b. RNA polymerase

c. DNA polymerase d. Antiparallel nature of DNA

17.Which of-the followins is responsible ior the initiation of RNA @basteria?

^. rho factor

18.Ina. The same restriction enzYmes

c.ligase

b. sigma facto

b. DNA polymerase

d. RNA polymerase

b. radioactive Probe

d. gel electrophoresis

b. different restriction enzymes

d. DNA polymerase

2t8

23.With resDect to eukarvotic replication which of the followinq enzvme is not correctlv rair*dwith its function?a. Helicase - separate the double stranded DNA.b. DNA polymerase III - elongation of DNA strand.c. Primase - primer synthesis.d. DNA polyrnerase e - elongation of DNA sffand.

a. Exon b.Intron c. Promoter d. Enhancer

d.deoxyribonucleotides

25.Molecules of DNA arecornnosed of lonschains of .................a. Fatty acids b. amino acids c. ribonuceotides

26. Which of the followins is oot-a tvoe of RNA processire?a. Folyadenylation at the 3' endc. Removal of exons

a. One b. Uncountable

24.

b. Capping of 5'endd. Splicing

27.

100

2

d. 100028.

a.Thymine & Adeninec. Guanine & Adenine

b. Cytosine & Uracild. Thymine & Cytosine

29.nnRNA of which of ttre followine qreanism does npt undereo orocessine?a. Plant b. Human c. Bacteria d. Fungi

30.

a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule present inside bacterial cell.The main chromosome in bacterial cella circular, double-stranded DNA morecule with foreign DNA insertsDNA fragments isolated from human cell.

a.

b.

L.

d.

a. helicase

c. pdmaseb. RNA poiymerase

d. DNA polymerase

1'

a. C9

33. hofit. tRNA

b. c2

b. DNA

c. Cl

c. Protein

d. c4

d. mRNA34. t t

a. 3'.. .AUCGGAGGALIUG....5,c. 5'....GTTAGCTCGGAT....3,

35.The dideoxv metho{,is also known ?s ............a. Maxem and Gilbert methodc. Sanger's sequencing

.A

b. 3"...AUCCGAGCUAAC....5'd. 5,,,,.UAGGCUCGAUUG....3'

b, Autosequencingd. Pyrosequencing

36. DNa. helicase enzyme b. heating c. treatment with alkali

37.The oriein of replication is rich in.........,..a. A-T c. G-C

38.b. A.U

3i8

d. C-T

d. cooling

b.requires a DNA template, deoxyribonucleotides, primers, and DNA polymerase.c. occurs on only one strand of DNA.d. requires the addition of deoxyribonucleotides to the 5 free hydroxyl group.

55.Whictr of the followins is the comect order?a. Transcription - processing - translationb. Processing - translation - transcriptionc. Processing - ffanscriptiorr - translationd. Transcription - translation - processing

56.Ara.54"C b.42"C c,74'C d.96"C

57. \{hicha. DNA polymerase b. Helicase c. Telomerase d. Topisomerase

58.

a.5 b. 16

a. The unit of RNA structurec. Energy rich molecules

d.32

b. The unit of DNA structured. Monomeric units

c. 5059. Which of the followine is not true about fhe ribonucleotide?

with amino acid binding site.

a.

b.

c.

d.

It can move among three ribosomal sites.It has anticodon loop.Double helix molecule.

61.

a. To ailow strand extension at 3- endb. To stain the nitrogen bases with different colours.c. To prevent strand extension at 3- end.

d. To prevent strand extension at 5- end.

62. What is the complementarv strand .of 3,.-ATGGCTTGA....5,?b. 5,....TACCGAACT....3'd. 3,....TACCGAACT. ...5'

63.Which of the followine is corrept ab-out RNA Purine nitrosenous bases?

a. 3'....TAGGCAAGT....5'c. 5'....TAGGCAAGT....3'

a. Uracil & Adeninec. Cytosine & Uracil

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiaec. Escherichia coli

65.Which of the following is wronelv paired?a. Phospholipids -phosphate linkagec. Pentose sugar - hydrogen bond

e6.

a. single stranded DNAc. single stranded RNA

b. Guanine & Adenined. Thymine & Cytosine

64.Polvmerpse used for PCR is extracted from ........*b. Yeasts

d. Thermus aquaticus

b. Proteins - peptide bond

d. Polysaccharide - glycosidic bond

b. double sfianded DNAd. double stranded RNA

67.All the follorying are nitrppenous bases except ........

5/8

tE

a. DNA cloningc. Addition of deoxyribonucleotides

b. PCRd. Electrophoresis

39. Which of the followins relaxes supercoiled DNA?a- Helicase 'b. ssBP c. Ligase d. Topoisomerase

40. The sequential steps of replication are ................a. unwincling of dsDNA - binding of initiator protein - binding of DNA polymerase ' formation of

replication fork - releasing of DNA pnlymerase - binding of ligase - extending of telomere

region.

b. binding of initiator protein - unwinding of dsDNA - formation of replication fork - binding of

DNA polymerase - releasing of DNA polymerase - binding of ligase - extending of telomere

region.

bincling of initiatorprotein - unwinding of dsDNA -binding of DNA polymerase - formation of

replication fork - binding of ligase - releasing of DNA polymerase - extending of telomere

region.

binding of DNA polymerase - binding of initiator protein - unwinding of dsDNA - formation of

repiication fork - binding of Iigase - releasing of DNA polymerase - extending of telomere

region.

Put True (T) or False (F) on the following sentences: (10 marks)

41. It is the job of the tRNA to bring the proper amino acid to the ribosome to be attached to the

growing peptide chain.

42. mRNA in eukaryotes must be capped before it can leave the nucleus.

43. Betore translatiou occurs, mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm of the cell.

44. Exons are cut out and removed from mRNA before it can be used.

45. Only one side/strand of the DNA molecule is the template used in transcription.

46. IRNA is transcribed from the DNA and carries a copy of the instructions for assembling a protein.

4T,Eachone molecule of DNA consists of a single helix.

48. With respect to nitrogenous bases, A binds with T and C binds with G.

49. Complementary bases are held together by hydrogen bonds'

50. Each codon codes for three amino acids.

Part B (Mid Term + Oral + Activitv) (One mark pach) , (Total: 50 marhs)

c.

'lI

tliilJiiI

i

l

i

)

d.

Q I: Choose the correct ans\rer:

5L.Protein svnthesis in bacteria t?kes place on ........"........b. ribosome c. mitoconderia

(40 marks)

d. cytosola. endoplasmic reticulum

52.In cancer cells. telomerase activitv ,.'.......'..a. decreases b. increases c. plays no role d. remains constant.

$J.The optimum temoerature sllwhich flNA synthesis takes place is .,..'.....,.a. B5'C b.94'C c.72"C

54.DNA renlicationa. utilizes Okazaki fragments on the leading strand'

4t8

d.50'c

E

a. Adenine b. Guanine c.Inosine d. Cytosine

68.One of the follqwins sites of ribosome contain tRNA free from amino acids.

a.E b.P c. Small subunit d.A

69.Hairnin loou structures are found in ............,.

a. mRNA b. dsDNA c. protein 4. dsRNA

70'A structure forms within the helical double stranded DNA durine D!\lA replication andcreated by helicases.

a. Replication fork

c. Transcription bubble

71. Nucleosome ...,.......,

b. Origin recognition complex

d. Okazaki fragment

a. binds to the origin of replication

c. is composed of 8 histones and 146 bp DNA

72.dRMhas a Structure

b. DNA

a. RNA replicationc. mRNA processing

b. is the unit of prokaryotic chromosome.

d. is composed of 6 nucleotides.

a. ball-like b. cloverJeaf c. strandJike d" Helicoid- like

T3.Northern blottins is performed for Ouantification of ,,,..,,..,...

a. RNA b. amino acids c. DNA d. protein

d. amino acids

74. Electrophoresis cannot be used to separate ............a. protein c. rRNA

75.fn DNA rep-lication. which of the followine is incorrect?a. Polymerase - DNA polymerase

b. Template - double stranded DNAc. Primer - ribonucleotidesd. Synthesis - 5' to 3' direction

76.lVhirlr special enzvme introduces nesative supercoils in DNA?a. Ligase b. Telomerase c. Gyrase d. Helicase

77.The nroceq in which a Sinsle-stranded mRNA is synthpsized complementarv to one LNAgtrand$ called ..............

b. transcription

d. reverse transcription

78.In blue-white screenine" what do blue colonies represent?a. cells that have not taken up the plasmid vectorb. celis with recombinant plasmids containing a new inseftc. cells containing empty plasmid vectors

d. cells with a non-functional lacZ gene

79. A student perforrned a gel electrophoresis experiment. the results. are represented in thediasram below. Compared to the fraements at the top of the sel. the fraements at the lowerend are ..............

6/8

a. Iarger, and move slowerc. smaller, and move faster

b. larger, and move fasterd. smaller, and move slower

80.

a. Anticodon b. Codon c. Amino acid d. 5 prime end

81.

a. a 5'cap and a 3'polyT tail b. a 3,cap and a 5,polyT tailc. a 5'cap and a 3'polyA tail d. a3'cap and a 5,polyA tail

a. Chromosomes would become progressively shorterb. Nothing would happen

Chromosome.s would get longer

The ends of chromosome could be successfully replicated

lefrhanded double helix of antiparallel chains (10 perpendicular bases/turn)right-handed double helix of antiparallel chains (-I0 perpendicular bases/turn)

c. Ieft.handed ag-zaghelix of antiparallel chains (I0 bp/turn)d. right-handed doubre herix of parallel chains (r l tilted bases/turn)

8a.

a. DNA is produced by protein.

b. Prorein is composed of DNA.c. DNA contr-ols the production of protein.

d. No relationship between DNA and protein

85.

a. Nucleus b. Ribosome c. Cytoplasm d. Golgi Body86.

a. Primers are created. b. primers attach to the target DNA region.c. Primers copy the new DNA strand. d. primers sequence DNA

c.

d.

a.

b.

7/8

a. Cytosine b. guanine c. thymine d. uracil88.

a.

b.

Electrophoresis in agarose ir u.o ing to size.

Ethidium bromide is used [o detect DNA.c' under the influence of the electrical field, positively charged DNA will migrate towards the

negative charged end of the gel.

d. None of the above.

89.

a. Helicase enzyme

c. A hear-srabre DNA polymerase l. illr,il "#o be amplified

90.

a.It is a link of double rtr*d"JMb. The locations of atoms in three_dimensional space.c, A lower order than the secondary s&ucture.d,None of the above

Q rI: Put True (T) or False (F) on the following sentences: (10 marks)91" A promoter is a sequence that indicates to RNA polymerase to begin transcription.92. Afler DNA reprication, there are 4 geneticaly identicar DNA molecules93' Amino acids are the monomers used to build poiypeptides and proteins.94' The general structure of a nucleotide consists of a glucose molecule, a phosphate sugar aad anitrogenous base.

95' RNA molecures a'e arways found in ceils undergoing protein synthesis.96' Ribose and deoxyribose sugars have the same number of oxygen atoms in their molecurar

structure.

97. Deoxyribonucreotides have more phosphhte than Ribonucleotides.98' The same types of DNA polymerases are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.99. Automated pCR machines are called thermal cyclers.1.00. Lagging strand is complemenmry to Leading strand,

Best wishes

8/B

Dr. Nemmat A, HusseinDr. Dalia A, Gaber