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Name

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Date _____ _ Class

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. < . .:.:- , ·, <"·�---� . l Classical ./�: Conditioning

Directions: Choose the term from the list below that best completes each sentence. Write the correct

term in the space provided.

classical conditioning

conditioned response

discrimination

extinction

generalization

neutral stimulus

unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus

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1. A(n) ________________________ leads to a predictable

response typically without previous training.

2. A(n) _____________ ------------- before training has

nothing to do with the response.

3. A(n) -----------------------­

leads to a specific response after training.

is a neutral event that

4. __________________________ is a type of learning in which

an old response attaches to a new stimulus.

5. A(n) _____________ ------------- occurs naturally and

predictably without training.

6. _____________ is the loss of a conditioned response when the conditioned

stimulus is removed.

7. _____________ is t?e ability to respond differently to different stimuli.

8. You are using when you respond to a second stimulus that is

similar to a conditioned stimulus without additional training.

Directions: Explain the difference in meaning between each word pair.

9. unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR) --------------

� 10. generalization and discrimination ------------------------

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Name Date _____ _ Class

,�,�·======================�,'r-----------­Guided Reading Activity

'-' Classical

Conditioning For use with textbook pages 241-248

Directions: Outlining Locate the heading in your textbook. Then use the information under the

heading to help you write each answer.

I. Classical Conditioning

A. Introduction ·

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1. What response is caused by a neutral stimulus?

2. A reflex is an example of what type of response? ________________ _

3. How is a conditioned response learned? --------------------

B. General Principles of Classical Conditioning

1. How is a conditioned response acquired? -------------------

2. How are the strongest associations between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned

stimulus formed?

3. What process allows a second stimulus to cause the same response as the originally condi­

tioned stimulus? ---------------'----'-------------

4. How can the conditioned response become extinct?

C. Classical Conditioning and Human Behavior

1. What types of human behavior can be classically conditioned? ___________ _

2. How can humans benefit from classical conditioning?

Name Date _____ _ Class

(/ ' "\ "\ Vocabulary . i)o� i) ® O l Activity 9-2

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... . . Operant Conditioning '- j�· ..

Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle by spelling out the term defined by each clue.

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ACROSS 1. A(n) ___ re¢orcer satisfies a biological need.

5. uses reinforcement to create new responses out of old responses.

· 6. A(n) schedule provides reinforcement after a random number of responses.

7. reinforcement results when the removai of unpleasant consequences increases the frequency of behavior.

8. is a stimulus or event that affects the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

1 0. ____ is a type of learning that results from unpleasant consequences. 11. A(n) schedule provides reinforcement based on a random amount of time.

12. A(n) schedule provides reinforcement based on a specific amount of time.

DOWN 2. Responses that occur in sequence are part of a(n) _ _ _ 3. In conditioning, the person's behavior prevents an unpleasant experience from happening. 4. In ____ conditioning, the person's behavior causes the unpleasant event to stop.

9. conditioning is learning from the consequences of behavior.

Directions: Answer the following question in the space provided.

13. Explain the difference between variable schedules and fixed schedules. __________ _

-------- -------

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Name Date _____ _ Class

/I' Guided Reading Activity

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9-2 ����"�·� �-----•O•p-er.an•t ·� .-�..J Conditioning.

For use with textbook pages 250-258

Directions: Filling in the Blanks Use your textbook to fill in the blanks using the words in the box.

approximation

avoidance conditioning

continuous

escape conditioning

Reinforcement

interval

partial

primary reinforcers

·ratio

reinforcement

response chains

secondary reinforcers

shaping

1 ________ is a stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that a

behavior will be repeated. 2 --------________ satisfy needs such as hunger,

thirst, and sleep. 3 ________________ are effective only when they have .

acquired value and the ability to reinforce through classical conditioning.

Schedules of Reinforcement

For operant conditioning to. be effective, behavior must be reinforced over time. A schedule that rein-

fon;:es behavior each time it occurs is a(n) 4 ________ schedule. 5 _______ _

schedules of reinforcement create long-lasting behaviors. 6 ________ schedules base rein-

forcement on the number of correct i�sponses. 7 -------- schedules b(J.se reinforcement . -· . . . .

on the amount of time between reinforcement.

Shaping and Chaining

A complex behavior that is unlikely to happen by itself can be trained using 8

Each time a behavior reaches a closer 9 -------,--- to the desired behavior, reinforcement

occurs. Skills that involve several processes can be divided into several 10 _____ __ _

Aversive Control

A person may use 11 --------________ to stop an unpleasant stimulus.

Behavior that prevents the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus results from 12

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Name Date _____ _

/�/;=====================�,�'r-------------Vocabulary · 9-3

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Activity ' .

Class

Social Learning

Directions: Unscramble the following vocabulary terms and enter the terms on the lines provided. Then match each numbered term to the correct lettered definition by placing the number of the term on the line to the right of the definitions.

1. TTAELN REINNGAL A. learning that involves how people make decisions and act upon the available

2. DIMGELON information

B. a mental picture of a place

3. ALSOCI GLARNEIN c. learning principles

applied systematically to

4. KNOTE NOYMOEC change people's actions and. feelings .

D. focuses on how informa-

5. ELNDARE SESNHSLESPLE tion is obtained, processed, and organized

E . learning that results from . observation and imitation

6. VOIEGCINT ARGNELNI F. a system that provides tangible rewards for desired behaviors

G. learning that occurs in the

7. TNVOICEGI A MP absence of a reinforcer

H. results in a lowered sense of self-esteem and a lack

8. VRA IBOEH CITMAFDOINOI of effort

Directions: Explain the following elements of learned helplessness.

9. Stability--------------------------------

lO.Globality _______________ ___________________________________ ___

1 1. Internality

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Name

Guided Reading Activity 9-3

For use with textbook pages 259-266

Date Class

-----------1(.'\ Social Learning

Directions: Recalling the Facts Use the information in your textbook to answer the questions.

1. How does social learning differ from operant conditioning? _______________ _

2. When would you see a change in behavior resulting from latent learning? ______ ___ _

3. When a person repeatedly sees that her behavior does not change a situation, what will her

response to the situation be in the future? ----------------------

4. What are the three elements of learned helplessness? _______ __________ _

5. What two processes work together in modeling?

6. What accounts for people's different reactions to the same stimulus or event? ________ _

7. What types of learning may be involved in behavior modification? -------------

8. Which behavior modification technique would be most useful in changing aggressive behavior?

9. What advantages does computer-assisted instruction have over traditional instruction? __ _ _ _

10. How do token economies compare to real-world situations? __ .:.__ __________ _:__

11. How does a behavioral contract help you to modify behavior? ---------------

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