-
NO. A09-2060
ofMinnesota
Court of Nexus, a Minnesota non-profit corporation,
Respondent, v.
Janette J. Swift, Appellant.
APPELLANT'S BRIEF, ADDENDUM AND APPENDIX
MANSFIELD, TANICK,& COHEN, P .A. Marshall H. Tanick
(#108303) Brian N. Niemczyk (#386928) 1700 U.S. Bank Plaza South
220 South Sixth Street Minneapolis, MN 55402-4511 (612)
339-4295
Attorneysfor Appellant Janette f. Swift
MAHONEY, DOUGHERTY & MAHONEY, P.A. Victor E. Lund (#160076)
801 Park Avenue Minneapolis, MN 55404-1189 (612) 339-5863
Attorneysfor Respondent Nexus, a Minnesota nonprofit
corporatzon
BACHMAN LEGAL FAX (612}337-8053- (612) 339-9518 or
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The appendix to this brief is not available for online viewing
as specified in the Minnesota Rules of Public Access to the Records
of the Judicial Branch, Rule 8, Subd. 2(e)(2).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT OF ISSUES
......................................................................................
l
STATEMENT OF THE CAS·E
..............................................................................
2
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
............................................................
............... 4
A. PUBLIC CONTROVERSY OVER THE SEX OFFENDER FACILITY
......................................................... 4
B. SWIFT LEADS THE PUBLIC OPPOSITION ..................... 4 1.
Swift's Actions and Statements
....................................... 5 2. The Key Meeting &
Its Aftermath ................................... 7
II. THE PRESENT LAWSUIT
...............................................................
8
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
............................................................................
10
AR
GUMENT.........................................................................................................
11
I. THE ANTI-SLAPP LAW BARS THIS LAWSUIT ......................
11
A. THE FEATURES OF THE STATUTE ...............................
11
B. THE ANTI-SLAPP LAW APPLIES HERE ........................
13
C. THE BROAD STATUTORY PROTECTION .................... 17
D. THE CASE LAW SUPPORTS SWIFT ...............................
22
II. THE ANTI-SLAPP LAW IS CONSTITUTIONAL ......................
25
SWIFT'S STATEMENTS ARE PROTECTED BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT TORTIOUS
........................................................ 32
A. EVIDENCE OF A TORT MUST BE "CLEAR AND
CONVINCING"...............
..................................................... 32
B. THE LEGAL STANDARD FOR OPINION ....................... 33 1.
"There is no such thing as a false idea." ........................
3 3 2. Context is Critical ...
...................................................... 34
1
-
3. Substantial Truth Is Sufficient
....................................... 34 4. Substantial Truth Is
A Question of Law ........................ 34
C. SWIFT'S STATEMENTS ARE EITHER OPINIONS OR ARE SUBSTANTIALLY
TRUE .................................... 36 1. The "Killed" and
"Asphyxiated" Remarks Are
Either True or Substantially True
.................................. 36 2. The "Getting Away With
Murder" Remark Was a
Constitutionally-Protected Opinion
............................... 3 7
CONCLUSION .....................................................
................................................ 42
11
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page(s) CASES
American Iron & Supply Co., Inc. v. Dubow Textiles, Inc.,
No. C1-98-2150, 1999 WL 326210 (Minn. Ct. App. May, 1999) 15, 16,
21, 30, 32
Anderson Development Co. v. Tobias, 116 P.3d 323 (Utah 2005)
..................................................................................
29
Bernardo v. Planned Parenthood Fed'n of Am., 9 Cal. Rptr. 3d 197
(Cal. App. 4 Dist. 2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 942 (2004)
...........................................................................................................
27, 28
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 466 u.s. 485 (1984)
......................................................................
................ 1' 41
Deli v. University of Minnesota, 511 N.W.2d 46 (Minn. Ct. App.
1994)
..............................................................
12
Equilon Enterprises, LLC v. Consumer Cause, Inc., 52 P.3d 685
(Cal. 2002)
.....................................................................................
27
Freeman, et a! v. Swift, No. A09-598 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009)
....................................................................
8
Hometown Properties, Inc. v. Fleming, 680 A.2d 56 (R.I. 1996)
.....................................................................................
29
Hunter v. Hartman, 545 N.W.2d 699 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996)
................................ 1, 35, 37, 38, 41,42
In re Haggerty, 448 N.W.2d 363 (Minn. 1989)
........................................................... 1, 12,
13,25
Jadwin v. Minneapolis Star and Tribune Co. ("Jadwin II"), 390
N.W.2d 437 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986) .............................. 33,
34
Jadwin v. Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company E?g f?FI367
N.W.2d 476 (Minn. 1985)
..................................................... 32
Ill
-
Lee v. Pennington, 830 So. 2d 1037 Ei KCt. App. 2002)
................................................. 1, 28, 29, 30
Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 838 F2d 1287
(D.C. 1988) .............................................
-.................................... 35
Lund v. Chicago and Northwestern Transp. Co., 467 N.W.2d 366
(Minn. Ct. App. 1991), rev. denied (Minn. June 19, 1991 )
........................ :
..........................................................................................
35
Marchant Inc. & Management Co. v. St. Anthony West
Neighborhood Organization, Inc., 694 N.W.2d 92 (Minn. Ct. App.
2005) .......... 1, 11, 15, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39
McGovern v. City of Rosemount, 503 N. W. 493 (Minn. Ct. App.
1993)
................................................................
31
Middle-Snake-Tamarac River Watershed District v. Stengrim, No.
A08-0825, 2009 WL 367286 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009), rev. granted (Apr.
29, 2009)
·····················································'·············································
15
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 u.s. 1 (1990)
...............................................................................................
37
Moreno v. Crookston Titnes Printing Co., 610 N.W.2d 321 (Minn.
2000)
...........................................................................
38
Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767 (1986)
...........................................................................................
34
Pigs R Us, LLC v. Compton Township, 770 N.W.2d 212 (Minn. Ct.
App. 2007)
............................................................ 31
Plante v. Wyle, 824 N.E.2d 461 (Mass. App. Ct. 2005)
........................................................ 22, 24
Rehn v. Fischley, 557 N.W.2d 328 (Minn. 1997)
...........................................................................
30
Rico v. State, 472 N.W.2d 100 (Minn. 1991)
...........................................................................
31
lV
-
Schelling v. Lindell, 942 A.2d 1226 (Me. 2008)
...........................................................................
23, 24
Special Force Ministries v. WCCO Television, 584 N.W.2d 789
(Minn. Ct. App. 1998) ................................ 1, 15, 16,
17, 21, 30
Special Force Ministries v. WCCO Television, Hennepin County
District Court No. MC97-5062
............................................. 16
State v. Bourke, 718 N.W.2d 922 (Minn. 2006)
...........................................................................
13
State v. Grinder, No. A06-1902, 2007 WL 2600782 (Minn. Ct. App.
Sep. 11, 2007) ................. 12
Stokes v. CBS, Inc., 25 F. Supp.2d 992 (D. Minn. 1998)
...................................................................
38
Stokes v. CBS, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 992 (D. Minn. 1998)
.........................................................................
1
Stuempges v. Park, Davis & Co., 297 N. W.2d 252 (Minn. 1980)
...........................................................................
36
Time, Inc. v. Pape, 401 u.s. 279 (1971)
...........................................................................................
41
Washington v. Smith, 893 F.Supp. 60 (D.D.C. 1995)
......................•....................................................
41
STATUTES
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 634F-1 (2002)
.............................................................................
24
Minn. Stat.§ 554.01
.......................................................... 1, 8,
10, 11, 14, 17, 20,21
Minn. Stat.§ 554.02
........................................................................
11, 25, 30, 32, 37
Minn. Stat. § 554.03
................................................................................
3, 17, 20, 21
Minn. Stat.§ 645.17
................................................................................................
12
Mo. Ann. Stat., 537.528 (2004)
...............................................................................
24
v
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OTHER AUTHORITIES
Chad Baruch, Ifl Had a Hammer: Defending SLAPP Suits in Texas, 3
Tex. Wesleyan L. Rev. 55, 66 (Fall 1996) ...... \
............................................. ; ............ 14
-U.S. Constitution, First Amendent
......................................................................
9, 37 Gore Vidal and Robert J. Stanton, Views from a Window:
Conversations
with Gore Vidal
..................................................................................................
40
James M. Hill, Sr., I Have Been Blessed: Hard Work and Happiness
................... 40
M.G. Tebo, Offended by a SLAPP: As Lawsuits Against Citizens
Expand, Countermeasures Are Rolled Out, A.B.A Journal, Feb. 2005
........................... 26
Minnesota Constitution, art. I, § 3
.............................................................................
9
Note, Slapping Around the First Amendment: An analysis of
Oklahoma's SLAPP Statute and Its Implications on the Right to
Petition, 60 Okla. L. Rev. 419,429 (Summer, 2007)
....................................................................
19, 26
Shannon Hartzler, Protecting Informed Public Participation:
SLAPP Law and The Media Defendant, 41 Val. U. L. Rev. 1235 (Spring,
2007) ................. 22
www.millelacsnews.com. .
.......................................................................................
7
Wiktionary, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/get away with murder
(last visited December 14, 2009)
..................................................... .40-41
-
STATEMENT OF ISSUES
J. Did the trial court err in refusing to dismiss this case
under the Minnesota Jpi mm law, Minn. Stat.§ 554.01, et seq. based
upon Appellant's statements
aimed at dissuading the City Council of Onamia from allowing a
developer to expand and relocate a juvenile sex offender treatment
facility?
The trial court denied a motion to dismiss the case under the
anti-SLAPP law on grounds that granting such a Motion would be
unconstitutional.
APPOSITE AUTHORITIES:
Marchant Inc. & Management Co. v. St. Anthony West
Neighborhood Organization, Inc., 694 N.W.2d 92 (Minn. Ct. App.
2005);
Special Force Ministries v. WCCO Television, 584 N.W.2d 789
(Minn. Ct. App. 1998)
In re Haggerty, N.W.2d 363 (Minn. 1989)
Lee v. Pennington, 830 So. 2d 1037 (La. Ct. App. 2002)
2. Did the trial err in upholding that the statements of
Appellant may be defamatory and, therefore, not immune under the
anti-SLAPP law?
The trial court rejected immunity under the anti-SLAPP law
because the claim alleges Respondent contained "appropriate
elements of defamation. "
APPOSITE AUTHORITIES:
Hunter v. Hartman, 545 N.W.2d 699 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 466 U.S. 485
(1984)
Stokes v. CBS, Inc., 75 F. Supp. 992 (D. Minn. 1998)
1
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STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This is a defamation action against Appellant, Janette J. Swift
("Swift"), a
vociferous critic of the relocation of a sex offender facility
in her hometown of
Onamia. Swift claims immunity under the Minnesota anti-SLAPP
law, Minn. Stat. §
554.01 et seq. Respondent Nexus is a corporation that owns and
operates a juvenile
sex offender treatment facility in Mille Lacs County, Minnesota.
It sought to
relocate the facility through annexation of surrounding property
outside of Onamia,
rezoning of the property, and various other governmental
actions. Appellant Swift, a
retired educator, led a group of citizens in the Onamia area
opposed to the
development project.
At one of the meetings of the Onamia City Council and later on
her website
Swift stated that a youth confined at a Nexus-affiliated
facility in Iowa was
asphyxiated by a staff member, and that Nexus was "getting away
with murder."
Nexus sued Swift for defamation in Hennepin County District
Court. Swift
asserted that her actions raised the immunity under the
Minnesota anti-SLAPP,
Minn. Stat. § 544.01 et seq, which immunizes individuals whose
actions, in whole or
in part, are aimed at procuring favorable governmental action,
unless there is "clear
and convincing" evidence of a tort.
Swift moved to dismiss the lawsuit under the statute. Nexus
brought a motion
to take discovery against Swift.
2
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The Trial Court, the Honorable John Sommerville, denied Swift's
motion for
dismissal and granted a motion by Nexus for discovery. Swift
timely appealed under
the interlocutory appeal provision of the anti-SLAPP law, Minn.
Stat.§ 554.03, subd.
2(1).
3
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STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
A. Public Controversy Over the Sex Offender Facility
This case a massive development project which involved the
relocation and expansion of a sex offender treatment facility
for juveniles in the City
of Onamia, about 80 miles north of the Twin Cities in Mille Lacs
County. (App.
15.)1 The facility is owned by a non-profit corporation known as
Nexus, which
sought to relocate its small site in Onamia to a larger 38-acre
area outside the City, in
adjoining Bradbury Township, where Swift lives. (App. 4, 15-16.)
The project was
vigorously challenged by Swift, a citizen activist who led her
neighbors in opposing
govermnental actions that were prerequisites for the project.
(App. 15-16.)
The project required annexation of the site in Bradbury by the
City of Onamia,
various building permits, rezoning of the land, and hearings
before several
govermnental bodies. (App. 15-23.) Swift appeared and spoke
vociferously against
the project at many of those govermnental hearings. (App.
15-55.)
B. Swift Leads The Public Opposition
A retired music teacher, Swift is a long-time resident of the
Onamia area.
Since her retirement from the College of St. Benedict, she has
run a small music
publishing business. For nearly three years, she has been at the
forefront of
opposition to the relocation of the Sex Offender Facility and
has organized and led
1 "App refers to Appellant's attached Appendix.
4
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the opposition group known as Onamia Area Citizen for
Responsible Growth
("OACRG"). (App. 15-16.)
Seeking action by governing bodies to reject the proposed
facility, Swift has
made numerous appearances and presentations at local
governmental meetings,
including the City of Onamia City Council, the Bradbury Township
Board, and the
Mille Lacs County Board, and has engaged in correspondence with
numerous other
government bodies and officials. (App. 15-23.) At those meetings
and elsewhere,
she has expressed her strong opposition, and that of the OACRG
group, to the
development and any government actions that would facilitate the
development.
(App. 15-55.)
1. Swift's Actions and Statements
Swift prepared a petition to be presented to the Onamia City
Council opposing
the city's annexation of the land in Bradbury Township on which
the Sex Offender
Facility was to be located. She obtained numerous signatures on
the petition, which
was presented to the Onamia City Council on May 9, 2007. (App.
16, 26-27.) She
also appeared at a Special Meeting of the Onamia City Council on
May 23, 2007,
stating that "while she does see a need for the treatment, she
just doesn't want the
facility right there." (App. 16, 28-38.) She also prepared a
list of questions
challenging the facility and the Council's actions that was
distributed at the meeting.
!d.
5
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Swift explained her advocacy in an article in the Mille Lacs
Messenger
newspaper, stating "[w]e feel we were blindsided. Our voices
were not even
considered let alone heard. We thought citizens had an
opportunity to be involved
with decisions that affect their lives directly. That
opportunity was denied." (App.
18-20, 42-43.)
She appeared at a subsequent Special Meeting of the City
Council, telling the
elected officials that the city was sacrificing a small
neighborhood "for the good of
the whole community" without care or concern for their feelings,
adding that they
now feel like "sacrificial lambs." (App. 18-20, 44-47.)
Swift subsequently attended a public hearing held by the Onamia
City Council
on June NPI OMMTconcerning the proposed annexation. (App.
16-17.) She reiterated
her opposition to any armexation and acquisition of the land for
the Sex Offender
Facility, stating that the armexation was not proper according
to the League of
Minnesota Cities, that the City had no comprehensive plan for
the land, that there
was an incompatibility of land use, that the City was using
irresponsible zoning
projections, that the City violated "spot-zoning" laws, and that
the armexation
petition was faulty and inaccurate. (App. 15-23, 39-41, 48-49.)
She was again
quoted in an August 29, 2007 article in the Messenger stating
that "a sex offender
treatment facility should not be in a residential area." She
further complained about
the lack of the process. (App. 50-51.)
6
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On November 14, 2007, Swift appeared at another Onamia City
Council
meeting opposing a proposed tax abatement for the owner of the
sex offender
facility. E K 18-20, 52-53.) She pointed to discrepancies in the
representations by
the sex offender facility and asked for time to review the
county's taxing system.
(App. 18-20, 54-55.)
2. The Key Meeting & Its Aftermath
Swift also appeared at a vital zoning meeting of the Onamia City
Community
in its capacity as the Onamia Planning Commission, on March 3,
2008, at which she
attempted to apprise the members of the Commission and the
public in attendance
about Nexus' questionable practices. (App. 20-23.) She conveyed
information about
the asphyxiation of an 11-year old youth who "died at the hands
of one of their
employees" at an Iowa facility affiliated with Nexus, an
incident the local coroner
labeled a "homicide." (App. 20-23, 60, 70.)
Swift subsequently posted on You Tube a video of her
presentation to the
Commission, interspersed with written graphic commentary to
which a link was
provided on the website, www.millelacsnews.com. (App. 20-21.)
Swift expressed
her views on the website and separate blog she created to inform
the public about the
sex offender project and to enlist their support and action in
opposing it. (App. 20-
23.) Her statements include a debunking Nexus' position that the
juveniles housed at
the existing sex offender facility present no public safety
problems, referring again to
7
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the Iowa "homicide," and opining that the boy was "killed" by an
employee and that
Nexus was "getting away with MURDER." (App. 20-23, 139-62l
II. THE PRESENT LA WSIDT
Nexus, in its corporate capacity, sued Swift in Hennepin County
District Court
for defamation (App. 4.) The lawsuit is based solely on Swift's
statements to the
Onamia City Council, acting as a Planning Commission, at the
March 3, 2008
meeting and her follow-up posting of her presentation on You
Tube and her blog. Id.
Nexus asserts that it was defamed by two statements (1) that the
youth at the Nexus-
affiliated site in Iowa was "killed" by a staff member in the
incident the coroner
classified as a "homicide," and (2) that Nexus is "getting away
with murder." I d.
Swift raises several defenses to these allegations. (App. 11.)
She maintains
that her statements are immunized under the anti-SLAPP law,
Minn. Stat. § 554.01 et
seq, which prohibits lawsuits against those engaged in "public
participation," which
is defined as action aimed, in whole or in part, at procuring
favorable governmental
action, unless there is "clear and convincing" evidence of a
tort. I d. She also asserts
that her statements are Constitutionally-protected expressions
that cannot be made
the subject of a defamation action under the Right to Petition
and Freedom of Speech
2 Her criticisms of two principals of Nexus prompted them to sue
her, which is pending before this Court. Freeman, et al v. Swift,
No. A09-598 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009). In the predecessor suit, a
Hennepin County District Court judge refused to apply the
anti-SLAPP law, which triggered a permissible interlocutory appeal
that
8
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provisions of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and
the parallel provision
in Article I, ¶ 3 of the Minnesota State Constitution. ld.
Soon after the initiated, Nexus served written discovery
requests
upon Swift, consisting of Interrogatories and Request for
Production of Documents.
Swift responded by bringing a Motion to Dismiss under the
anti-SLAPP law. (App.
226.)
The Trial Court, the Honorable John Sommerville, denied Swift's
Motion and
ordered her to respond to the discovery. The decision is
difficult to decipher.
(Addendum.) It begins with a concise summary of the facts,
recites the legal
standard, describes the anti-SLAPP law, summarizes Minnesota
defamation law, and
mentions Due Process, and Federal and state Constitutional
rights to a jury trial.
(Addendum, pp. 3-6.) It then states its holdings in a
"Discussion," in which it
makes a number of"constitutional rulings." (Addendum, pp. 6-10.)
Those "rulings"
include: a) the statute "violates due process" if the Court
cannot deny the motion and
order discovery to continue," and b) the law "violates the state
constitution right of
Nexus for a jury trial if the Court must determine if a tort has
occurred."3 I d. The
was heard by a panel of this Court on October 28, 2009. No
decision has yet been rendered in that case. ' The Court raised
another constitutional infirmity, the "appropriateness of adding an
element to a common law claim and raising the burden of proof,"
apparently referring to the "clear and convincing" standard to
overcome statutory immunity, but did not rule on this issue because
it was not "adequately briefed." (Addendum, p. 9.)
9
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Court then upholds the defamation claims as "actionable" because
Nexus has
"alleged the appropriate elements of defamation." (Addendum, p.
1 0.)
It summarizes that the statute violates "due process . . . [and]
potentially -
violates [Nexus'] right to a jury trial and is therefore
unconstitutional" if the law
"precludes this Court from denying the [dismissal] motion
because it cannot make
the determination required and/or preclude the Court from
ordering complete
discovery." (Addendum, p. 10.) It ends by denying Swift's motion
to dismiss. !d.
The upshot seems to be that the Court found the anti-SLAPP law
unconstitutional to
the extent it requires the Court, without a jury, to adjudicate
the statutory defense
raised by Swift under the anti-SLAPP Law.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
Swift's statements to the City Council, posting a YouTube and
blog are
immune under the anti-SLAPP law. They were made with the intent
to procure
"favorable government action," which invokes protection under
the anti-SLAPP law,
Minn. Stat. § 554.01, et seq. Swift's statements were made to
prevent governmental
action that would facilitate the relocation of the juvenile sex
offender facility in
Onamia, including the public and enlisting its support for the
position proposed by
her and her adherents.
The anti-SLAPP statute is not constitutional. It is presumed
constitutional and
there is no showing that its provisions violate the process or
the right to a jury trial
10
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beyond a reasonable doubt. Case law in other jurisdictions
uniformly holds these
statutes to be constitutional and, so is the Minnesota
measure.
The statements made by Swift do not constitute "clear and
convincing"
defamation to reverse the statutory immunity. The statements are
either true or
substantially true or are constitutionally-protected
opinions.
ARGUMENT
I. THE ANTI-SLAPP .LAW BARS THIS LA tprf
A. The Features of the Statute
The anti-SLAPP statute bars lawsuits for actions that materially
involve
"public participation," which is defined in the law as "speech
or lawful conduct that
is genuinely aimed in whole or in part at procuring favorable
govermnent action."
Minn. Stat. § 554.01, subd. 6. Once a defendant in such a
lawsuit moves that the
case be dismissed under the anti-SLAPP statute, the non-moving
party (here, Nexus)
has the burden of proof of both going forward with the evidence
and of persuasion on
the motion. Minn. Stat. § 554.02, subds. 1 and 2(2). The
bringing of the Motion
under the statute also automatically suspends discovery in the
lawsuit, although the
Court may order limited discovery under§ 554.02, subd. 2(1
).
To avoid dismissal, Nexus, as the responding plaintiff, must
produce "clear
and convincing evidence" that the acts of the moving party are
not immunized from
liability because they constitute a tort or a violation of a
person's Constitutional
rights. Minn. Stat. § 554.02 & 03; Marchant Inv. &
Management Co. v. St. Anthony
11
-
West Neighborhood Org., Inc., 694 N.W.2d 92, 97 (Minn. Ct. App.
2005). "Clear
and convincing evidence" requires proof that is "unequivocal and
uncontradicted,
and intrinsically probably and credible," Deli v. University of
Minnesota, 511
N.W.2d 46, 52 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994), and that the facts asserted
are "highly
probable." State v. Grinder, No. A06-1902, 2007 WL 2600782 at *3
(Minn. Ct.
App. Sep. 11, 2007), citing Weber v. Anderson, 269 N.W.2d 892,
895 (Minn. 1978)
(App. 172.)
The Trial Court mysteriously ignored these provisions bypassing
ruling on the
merits of Swift's Motion for dismissal. Instead, it made
unwarranted and
unnecessary "constitutional rulings," holding that it could not
rule on the Motion,
without violating Nexus' rights of Due Process and for a jury
trial.
In so doing, the Court below transgressed several
well-established doctrines,
including the statutory presumption of Constitutionality and the
concept that statutes
are valid unless shown to be unconstitutional "beyond a
reasonable doubt." Minn.
Stat. § 645.17 (stating that, "[i]n ascertaining the intention
of the legislature the
courts may be guided by the following presumptions ... the
legislature does not
intend to violate the Constitution of the United States or of
this state."). See also In
re Haggerty, 448 N.W.2d 363, 364 (Minn. 1989) ("The party
challenging a statute
has the burden of demonstrating beyond a reasonable doubt a
violation of the
12
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Minnesota Constitution").4 In addition, it is well established
that a Court's "power to
declare a statute unconstitutional should be exercised with
extreme caution and only
when absolutely necessary." Haggerty, 448 N.W.2d at 364.
B. The Anti-SLAPP Law Applies Here
As a threshold matter, the anti-SLAPP statute is applicable.
Swift has been a
strenuous and outspoken activist in opposing the proposed Sex
Offender Facility.
She has become a lightning rod by appearing at numerous
governmental meetings,
including those of the Onamia City Council, in opposition to the
granting of
governmental annexation and various permits that would allow the
facility to be
relocated and expanded. (App. 15-17, 24-41, 48-49.) She also
helped organize the
resistance group of citizens, OACRG, has been active in
encouraging its members to
oppose the offender. I d. She should not now be struck down by
litigation launched
by Nexus.
The courts in Minnesota and elsewhere construe anti-SLAPP laws
broadly to
encompass activities like those engaged by Swift. These laws,
intended to enhance
freedom of expression, date back to the 1970's when observers
noted a growing use
of litigation by parties seeking government approval of their
business activities or
4 This elevation of the Constitutional issues to avoid passing
on the merits also deviates from the conventional rule that
Constitutional issues should not be addressed if the case can be
decided on other grounds. State v. Bourke, 718 N.W.2d 922, 926
(Minn. 2006). The Trial Court flipped this principle; it made
"constitutional rulings" without passing on the merits.
13
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construction projects as a device to intimidate and silence
their critics, including
citizen activists who oppose their plans. SLAPPING BACK FOR
DEMOCRACY, An
Interview With George Pring, 19 Multinational Monitor, No. 3,
May 1998. (App.
181.)
Over the years, legislation protecting citizens in speaking out
in opposition to
these projects has been adopted in varying forms in about 26
states, including
Minnesota, where it was enacted in 1994. The centerpiece of
these statutes is "a
requirement of early court review of the merits of lawsuits
characterized as
SLAPPs." Chad Baruch, If I Had a Hammer: Defending SLAPP Suits
in Texas, 3
Tex. Wesleyan L. Rev. 55, 66 (Falll996).
Swift's activities meet the statutory definition: "public
participation, which
consists of seeking, in whole or in part, to obtain favorable
govermnental action."
Minn. Stat. § 554.01, subd. 6. Swift has been an avatar in
leading the charge against
the proposed Sex Offender Facility. (App. 15-23.) The
allegations against her in this
case relate to her "public participation" in attempting to
procure favorable
govermnental action on her behalf and that of her supporters.
!d.
The claims in this lawsuit relate to communications that she
made to a City
Council meeting and repeated on You Tube and on her website/blog
to inform
citizens about the nature of the proposed facility, Nexus'
history, and the foibles of
14
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its employees. (App. 4.) Her actions were undertaken to engage
in public
participation in the debate regarding the proposed facility.
(App. 15-23.) This is the
quintessential type of "public participation" within the meaning
of the anti-SLAPP
statute. As such, her statements to the Court fall within the
broad definition of
"public participation" under the anti-SLAPP law.
Four decisions of this Court have involved anti-SLAPP motions to
dismiss
defamation actions: Marchant, supra; Middle-Snake-Tamarac River
Watershed
District v. Stengrim, No. A08-0825, 2009 WL 367286 (Minn. Ct.
App. 2009), rev.
granted (Apr. 29, 2009) (unpublished) (App. 186); American Iron
& Supply Co., Inc.
v. Dubow Textiles, Inc., No. C1-98-2150, 1999 WL 326210 (Minn.
Ct. App. May,
1999) (unpublished) (App. 176.); and Special Force Ministries v.
WCCO Television,
' 584 N.W.2d 789, 791 (Minn. Ct. App. 1998). Special Force and
American Iron, in
particular, demonstrate that statutorily protected action to
procure favorable
government action may occur in forums other than official
governmental hearings or
meetings.
In Special Force Ministries, a group home for the mentally
retarded sued a
television station for airing an undercover report on the home's
alleged squalid
conditions. 584 N.W.2d at 791-92. The defendant television
station moved to
dismiss pursuant to the SLAPP law, and the plaintiff argued that
the station's conduct
was "not genuinely aimed in whole or in part a procuring
government action"
15
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because it was "part of a commercial enterprise." Special Force
Ministries v. WCCO
Television, Hennepin County District Court No. MC97-5062, slip
opinion at p. 13,
Nov. 4, 1997. (App. 190-210.) The trial court rejected that
argument, stating:
Even ifWCCO's primary motivation for airing the story was to
boost its ratings, there was evidence in the record indicative of
an intent on WCCO's part to generate a response from state
regulators.
Id. at p. 14 (emphasis added).
The trial court's ruling on the applicability of the anti-SLAPP
statute was not
challenged or disturbed at any stage during the appellate
process. See Special Force
Ministries, 584 N.W.2d at 789. The same should be true here.
Swift's intent, in all
of her activities and communications, was to secure favorable
governmental action to
stop or prevent expansion of the sex offender facility. (App.
16-21.) Her post-
Council meeting You Tube posting and blogging were aimed at
supplementing her
statutorily-protected remarks to the City Commission in order to
inform members of
the public and enlist more support from them. (App. 20-23.)
In American Iron, a letter that was distributed to residents
living in the area
surrounding a proposed metal shredder site was deemed protected
by the anti-SLAPP
law. American Iron, 1999 WL 326210 at *1-2. The letter-writer
had expressed
disapproval of the proposed installation to the municipal
planning director, but
followed with the letter to residents after being unsatisfied
with the planning
department's response. Id. The correspondence stated that
American Iron "has
16
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history dating back 40 years of corruption and legal violations.
Two of the owners of
American Iron have spent time in prison for theft ... and tax
evasion." Jd. The Trial
Court determined that the SLAPP law applied to the letter, a
determination that, as in
Special Forces Ministry, was not challenged or disturbed on
appeal. Id.
C. The Broad Statutory Protection
The SLAPP law is intended to give broad protection to
individuals who
engage in "public participation," which is defined as First
Amendment activity that is
"aimed in whole or in part at procuring favorable government
action." Minn. Stat. §
554.03. It is not necessary that the statements be sent "to" a
government entity,
provided that the underlying activity is "aimed ... in part at
procuring favorable
government action." Minn. Stat. § 554.01, subd. 6. The "aimed"
provision directs
attention to the communicator's intent or, in this case, what
Swift sought to do.
It is undisputed that Swift was in the vanguard as a citizen
activist opposing
the relocation of the 38-acre juvenile sex offender facility in
Onamia, and that she
espoused that opposition before numerous government bodies,
including the Onamia
City Council, the Bradbury Township Board, and the Mille Lacs
County Board, as
leader of the OACRG. (App. 15-23.)
Her You Tube posting and blogs were part of her strategic
efforts to influence
governmental action. (App. 20-23.) They were specifically aimed
at "seeking to
procure favorable governmental action . . . [and] to educate as
many people as
17
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possible, to our point of view facts so that others might join
us in procuring favorable
government action with respect to our position." (App. 22.) She
elaborates that her
blogging was intended to "educate other residents in the area
about the issues and to
try to secure additional support from them ... to convince
government officials." ld.
The blog was part of the overall effort to stop the relocation
project through
educating the public, and enlisting support for her position.
ld
Another opponent of the Onamia site, Jacqueline Schmidt, a
teacher,
recognized the value of Swift's website and blog in the overall
campaign. (App.
211-12.) She notes that Swift's blog alerted her and other
activists to scheduled
government meetings and what occurred at them as well as keeping
them so
"informed" that she "felt personally compelled to speak" and
contacted government
officials with her own views. !d.
The centrality of blogging and a website to the campaign led by
Swift to stop
the sex offender relocation is corroborated by other veteran
activists. One of them,
Jan Karpel, points out that blogs and e-mails, such as the ones
used here by Swift,
"are a foremost tool for those seeking to participate in
government decision-making"
by education supporters (and even opponents) and enlisting their
support "in a more
efficient, effective, and broader manner" than traditional
efforts like letters to the
editor, phone calls, pictures, and door-to-door solicitation.
(App. 213-15.)
18
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Another activist, Pamela Elliott, points out that she has "used
blogs ... as part
of an overall effort to influence government action." She goes
on to explain that
"blogs and internet action sites have been an essential part of
activities ... [in]
efforts to affect government decision-makers. (App. 227-28.) As
a social activist,
Elliott has used e-mails "for the same purpose ... [as a] very
valuable and essential
tool for those seeking to influence policy and government
decision-makers." !d. She
also views Swift's blogging as an "effort" by Ms. Swift to
influence government
decision-makers to the position espoused by her and her
supporters [which] ... could
be consistent with the general and ofblogs and emails for
activities of this type in an
effort to influence government decision-makers." !d.
Paula Maccabbee, another social activist, former St. Paul City
Council
member, and attorney for activist groups, concurs that
electronic devices, blogs, and
e-mails play vital roles in efforts to influence or persuade
public officials as Swift did
here. (App. 216-25.) She views them as "important tools for
education, organizing,
and citizen engagement to achieve favorable governmental
action." (App. 218.)
The anti-SLAPP law is broadly aimed at protecting individuals
like Swift, who
are trying to affect government action, regardless of how they
do so. See Note,
Slapping Around the First Amendment: An analysis of Oklahoma's
SLAPP Statute
and Its Implications on the Right to Petition, 60 Okla. L. Rev.
419, 429' (Summer,
2007) (App. 229.) Obviously, one way to affect government action
is to direct
19
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comments directly to the government decision-makers, as Swift
did in attending the
March 3, 2008 meeting and many others as well. (App. 15-23.) But
this is not the
only way to influence government action. Gathering names on
petitions, soliciting
support from the community, sending letters-to-the-editor,
distributing pamphlets,
and, in today's electronic age, blogging and e-mails are other
ways of doing so.
(App. 213, 227.)
Thus, Swift's posting on You Tube and blogging were, at least
"in part," done
as part of her "public participation" efforts. As such, these
activities are covered by
the statute. See Minn. Stat.§§ 554.01, subd. 6; § 554.03.
In the You Tube posting and blog, Swift is acting as a
modem-day
pamphleteer, agitating for government action in much the same
way that others
before her have done so long before the internet. Thomas Paine
and other
revolutionaries, if they were living today, would probably be
using blogs, rather than
distributing handbills or books to agitate for governmental
action. So, too, would
Frederick Douglas and others who opposed slavery; Susan B.
Anthony and women's
suffragette supporters; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other
civil rights supporters of
the 1950's and 1960's; and the Tea Party tax protestors today.
Indeed, in this age of
the Buffington Post, the Drudge Report, Politico.com, and other
influential viewpoint
internet postings, postings such as Swift's have become
commonplace.
20
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Because Swift's You Tube posting and blogs were intended to
enlist the public
to support her agitation for favorable governmental action, her
actions are statutorily
protected.
To remove that type of activity from the scope of the anti-SLAPP
law would
eviscerate the statute, which is intended to provide broad
protection to individuals
engaged in procuring government action. The statutory language
recognizes this
breadth, protecting conduct that is aimed "in whole or in parf'
at procuring favorable
government action. Minn. Stat. § 554.01, subd. 6 & § 554.03.
If any part of Swift's
action was aimed at procuring government action, she is
immunized under the
statute. In this case, her blog activity was clearly part and
parcel of her efforts to
influence government action by educating and enlisting others to
support her cause
and, therefore, is covered by the statute.
The broad language of the statute and the reality of activities
by experienced
social activists are supported by well-established case law. In
Special Force
Ministries, supra, the applicability of the anti-SLAPP law to
television broadcasts,
even though they were not primarily (or exclusively) directed
"to" government
officials was not even questioned on appeal. 584 N.W.2d at 789.
The same result
occurred in American Iron. 1999 WL 326210 at *1-2.
21
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D. The Case Law Supports Swift
Case law in other jurisdictions supports the applicability of
the anti-SLAPP
law to communications made to others, besides government
officials, as part of an
effort to influence or persuade government decision-makers. The
thrust of the case
law is aptly summarized in an article in the Valpraiso
University Law Review. See
Shannon Hartzler, Protecting Informed Public Participation:
SLAPP Law and The
Media Defendant, 41 Val. U. L. Rev. 1235 (Spnng, 2007). The
article states that
anti-SLAPP statutes generally:
... expand the defmition of protected activity to include not
only oral or written statements made to government bodies or as
part of government proceedings, but also communications made in
connection with any issue under consideration or review by a
government body.
Id., at 1253-54.
The case law in two other states bears this out. Massachusetts
and Maine
define "public participation" similar to the Minnesota statute.
Courts in those
jurisdictions interpret their anti-SLAPP laws broadly. In Plante
v. Wyle, 824 N.E.2d
461 (Mass. App. Ct. 2005), the SLAPP statute in Massachusetts
was held to extend
to communication between private citizens involved in government
proceedings, but
were not made in front of, or to, the govermnent body. The Court
found the
statements were covered by the anti-SLAPP statute, which is
similar to the
22
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Minnesota law, because the statements were made "in furtherance
of the objective
served by government consideration of the issue under review."
!d. at 468.
The same is true in this case, where Swift's You Tube posting
and blog were
undeniably made in order to educate the public, even her
adversaries, and to enlist
public support in connection with stopping the sex-offender
relocation project. (App.
20-23, 211.)
Similarly, in Schelling v. Lindell, 942 A.2d 1226 (Me. 2008), a
letter to the
editor of a newspaper was found to be within the purview of
Maine's anti-SLAPP
law, even though it was not directed to government
decision-makers. The SLAPP
statute applied because the letter was "designed to expand the
public consideration of
a controversial issue recently considered by the legislature."
Schelling, 942 A.2d at
1231. The same is true in this case, where Swift sought to
educate and inform the
public and enlist their support. (App. 20-23, 211.)
The Maine Supreme Court resoundingly rejected the argument that
because the
legislation in question already passed and was no longer in
consideration, a letter to
the editor about it was not statutorily-protected. Schelling,
942 A.2d at 1230-31. The
Court reasoned that the SLAPP statute also protects statements
that "may have the
effect of bringing an issue not currently under consideration
into consideration of
review by any governmental body." !d. at 1231.
23
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A few states, but not Minnesota, explicitly limit the type of
speech protected
by anti-SLAPP statutes. In Missouri, the statute only extends to
"conduct or speech
undertaken or made in connection with the public hearing or
public meeting." Mo.
Ann. Stat., 537.528 (2004). Similarly, Hawaii defines "public
participation" under
its SLAPP law as "oral or written testimony submitted or
provided to a government
body during the course of a governmental proceeding." Haw. Rev.
Stat. § 634F-l
(2002). In these states, statements made in blogs or e-mails
outside of government
meetings would not be statutorily-protected
But the Minnesota law does not contain such an explicit
restriction. The lack
of any such restriction in Minnesota makes its statute
comparable to those in
Massachusetts and Maine, which have been construed to extend to
communications
made "in connection" with a public issue, even if made to the
general public and not
directly to the government decision-makers. See Schelling, 942
A.2d at 1230-31;
Plante, 824 N.E.2d at 467-68.
Because the language in. the Massachusetts and Maine statutes
are similar to
the Minnesota statute, a comparable result should follow here.
Because the
Minnesota statute is not restrictive, like Missouri and Hawaii
statutes, a narrow view
of the scope of the law should be rejected.
In sum, the statements made by Swift to the City Council, on You
Tube and on
her blog were done at least "in part" to procure favorable
government action.
24
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Accordingly, they constitute "public participation," are
statutorily-protected, and
cannot form the basis for this lawsuit, which should be
dismissed.
- ll. THE ANTI-SLAPP LAW IS CONSTITUTIONAL
The ruling below disregarding the breadth of the anti-SLAPP law
turns on the
perceived unconstitutionality of the. law. The Trial Court held
that two of its features
are constitutionally infirm.
The Court, without citing any authorities, deemed the law
violative of Due
Process and the state's constitutional right to a jury trial to
the extent it requires the
Court to rule on the statute's grant of immunity without
discovery.5 To cure that
affliction, the Court chose not to rule on the merits at alL
But the Court below erred greviously in refusing, on
constitutional grounds, to
rule on Swift's Motion to dismiss. The case law overwhelmingly
supports the
validity of the Minnesota statute and similar ones in other
jurisdictions.
The standard of review for a Constitutional challenge to a
statute is extremely
high. In Minnesota, statutes are presumed constitutionaL In re
Haggerty, 448 at
364. A statute is only constitutionally infirm if it is found to
be unconstitutional
"beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. As the Minnesota Supreme Court
has declared, the
5 The Trial Court's concern about the lack of discovery is also
misplaced. The anti-SLAPP statute specifically allows the Court to
defer ruling on a defendant's motion to dismiss until specific
discovery is conducted. Minn. Stat. § 554.02, subd. 2(1). Instead
of doing this, the Trial Court simply, and improperly, denied the
Motion.
25
-
"power to declare a statute unconstitutional should be exercised
with extreme caution
and only when absolutely necessary." ld.
The Trial Court's ruling deviates from this standard. Since
their inception in
the 1970's, in the wake of Watergate, anti-SLAPP statutes have
proliferated.
Minnesota is one of 26 states that have enacted statutes
designed to protect
individuals engaging in action to try to affect governmental
action by restricting
lawsuits designed to or having the effect of chilling such
actions. See Note, Slapping
Around the First Amendment: An analysis of Oklahoma's SLAPP
Statute and Its
Implications on the Right to Petition, 60 Okla. L. Rev. 419, 429
(Summer, 2007)
(App. 229.)
These measures serve the important public purpose of encouraging
citizens to
participate in public affairs and deterring efforts to bully,
intimidate, or suppress
them from engaging in First Amendment speech. Id. at 428-30. As
this Court has
stated, their goal is to avoid the chilling effect on citizen
advocates like Swift caused
by defamation suits. Marchant, 694 N.W.2d at 94-95. These
statutory goals are
intended to extend, rather than frustrate, citizens' freedom of
expression. The
authorities recognize the laudable nature of the statutes and
note that courts
consistently uphold their constitutionality. M.G. Tebo, Offended
by a SLAPP: As
Lawsuits Against Citizens Expand, Countermeasures Are Rolled
Out, A.B.A.
Journal, Feb. 2005, at 16-17. (App. 231-33.)
26
-
Most of these statutes, including Minnesota's, place the burden
of proof on the
suing party by requiring it (in the face of an anti-SLAPP motion
to dismiss) to
produce "clear and convincing evidence" of impropriety by the
moving party, and
mandating that it pay attorney's fees to successful anti-SLAPP
suit defendants.
These statutes have been attacked on a potpourri of
constitutional grounds, but not a
single one has succeeded in any contested decision in any
appellate court in
Minnesota or elsewhere in the United States.6
The California Courts, not surprisingly, have led the way in
validating these
laws. In Equilon Enterprises, LLC v. Consumer Cause, Inc., 52
P.3d 685 (Cal.
2002), the California Supreme Court rejected constitutional
challenges to its SLAPP
law, with specific reference to a right to petition challenge
and the fee-shifting
provision. See also Bernardo v. Planned Parenthood Fed'n of Am.,
9 Cal. Rptr. 3d
197 (Cal. App. 4 Dist. 2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 942 (2004)
(anti-SLAPP statute
does not interfere with freedom of speech or petitioning rights,
and attorney's fee
award does not offend due process rights, equal protection
rights, or right to petition).
6 The only appellate court which has frowned on an anti~SLAPP
measure an adversary opinion in New Hampshire, in the context of an
advisory opinion. Opinion of Justices (SLAPP Suit Procedure), 138
N.H. 445, 641 A.2d 1012 (N.H. 1994). The issue arose in response to
questions certified to it by the New Hampshire State Senate
regarding proposed legislation. There were no adverse parties or
contested pleadings, and the opinion of the New Hampshire jurists
clashes with that of every other appellate court decision in the
country that has passed upon the issue ofthe Constitutionality of
these laws.
27
-
In Bernardo, the California Court of Appeals emphatically
declared: "We
reject [the] contention that application of the SLAPP statute
violated [any] First
Amendment rights." Id. at 227. More relevant to this case, it
also found no due
process problem with the procedure set forth California's
anti-SLAPP law (which is
functionally identical to the Minnesota procedure at issue here)
requiring a plaintiff
to meet a heightened quantum of proof early in the litigation in
order to proceed with
the suit. I d., at 228. Specifically, the Court found that due
process only requires that
a defamation plaintiff in an anti-SLAPP suit be put on notice of
the heightened proof
requirement, which it plainly was by virtue of the statute's
plain language. Id.
But California is not alone in upholding SLAPP statutes in the
face of
constitutional challenges. In Lee v. Pennington; 830 So. 2d 1037
(La. Ct. App.
2002), the Louisiana Court of Appeals held that the state's
statute was not ambiguous
and did not violate Equal Protection, Due Process, or the state
right to a jury triaL
The Pennington case provides perhaps the closest analogue to the
constitutional
issues raised by the Trial Court here.
There, the defamation plaintiff alleged that Louisiana's
anti-SLAPP statute
violated state and federal constitutional due process and jury
trial rights because it
"allow[ed] the trial court to determine one's 'probability of
success' at a jury trial
before proceeding, instead of allowing a jury (i.e., the proper
body) to make this
determination by issuing a verdict after a triaL" Pennington,
830 So. 2d at 1043.
28
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These are the precise reasons that the Trial Court found
Minnesota's anti-SLAPP
statute to be unconstitutional in this case.
Louisiana's Supreme Court curtly bruslred aside these supposed
constitutional
infirmities, declaring that:
the only purpose of [the anti-SLAPP law] is to act as a
procedural screen for meritless suits, which is a question of law
for a court to determine at every stage of a legal proceeding. A
plaintiff is only required to show a "probability of success" of
his claim before a jury (i.e., the merits) based upon the elements
of the tort claim he alleges. This article does not bar anyone with
a valid claim from pursuing his case through the judicial
process.
Pennington, 830 So. 2d at 1043 (emphasis added).
In other words, the Court recognized that the Trial Court
already possessed the
undisputed power to dismiss a non-meritorious case as a matter
of law prior to a jury
trial, under the local equivalent of a summary judgment motion
or a motion to
dismiss for failure to state a valid legal claim. Since the
exercise of such a power
under these well-recognized rules of civil procedure does not
amount to an
unconstitutional abridgement of due process or a jury trial,
neither does the early
dismissal power given to trial courts by state anti-SLAPP
statutes.
The highest tribunals in Utah and Rhode Island have also upheld
their states'
anti-SLAPP laws in the face of a variety of constitutional
challenges. See Anderson
Development Co. v. Tobias, 116 P.3d 323 (Utah 2005); Hometown
Properties, Inc. v.
Fleming, 680 A.2d 56 (R.I. 1996). These holdings demonstrate the
broad consensus
29
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among courts across the country that anti-SLAPP statutes meet
all applicable
constitutional requirements.
These cases also comport with treatment of the statute by
Minnesota's
appellate courts, where anti-SLAPP cases have been addressed on
their merits on
numerous occasions, without any question as to the statute's
ultimate
constitutionality. See, e.g., Marchant, 694 N.W.2d at 92;
Special Force Ministries,
584 N.W.2d at 789; American Iron, 1999 WL 326210.
The Trial Court's concern about eviscerating due process and the
right to a jury
trial is misplaced. As the Louisiana Supreme Court has
emphasized in Lee, Courts
frequently and uncontroversially adjudicate cases as a matter of
law prior to trial by
jury on a daily basis, pursuant to well-established rules of
civil procedure. No one
has seriously suggested that a trial court's grant of summary
judgment to a party
prior to trial deprives that party of its right to a jury trial
or impedes its due process
rights. The anti-SLAPP statute merely sets up an equivalent
alternative pre-trial
procedure for early adjudication of cases which fall into its
ambit, designed to protect
citizen activists from the costs and burdens associated with
lengthy litigation. Minn.
Stat. § 554.02.
With regard to immunity cases in general, the Minnesota Supreme
Court has
held that "the application of an immunity typically is a matter
of law that is best
resolved before the parties engage in lengthy discovery." Rehn
v. Fischley, 557
30
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N.W.2d 328, 332 (Minn. 1997). As such, trial courts often are
called upon to decide
immunity cases in other contexts prior to trial, in the context
of sununary judgment
and other pre-trial motions. See, e.g., Rico v. State, 472
N.W.2d 100, 103-05 (Minn.
1991) (sovereign immunity and official immunity); Pigs R Us, LLC
v. Compton
Township, 770 N.W.2d 212, 214, 215 (Minn, Ct. App. 2007)
(official immunity).
Indeed, these rulings are subject to immediate interlocutory
review, reflecting a
conscious desire to ensure that immunity issues are fully
litigated prior to trial.
McGovern v. City of Rosemount, 503 N.W. 493,496 (Minn. Ct. App.
1993).
In sum, the case law in this country at the appellate level
consistently holds
that the anti-SLAPP laws are constitutional, and there is no
decision in an actual case
by any court in Minnesota or the rest of the country deviating
from these well-
reasoned holdings. To the contrary, Minnesota case law militates
strongly in favor of
the anti-SLAPP statute's constitutionality. Therefore, Nexus'
challenge to the
constitutionality of the anti-SLAPP statute falls far short of
reaching the high
standard of fmding the statute unconstitutional "beyond a
reasonable doubt."
Accordingly, the Trial Court's "constitutional rulings" are
wrong and should be
overturned.
31
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Ill. SWIFT'S STATEMENTS ARE PROTECTED BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT
TORTIOUS
A. Evidence of a Tort Must Be "Clear and Convincing"
Because the anti-SLAPP law applies and is constitutional, the
lawsuit must be
dismissed unless Nexus shows by "clear and convincing evidence"
that Swift's
comments are defamatory. See Minn. Stat. § 554.02, subd. 2(3).
The "clear and
convincing" standard is a high one, requiring proof of
"reasonable certainty."
American Iron, 1999 WL 326210 at *2.7
The statements made to the City Council and repeated on You Tube
and
Swift's blog do not constitute defamation - they are
constitutionally-protected
opinion. To be defamatory, statements must be the type that can
be "proven true or
false." Marchant, 694 N.W.2d at 95. None of the statements
ascribed to Swift fall
within that category. They are all subjective, metaphoric, or
hypothetical statements,
not factual statements that are probably true or false; or if
they are factual, they are
true.
7 Because it is a corporate Plaintiff, Nexus is subject to the
New York Times standard as a "public figure." Jadwin v. Minneapolis
Star and Tribune Company, ("Jadwin 1"), 367 N.W.2d 476, 487-88
(Minn. 1985). As such, it must prove Plaintiffs remarks were made
with "actual malice," consisting of knowing falsities or reckless
disregard for the truth, and it must do so by "clear and convincing
evidence."
32
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B. The Legal Standard For Opinion
1. "There is no such thing as a false idea."
In Jadwin v. Minneapolis Star and Tribune Co., ("Jadwin II"),
390 N.W.2d
437 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986) the Minnesota Court of Appeals
addressed the issue of
"opinion" in the context of defamation lawsuits:
We initially acknowledge that only false and defamatory
statements of fact are actionable; "there is no such thing as a
false idea." ... Expressions of opinion, rhetoric, and figurative
language are generally not actionable if, in context, the audience
would understand the statement is not a representation of fact ...
(internal citations omitted)
390 N.W.2d at 441 (emphasis supplied).
This Court explained in Marchant:
Only statements that present or imply the existence of fact that
can be proven true or false are actionable under state defamation
law." ... Thus, if it is plain that the speaker is expressing a
subjective view, an interpretation, a theory, conjecture, or
surmise, rather than verifiable facts, the statement is not
actionable." ... Speech that is properly categorized as parody,
loosely figurative, or rhetorical is also constitutionally
protected to ensure that public debate will not suffer for lack of
imaginative expression and because this type of speech cannot be
reasonably interpreted as stating factual facts (internal citations
omitted).
Marchant, 694 N.W.2d at 95-96 (emphasis supplied).
33
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2. Context is Critical
Minnesota follows a three-prong test for determining what
constitutes a
legally-protected opinion that cannot be the subject .of a
defamation suit:
. . . the statement's broad context, which includes the general
tenor of the entire work and its statements, setting, and format;
the specific context of the statements, including the use of
figurative or hyperbolic language and the reasonable expectations
of the audience; and whether the statement is sufficiently
objective to be susceptible of being proved true or false.
Marchant, 694 N.W.2d at 96
3. Substantial Truth Is Sufficient
A defamation claimant bears the burden of proving that the
statements at issue
are false. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767,
775-76 (1986).
The burden is substantial. As stated in Jadwin II:
[T]he plaintiff cannot succeed in meeting the burden of proving
falsity by showing only that the statement is not literally true in
every detail. If the statement is true in substance, inaccuracies
of expression or detail are immaterial ... a statement is
substantially accurate if its gist or sting is true, that is, if it
produces the same effect on the mind of the recipient which the
precise truth would have produced.
390 N.W.2d at 441 (internal citations omitted).
4. Substantial Truth Is A Question of Law
Where there is no dispute as to the underlying facts, the
question of whether
any statement is substantially true is one of law for the court.
Jadwin, 390 N. W.2d at
442.
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Thus,
[T]he 'substantial truth' test is broad: if any 'reasonable
person' could find the statements to be 'supportable
interpretations' of their subjects, the statements are incapable of
carrying a defamatory meaning, even if a 'reasonable jury' could
find that
were mischaracterizations.
A commentator who advocates one of several feasible
interpretations of some event is not liable in defamation simply
because other interpretations exist. Consequently, remarks on a
subject lending itself to multiple interpretations cannot be the
basis of a successful defamation action because as a matter of law
no threshold showing of "falsity" is possible in such
circumstances.
Hunter v. Hartman, 545 N.W.2d 699, 707 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996)
(emphasis
supplied).
The "reasonable reader" test is an objective standard for the
court to apply as a
matter of law. E.g., Lund v. Chicago and Northwestern Transp.
Co., 467 N.W.2d
366, 369 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991), rev. denied, (Minn. June 19,
1991). The "protection
for an author's rational interpretation of another's statement
serves First Amendment
principles by allowing her the interpretive license that is
necessary when relying
upon ambiguous sources." Campbell v. Citizens for an Honest
Government, Inc.,
255 F.3d 560, 567 (8th Cir. 2001 ). "Where the question of truth
or falsity is a close
one, a court should err on the side of the nonactionability."
Liberty Lobby, Inc. v.
Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 838 F2d 1287, 1292 (D.C. 1988), cited
with approval in
Hunter, 545 N.W.2d at 705.
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C. Swift's Statements Are Either Opinions or Are Substantially
True.
Swift's allegedly defamatory statements are clearly and
undisputedly opinions
that cannot be verified as true or false. They are properly
characterized as subjective
impressions; and even those that are not, are true.
1. The "Killed" and "Asphyxiated" Remarks Are Either True or
Substantially True.
Swift's statements that the Nexus-affiliated facility in Iowa
has "killed" and/or
"asphyxiated" one of its patients are supported by the relevant
coroner's report of a
"homicide" concerning the incident in question, Swift was aware
of this finding
when she made the statement. (App. 18-23, 69-143.) As such, her
statements in this
regard are either true or substantially true, and as such cannot
form a basis for a
defamation suit by Nexus against her.
As this Court recognizes, "statements that are substantially
true, or incapable
of carrying a defamatory meaning, even if a reasonable jury
could fmd the statements
were mischaracterizations." Id See also Stuempges v. Park, Davis
& Co., 297
N.W.2d 252, 255 (Minn. 1980) (substantial truth statements are
not actionable as
defamation). This doctrine has also been recognized by the
United States Supreme
36
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Court, interpreting the First Amendment to the Federal
Constitution. See Milkovich
v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S.1, 16-17 (1990).8
The statement at issue here is that the youth at the Nexus site
in Iowa had died
by "asphyxiation" and had been "killed." (App. 4.) This is
consistent with the
finding of the coroner, after an autopsy, who had determined
that the youth had
"suffocated" and that a "homicide" occurred. (App. 18-23,
69-143.) Therefore, as a
matter of law, Swift's statements in this regard were either
true or "substantially
true," and as such cannot form a basis for this defamation suit
by Nexus. This is
especially true in light of Nexus' burden of showing "clear and
convincing evidence"
of defamation under these circumstances. Minn. Stat. § 554.02,
subd. 2(3).
2. The "Getting Away With Murder" Remark Was a
Constitutionally-Protected Opinion.
Swift's remarks, in the posting on her blog after the City
Council meeting, that
the Nexus-related facility in Iowa was "getting away with
murder" is permissible.
This comment is a constitutionally-protected opinion and, thus,
not defamatory as a
matter oflaw.
Constitutionally-protected opinions are those that are
hyperbolic, rhetorical, or
cannot literally be proven true or false. Hunter v. Hartman, 545
N.W.2d 699, 706
8 The statements made by Swift to the Onamia City Council also
are not actionable because of privilege. Statements made at a
public city council meeting are privileged
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(Minn. Ct. App. 1996). In determining whether a statement
presents or implies a
provably false assertion of fact, this court must consider the
general tenor, setting,
and format of the entire work in which the statement appears as
well as the specific
content of the statements, the specific context in which they
are made, the
verifiability of the statement, and how a reasonable reader (or
listener) might
construe the statements. Marchant, supra, at 96. If a statement
is reasonably
subject to two different interpretations, one defamatory and one
not, the non-
defamatory one must be chosen and the claim dismissed. Hunter,
545 N.W.2d at
707; see also Stokes v. CBS, Inc., 25 F. Supp.2d 992, 997-998
(D. Minn. 1998).
Swift's "getting away with murder" remark was made as part of a
general
critique of both Nexus and the City Council and, in that
context, is reasonably
viewed as a rhetorical statement, not a factual report. Swift
was seeking to convey
that the lax management and oversight at the Nexus-affiliated
site in Iowa illustrated
the deficiencies of the organization. (App. 20-23.) It was not
intended, nor could it
be construed by a reasonable reader, as a charge of criminality
against Nexus, but
rather as a rhetorical flourish used by Swift.
The phrase is commonly used to refer to doing something very bad
and not
being caught or held accountable. That is the general theme of
Swift's statements on
from suit for defamation. See Moreno v. Crookston Times Printing
Co., 610 N.W.2d 321, 325-333 (Minn. 2000).
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her blog, on which she provides numerous examples of
duplicitious statements and
actions by Nexus and its representatives. (App. 20-23,
139-43.)
Swift's use of phrases "killed" and that Nexus is "getting away
with murder"
are hyperbolic figures of speech, not factual statements. Swift
explains in her blog
that the latter term "is a phrase which means that someone is
perpetrating bad
behavior without any consequences." (App. 7-8.) This is a
non-actionable,
constitutionally-protected opinion, not an actual accusation of
criminality. It is a
hyperbolic statement, not meant to be taken literally. A
statement is not actionable
"if it is plain that the speaker is expressing a subjective
view, an interpretation,
theory, conjecture, or surmise, rather than claiming to be in
possession of objectively
verifiable facts." Marchant, supra, at 95-96. The context of the
statement shows
that it was not calculated to be a factual report but a
subjective opinion or theory.
Swift had researched the controversy surrounding the death of
the youth.
There was an abundance of discussion of the incident, including
news reports that his
death had been ruled a "homicide." (App. 20-23, 70, 99-118.)
Another noted that a
wrongful death lawsuit against the facility alleged that it had
"used unreasonable and
unnecessary force in restraining and eventually killing" the
boy. (App. 69.)
The phrase "getting away with murder" was not uttered literally
by Swift to
mean that Nexus killed anyone. The terminology was used by her
in the context of
her general and ongoing criticism of the city's procedures and
of Nexus'
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misrepresentations, including her criticism of lax management
and supervision of
youthful offenders, which was one of the reasons that she
advocated against the
relocation and expansion of the site in Onamia. (App. 20-23,
28-38, 48-49, 139-62.)
The tragic incident in Iowa underscored Swift's concern. She
used the
"getting away with murder" phrase in a hyperbolic fashion to
mean that a Nexus
affiliate had done something that was bad and was suffering no
significant
consequences. (App. 20-23.) That is how the term is customarily
used.
Wiktionary.org, an on-line dictionary, categorizes the phrase
"get away with murder"
as an English idiom and defines it as "[t]o do something bad or
illegal and not be
punished." It goes on to provide examples ofliterary uses of the
term:
Claudia Bishop, Marinade for Murder, Berkley Books (2000).
• Just yesterday it was fashionable to be black. Remember? Any
black writer could get away with murder, just as any
Jewish-American writer can get away with murder.
Gore Vidal and Robert J. Stanton, Views from a Window:
Conversations with Gore
Vidal, p. 245, L. Stuart (1980).
• He said I found out about everything he did and said, 'I can't
get away with nothing, and Jim can get away with murder.' I don't
think that I let any of my kids get away with murder, and I don't
think any one of them ever did much serious mischief.
James M. Hill, Sr., I Have Been Blessed: Hard Work and
Happiness, p. 205,
Aforesight Press (2005).
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Wiktionary, http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki!get away with murder
(last visited
December 14, 2009) (App. 234.)
In sum, the idiom "get away with murder" does not have a literal
meaning that
a murder was committed in any of these instances. The phrase is
customarily used to
mean what Swift intended: bad or disapproved actions without
consequence.
' A phrase that can reasonable be interpreted to have a
non-defamatory meaning
cannot be actionable as a matter of law. Hunter, 545 N.W.2d at
707. See also Bose
Corp. v. Consumers Union of US., Inc., 466 U.S. 485, 512-13
(1984) (allegedly
defamatory criticism of speaker system in consumer magazine not
actionable because
criticism was "'one of a number of possible rational
interpretations' of an event 'that
bristled with ambiguities' and descriptive challenges for the
writer"); Time, Inc. v.
Pape, 401 D 279, 290 (1971); Washington v. Smith, 893 F.Supp.
60, 64 (D.D.C.
1995) (allegedly defamatory assessment in a sports magazine of
plaintiff's coaching
inactionable because "[r]easonable minds can interpret the
[facts] differently").
No reasonable reader could construe that Swift was making the
"getting away
with murder" remark as a factual statement that Nexus actually
murdered anyone.
This is especially so when it is considered in the context of
the extensive criticism of
Nexus in Swift's blog. It is more plausible, or at least equally
plausible, that she
used the idiom like .. many others do, to mean that in her
opinion Nexus acted
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improperly, and without appropriate consequences.
documentation to support her view. (App. 22-23, 139-62.)
She had extensive
Because the phrase "getting away with murder" has a reasonable,
non-
defamatory meaning, Swift's use of it cannot subject her to
liability in defamation as
a matter of law, even if there is another interpretation,
however strained, that might
be more heinous. Hunter, 545 N.W.2d at 707, citing Moldea v. New
York Times Co.,
22 F.3d 310,316-19 (D.C.Cir. 1994) (only ? reasonable person
could find" the
allegedly defamatory statements "supportable interpretations" of
the situation being
described are the statements actionable in defamation) (emphasis
omitted), cert.
denied, 513 U.S. 875 (1994).
Since there is no "clear and convincing" evidence of defamation,
the tort
provision of the anti-SLAPP law is inapplicable. Since the
statutory immunity
applies, and because the statute is constitutional, the lawsuit
should be dismissed.
CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, the ruling below denying the motion to
dismiss the
Complaint should be reversed.
-42
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Dated: December J
43
shall H. Tanic 108303) Brian N. Niemczyk (386928 220 South Sixth
Street, #1700 Miimeapolis, MN 55402-4511 (612) 339-4295
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT JANETTE J. SWIFT