S.R.P* 6 TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 1 MCM 614: UTILITES AND FACILITES MANAGEMENT: Fire protection scheme Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Ignition 3. Fuel 4. Oxygen 5. Types of fire 6. Fire detection system 7. Fire fighting: fire extinguisher 8. Hydrant system 9. Fire pump house Introduction For a fire to starts - 3 things needed 1. A source of ignition 2. Fuel 3. Oxygen Any of the above missing , fire cannot start taking steps to avoid the three coming together will therefore reducethe chance of a fire occuring. Once a fire starts it can grow quickly and spread from one source of fuel to another ,as it grows the amount of heat it gives off will increase and this can cause other fuels to self - ignite Identifying sources of ignition Can be identified anywhere by looking for possible sources of heat which could get hot enough to ignite the material in the office. 1. Naked flame:smokers material cigarettes and matches 2. Hot surfaces: (office equipment)hot surfaces and obstruction of equipments ventilation , 3. Mechnically generated spark: (welding and grinding work) 4. Electrically generated spark: (halogen lamps and loose electrical connections)faulty or mis use of electrical equipment lighting equipment. Identifying a sources of fuel Any thing that burns is fuel for fire . So we need to look for the thing that will burn reasonably easily and are in sufficient quantityto provide fuel for firesome of the common fuels found in workplace are – 1. Flammable liquid based products such as paints, varnish , thinner, and adhessives. 2. Flammable liquids and solvents such as petrol , white spirits, and paraffins. 3. Flammable chemicals 4. Wood 5. paper and card board 6. Plastics, rubber and foam such as polysterene e.g the foam used in upholstered furniture. 7. Flammable gasess such liquified petroleum gases
Utilities & Facilities Management: escalators,lifts,safety,fire,alarm system
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S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 1
MCM 614: UTILITES AND FACILITES MANAGEMENT:
Fire protection scheme Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Ignition
3. Fuel
4. Oxygen
5. Types of fire
6. Fire detection system
7. Fire fighting: fire extinguisher
8. Hydrant system
9. Fire pump house
Introduction
For a fire to starts - 3 things needed
1. A source of ignition
2. Fuel
3. Oxygen
Any of the above missing , fire cannot start taking steps to avoid the three coming together
will therefore reducethe chance of a fire occuring.
Once a fire starts it can grow quickly and spread from one source of fuel to another ,as it
grows the amount of heat it gives off will increase and this can cause other fuels to self -
ignite
Identifying sources of ignition
Can be identified anywhere by looking for possible sources of heat which could get hot enough to
ignite the material in the office.
1. Naked flame:smokers material cigarettes and matches
2. Hot surfaces: (office equipment)hot surfaces and obstruction of equipments ventilation ,
3. Mechnically generated spark: (welding and grinding work)
4. Electrically generated spark: (halogen lamps and loose electrical connections)faulty or
mis use of electrical equipment lighting equipment.
Identifying a sources of fuel
Any thing that burns is fuel for fire . So we need to look for the thing that will burn reasonably
easily and are in sufficient quantityto provide fuel for firesome of the common fuels found in
workplace are –
1. Flammable liquid based products such as paints, varnish , thinner, and adhessives.
2. Flammable liquids and solvents such as petrol , white spirits, and paraffins.
3. Flammable chemicals
4. Wood
5. paper and card board
6. Plastics, rubber and foam such as polysterene e.g the foam used in upholstered furniture.
7. Flammable gasess such liquified petroleum gases
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 2
Ignition sources
1. Hot surfaces
2. Electrical equipment
3. Static electricity
4. Smoking/ naked flame
5. Textiles
6. Loose packaging materials
7. Sparks created by loose connections
Fuel
Anything that burns is fuel for a fire
a. flammable gases
b. flammable liquids
c. flammable solids
G
Flammable liquid based products such as paints , varnish, thinnersand adhsives
Petrol,white spirit,parrafin
Flammable chemicals
Wood
Paper , card board
Flammable gases such aslpgand acetylene
Oxygen
Always present in the air
Additional source of oxidising substances
Identifying sources of oxygen
It is in the air around us
In an enclosed building provided with ventilation
Mainly falls in one of the two categories
1. Natural air flow through doors and windows and other openings
2. Mechanical air conditioning system and air handling systems
In many buildings there will be combination of systems , , which will be capable of introducing /
extracting air to and from the building additional sources of o2 can be found in materials used as
Some chemicals (oxidising material) which can provide a fire with additional o2 and so assist it to
burn. These chemicals should be identified on their container by the manufacturer or supplier who
can advice as to their safe use and storage.
2. O2 supplies from cylinder storage and piped system , e.g o2 used in welding processesor
health care purposes
Types of fires
A. CLASS “A”fires: in volving combustible materials of organic nature such as wood,paper,
rubber and many plastics etc where cooling effect of water is essentil for extinguishing fire
(water co2 shoud be used
B. CLASS “B”fires:involving flammable liquids like petroleum productswhere blanketting
effect is essential(foam should be sed) d.c.p
C. CLASS “C” fires:involving flammable gassesunder pressure including liquefied gasses
wher it is necessary to inhibit the burning gas at a rapid rate with an inert gas,powder or
vaporised liquid (d.c.p. should be used )
D. CLASS “D” fires:involving combustible metals such as mg,k,na…..
Class ‗d‖fire s fires involving combustable metals such as mg, al, zn, na, p,etc when the
burning metals are reactive to water and water containing agents .
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 3
Electrical fires fires involving electrical equipments/cables etc which can be extinguished
with the help of co2 type or d.c.p.type extinguisher.
FIRE FIGHTING:FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
Fire extinguisher should be installed
as per the indian standards
code(is:2190-1971)
Portable extinguishers are fitted at
various locations in the common area
to fight different types of fire:
1. Dry powder type :is:2171-1962
2. Fire buckets :as per isi
3. Carbon di oxide: is:2878/1976
4. Water carbondi oxide: is:940/1976
5. Mech foam type: is:10204
FIRE DETECTION & FIGHTING SYSTEM
It includes the smoke detection and fire alarm system according to the indian standards and
national electrical code
Is-2175 : Heat Sensitive Fire Detectors For Use In Automatic Fire Alarm System
Is-2189 : Code Of Practice For Selection, Installation And Maintenance Of Automatic Fire
Detection And Alarm System
Is-11360 : For Smoke Detectors Used In Automatic Electrical Fire Alarm System
Bs-5839 : For Manual Call Points
Fire detection system
The equipment is designed to take care of fire protection for 30 minutes before fire department
take over .a fire and life safety matrix(enclosed sketch). The fire detection , alarm and
communication system are non coded, zoned and electrically supervised .
Fire alarm initiating and alerting device.
A control panel are located in security room and in ground level . The security personnel will
be trained to relay all water flow alarm
Combined audible and visual alerting devices are provide throughout all floors with
speakers having maximum sound level of 10lbs
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 4
CENTRAILISED FIRE ALARM SYSTEM Automatic smoke detection and fire alarm system
comprises of the follwing:
1. Control Panel
2. Smoke Detectors
3. Heat Detectors
4. Response indicators
1.Control panel
It should be suitable for a number of zones . The fire alarm
panel shall be micraprocessor based.
Central fire panel: they respond to smoke and activate alarm/hooter signal from them are also
received in fire panel/bms for effective deal the client must appoint their own fire coordinator on
a 24/7 basis .
The following action will be taken by the fire coordinator……….
2.Smoke detectors
2 types
1.dual chamber ionisation type
it is a solid state type working on ionisation principle and prefers a dual chamber and a dual
source.
this detector shall be protected against dust accumulation/ ingress.it has a insect resistant
alarm to prevent from nuisance alarm
2. Photoelectric/ optical type
works on the principle of light scattering ,
utilizing a light emitting diode
3.Heat detectors
They are of dual thermostat (negetive temperature co oeefcient resistor)/bimetallic/electro-
pneumatic/thermoelectric)
Works on two methods :
rate of rise
fixed temperature
Rate of rise can be carefully calibrated to ignore any normal fluctuation in temperature but to
respond quickly when temperature rise is 60 degree c fixed temperature feature should be
entirely independent of the rate of rise element the opening temperature of fixed temperature
element should be factory set as 57c + 5c.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 5
HEAT DETECTORS
Manual call points
The break glass shall be fabricated out of 14 guage cold rolled sheet steel
It may also be made of die cast aluminium alloy.
It has ip-55 enclosure and weather proof construction for out door installation.
It has a minimum dimension of 100*100*80 mm
Hooters/ loop sounders \
The unit consist of:
solid state circuity on a printed circuit board
flashing lamp housed in a weather proofed dust right
wall mounting type enclosure
The hooter shall atleast have 102lbs (a) output maesured at 1 meter distance
In the event of fire , the hooter shall raise pulsating audio alarm and the lamp shall flash
4. Response indicators
Suitable for flush with false ceiling
They are connected to the detectors directly and shall complete with terminal block suitable
to accept cables with upto 2.5mm copper conductor
Normal state – led flicker
In alarm condition – led in red colour with 5mm dia as minimum
SYSTEMS IN FIRE DETECTION
Hydrant system/wet raiser system
Sprinkler system
First aid fire extinguisher at
Transformer, control panel, generation and lift
Water curtain system
Fire trace system
Hydrant system/wet raiser system
Piping: ms pipes
So well designed that minimum pressure maintained 3.5kg/cm
Ms pipes conform to is:1239with fittings to is:part ii (medium grade)
Under ground pipes for ms medium class . The pipes shall be laid not less than 1 metre
below ground level
Above ground piping shall be ms medium unless other wise specified and shall conform to
is:1239part i
Sprinkler system
It is provide for the entire building and every floor is provided flow switch to give an alarm in the
event of its operation . It is also taking care of the required pressure to ensure the system works in
the event of fire and all sprinklers are used are an approved make and the temperature set 68
degree centigrade. This is an independent system as per the standard.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 6
Water curtain system
It is provided water curtain system around the building . One at the terrace and other at the 36 mtr
height i.e at 12th floor to ensure cooling of the tower to put of fire effectively
Fire terrace system desgned for a simple installation, the capacity about 10, 000 ltrs in emergency
if fire pumps fail to operates then this stored water can be pumped having booster pump installed
in line pressure of ware at 4to 4.5 kg /cm2.
Deluge valve;- a water deluge system consists of a net work of dry pipe work and open nozzles
water is introduses into the system by means of a fast acting specifically engineerd deluge valve.
The‖ deluge valve ― is the automatic water control valve that is used to control water flow into
deluge ,preaction and special types of fire protection systems in response to a fire.
Anticorrosive treatment for underground piping
Pipes laid outdoor in trenches , buried in earth shall be wrapped with pypkote‖ make 4mm
thick membranes consisting 7 layers of poly ethylene polymerised bitumen and polyester
mat laid over suitable primer of fibre and solvent based rubbermodified bituminous primer of
density 0.9gms/cum applied at the rate of approx 200-250gm/sq.m.
Material to be laid strictly as per manufacturers specifications .
The pipeline running below floor shall be given anticorrosive treatmant same as for
underground piping
Hydrant valves
Landing valves should be of gun metal
construction and of 63mm dia oblique female
instantaneous pattern with caps and chains
Landing valves conform to is-5290 in all respects
Double headed landing valves shall have
separate control valves
Landing valves shall be connected to the wet riser
stand pipes by means of suitable tee,cost of
which is deemed to be included in the unit rate for
piping
Types of Hydrant valves
1. Non return valves : swing check type with cost iron body without bypass arrangement. The
valves shall conform to is-5312 with latest amendments
2. Gun metal sluice valves: they are provided with female threaded ends for priming
connection to the delivery of pump. They shall conform to is-778with latest amendments
3. Gun metal non return valves: they are with female threaded ends for priming connection
to delivery of the pump
4. Air cushion vessel: shall be fabricated with 1 m long 250mm dia class b ms piped and
provided with automatic air release cock , 25mm dia . Drain vakve and a shut off valve
5. Stand post: ms doubled flanged stand post for seating hydrant valves made of 80mm dia
and of length 2 mtrs
6. Hose pipes: they shall be of63 mm diameter made as per is-636 , type 1
7. Branch pipes: gun metal short branch pipes with 63 mm female instantaneous inlet . Male
threaded outlet complete with hexagonal based nozzle heavy quality conforming to is-903
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 7
8. Fire hose coupling : gun metal fire hose coupling of 63mm size with multiseperated tail
and double instantaneous spring lock arrangement comprising of male and female half and
rubber washer conforming to is-903
9. Hose reel: hydraulic hose reel construction on decorative lines , full swing type finish black
and red heavy stove enamel fitted with 30 mtrs (90‘)long 19mm (3/4) size hose terminating
with hand controlled nozzle with suitable bracket for fixing on the wall
10. Hose cabinet: to accommodate two pieces of 15mtrs long hoses along with one pair of
male and female coupling and one branch pipe. The cabinet is made up of ms sheet glass
with front hinged door and lock . The cabinet is spray painted to scarlet red colour . Size
30‖*24‖*10‖
11. Butterfly valves :Should conform the following specifications
Body: high duty cast iron to is 210 gr.fg 220 and bs 1452
gr 220
Seating:moulded resilient lining of back nitliner rubber
Disk: nylon coated s.g.iron to is: 1865 /sg400/12 and
bs2729 gr. 420/12
Shaft: made of stainless steel aisi431 valves shall be
capable of being locked in opening and closing . Key rods
with m.s . Coated extended spindles to be provided
whenever the valves shall be installed
Butterfly valve : type of connections
Fire brigade inlet connection
The inlet into the tank comprises of 4 instantaneous pattern 63 mm dia
Make inlets with caps and chains complete with non returnvalves housed in a 16 gauge ms
Cabinet with 4mm thick glass fronted door .
The cabinet shall be 1000*300*400mm size for recess mounting
Siamese connection
1 no. Fire brigade inlet connection to the riser comprised of 4 instantaneous pattern 63mm dia .
Inlets with 4 non return valves and cap with chains complete with 6‖ sluice valve
The manifold will be mounted in a mild steel cabinet with a glass fronted door
Cabinet suitable for wall/floor mounting
FIRE PUMP HOUSE
Pump driven by diesel engine
Requirement of the engine
It shall be of 4 cylinder type with indiviual head assemblies
It should be water cooled and shal include radiator, water pump,and connecting pipe
strainer,isolating and pressure reducing valves , by pass line completer in all aspects.
It shall be direct injection type with low noise and exhaust omission type
It should be self starting type and shall be provided with 12 volts heavy duty batteries ,dynamo
starters cutouts, starter, cutout battery leads complete in all aspects
Speed of the engine shall match the pump speed for direct drive
It shall be provided with a automatic fully connected battery recharger as required
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 8
System should be designed such that both batteries connected and are indiviually able to
provide automatic pump starting
The battery circuit should be arranged to alternately attempt starting on one circuit first , then
other battery could be charged be an alternator on the engine with the other one charged by
an independent means
Engine shall be provided with a oil bath air cleaner
Engine should be suitable for running on high speed diesel oil
The entire system shall be mounted on a common structural base plate with anti vibration
mounting and flexible connections on the suction and delivery piping
Providing one fully mounted and supported day oil tank fabricated from 5m thick ms sheet of
capacity (size 1m*1m*0.7m) 500 lt with inlet , outlet with valves , gauge glass , manhole cover
Priming tank
Capacity 100 ltrs
Provided with suitable inlets , outlets scour and drain pipes
It should be with the level controller float to indicate/annuciate low water level inside tank
It is displayed in fire pump panel with audio visual indications
Pump driven by electric motors
Electrically driven by centrifugal pump of capacity 47.5 lps against 7kg/cm2 pump shall be
automatic and driven by a totally enclosed fan cooled induction electric motor of 100hp at
1500 rpm
2 types
a. Jockey pump
b. terrace pump
Jockey pump
o Electrically driven centrifugal pump of capacity 3.0 lps at
70mtrs head
o Pump shall be automatic in operation and driven by dip
squirrel cage electrical motor of 5hp at 2860 rpm
Terrace pump
o Electically driven centrifugal pump of capacity 15lps at 30mtrs head
o Pump shall be automatic in operation driven by dip proof squirrel cage electrical of 12.5hp
at 2900 rpm
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 9
ELEVATOR WORK
Introduction
Types of Elevators with Clear Lift Pit and Machine Room Sizes
Installation Procedures
Civil Work for Lift Pit
Civil Work for Lift Well
Electrical Work
Erection Work
Checklist of Elevator Work
Precautions and Maintenance of Elevator
Legal Formalities for Elevators
Introduction
An elevator (lift) is a cabin which moves vertically. It is used for transporting persons/goods, up
and down. It is a substitute for the staircase. It occupies a lesser space. It is the most convenient
way of vertical circulation in multi-storeyed buildings.
Types of Elevators with Clear Lift Pit and Machine Room Sizes
Types of elevators are
Passenger Elevator
Freight Elevator
Hospital Elevator
Dumb Elevator
Usually, passenger elevators are used in building construction. For
residential buildings, passenger elevator of 5 to 8 persons capacity,
with collapsible or swing door shutter and single speed is used. In
commercial buildings elevators of 5 to 20 persons capacity, automatic
door, with single/double/high speed is used.
As per the rules and regulations of the Corporations, an elevator is a must for buildings with G+5
floors.
A typical plan and elevations of passenger elevator is shown in the figure.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 10
ELEVATORS
Installation Procedures
Refer elevator drawings before
execution of any work.
Civil Work for Lift Pit
All hoist way walls should be
minimum 23cm brick or 150mm
R.C.C.
Centre opening doors are
recommended.
Depth should be 1.40m (4‘6‖)
below the lowest landing level. The
lift pit should be taken to landing
level. The lift pit should be taken to
a hard strata of ground. If the clear
depth from top of (bottom) raft upto
the lowest landing level is more
than 1.40m (4‘6‖), then extra depth
should be completely watertight
and rough Shahabad box type
water-proofing treatment should be
provided.
M.S. ladder should be provided for
access to the lift pit.
Provide 40cm x 40cm x 75cm,
1:2:4, concrete block in the lift pit
at a place shown in the elevator
drawing. To carry buffer spring.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 11
Civil Work for Lift Well
Scaffolding should be provided for lift erection in the shaft and should be removed after the
erection work is complete. The horizontal supports of scaffolding should be 0.90m to 1.05m
(3‘0‖ to 3‘6‖) and should exceed 1.05m (3‘6‖).
Provide pockets for the inside and backside walls, at the locations shown by the erection
agency. Grout the same after fixing the rag bolts for guide rails. Alternately, the guide rails
can also be fixed with fasteners at these locations. This is an easier but time consuming
and expensive procedure.
It cannot be adopted where the lift pit is more than 1.7m x 1.40m (5‘6‖ x 4‘6‖) size and
requires bracket supports for guide rails.
The fasteners or rag bolts should be provided at a distance not exceeding 2.1m (7‘0‘‘).
(Conformation from elevator agency is required).
To make the guide rails sturdy, they should be fixed on the concrete surface and NOT on
the block/brick masonry works. For this, the vertical distances between two R.C.C. bracer
beams should not exceed 2.1m (7‘0‘‘).
Make pockets and grout them for rails, brackets, indicator, boxes etc. in position.
During construction, provide 4 nos. 10cmx10cm (4‘‘ x4‖) pockets in R.C.C. pardi /block/brick
masonry wall at 90cm (3‘0‖) below the machine room bottom slab, for fixing supports of the
template.
C.P. teak wood template should be provided. The erection agency will fix up the template
and plumb. The door positions can be fixed accordingly.
For door frames designs on the ground floor and upper floors, Refer Figure Nos. 1 and 2.
Provide door frames in C.P. teak wood only.
In case of brick/block masonry, all R.C.C. beams (in lift well) should be marked with red oil
paint. 15cm (6‖) stripes on all three sides (top and bottom of beam). This helps in locating
the R.C.C beam portion. The rag bolt fasteners can be fixed accordingly in the R.C.C.
portion.
The block masonry for the adjoining frames should be done with 15cm (6‖) wide blocks, to
prevent any chipping later on and for avoiding offset in finished plaster/tiles.
The door frames and other adjoining masonry frames should be done for all floors, except
for ground floor. The door frame should be erected after lift car erection and completion of
all works of the entrance hall/passage.
For the landing flooring near entrance door of the lift, consider the sill of collapsible gate
after fixing of collapsible gate.
Two coats of white wash to be provided for all the walls of the lift well.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 12
ELECTRICAL WORK
Electrical Meter
Three phase separate electric meter is required for an individual lift.
Cables
4.0mm2 x 3.5 core copper armoured cable or (equivalent capacity aluminum cable) to be
provided from meter room at G.F. to the machine room.
2.5mm2 x 3 core copper unarmoured cable to be provided from meter room to machine
Room and again to the bottom of the lift well.
Main Switches
2 Nos. 32 Amp capacity I.C.T.P. (Iron Clad Triple Pole) one in the meter room of the
ground floor and other in the machine room. 3 Nos. 16 Amps D.P., on e in the meter
room of the ground floor and 2 in the machine room should be provided.
Light Points
One tube light point in machine room with one additional socket and switch.
One external point at the entrance door of machine room.
In the lift well, one wooden block containing a bulb with switch and a 3-pin socket
with switch, at the level of one and half feet below each floor level, except for the
ground floor should be provided. In addition, a similar bock at the machine room floor
level and one on 0.9m (3‘0‖) below F.F.L. at the ground floor should be provided.
Earthing
8 Gauge copper double earthing from the earth pit to the machine room, I.C.T.P. motor
and controller should be provided.
Locations
Underground cable should run from the ground floor meter to the lift well. Inside the lift
well, cable should run on the back side wall, near a of the corner of the lift, upto the
location of main switches in the machine room adjoining these cables. The lighting point
should also be provided inside the lift well.
Saddling of the cables at 0.6m (2‘0‖) interval in succession should be provided.
Erection Work
Erection of all the machines as per the P.W.D. rules and regulations should be carried out
by an authorized agency.
Precautions and Maintenance of Elevator
A single authorized agency should handle the work, right from the start to the completion,
of erecting the machines.
For electrical and installation work, appoint agencies with the authorized licenses, as per
the rules laid down by the inspectors.
Ensure that there is no water seepage in the lift pit, machine room and hoist way.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 13
Checklist of Elevator Work
Check the size of lift pit as per the standard dimensions, specified by the manufacturer‘s
requirements.
Check lift shaft for perfect right angles, plumb from top to bottom.
Check the position, size, line, level, plumb of lift door frames.
Check the depth of the lift pit form parking F. F. ., as per the manufacturer‘s requirements.
Check the quality of wood and the correct design, as per the drawing for the door frame.
Ensure that the door frame is flush to the plaster inside the lift shaft.
Ensure that the bottom slab of the machine room, with all openings, is as per the requirements
of manufacturer. (The manufacturer should be present at the time of slab casting).
Check the hooks in the top slab, required to set the pulley at the time of erection.
Lift machine room flooring should be of I.P.S.
Check the rigidity of the foundation concrete and the bolts provided to the lift machine.
Ensure that the opening for the rap door is closed properly with a good quality trap door.
Ensure that the finishing of the pockets, the lift machine room slab, is done properly.
Ensure that landing flooring is done, considering the clear required height of opening, in the
door frame.
Landing slope should be given away from the lift door.
Check the rigidity of the scaffolding during erection, to prevent any accidents.
Scaffolding should be done as per the requirement of the lift erectors.
Check the rigidity of the rails fixed with fasteners.
Check the alignment of the rail for truly in plumb.
Check the quality and size of the foundation concrete for buffer springs.
Check all the material supplied by the manufacturer for the required size, specification, quality,
effective working etc.
Check the quality of workmanship for all erection work.
Check the finishing of lift car from inside.
Check the electricity supply with a separate electric meter for the lift.
Check the safety arrangements during operation of the lift like opening, auto locking of door
etc.
Ensure that a sufficient counter weight is provided.
Check the quality and specification of the electrical cables used of the lift work.
Check the lift for smooth operation and floor to floor stop control, from inside and outside.
Check all the working of all indicators.
Ensure sufficient ventilation in the lift machine room and a weld mesh to act as a guard from
birds etc.
Check the functioning of the earthing systems.
Check the key for emergency operation of lift.
Ensure that the instruction plate is fixed.
Maintenance of Elevators
Maintenance of elevators should be entrusted to the authorized licensees. The agency will
inspect the said works every 3 months and will attend to all the calls, as and when required.
o Lubrication of wire ropes and guide rails.
o Checking the level of machine pits.
o Motor greasing.
o Clearing of all the equipments.
o Adjustment in electrical circuits, landing gate lock and car gate switch.
o Inspection of hoist way switches.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 14
Legal Formalities for Elevators
There are three formalities to be completed – A, B and C. They should be obtained from
the P.W.D. department for installation. The elevator can be installed after receiving the
approval.
1. „A‟ Form
After booking the lift, obtain a permission from the P.W.D. department for
installation. The elevator can be installed after receiving the approval.
2. „B‟ Form
After completion of all the required lift works, as per the rules and regulations laid
down by the P.W.D. department, the inspector of lifts shall visit the site and inspect
the elevator. If satisfied, he will forward he ‗B‘ form to the higher authorities.
3. „C‟ Form
After obtaining both A & B permissions, apply for the ‗C‘ form, i.e., permission for
using the lift. The P.W.D. department will issue a license for the same.
Types of arrangement
Moving staircase can be constructed in two ways
Parallel arrangement
Crisscross arrangement
In crisscross arrangement can be operated in two mode spiral and walk-around.
Whereas the parallel arrangement defines usage by the physical arrangement of the
staircases.
The major difference between two plans is that in the crisscross arrangement, the upper
and lower terminal entrances and exits to the up and down escalators are separated by the
horizontal length of an escalator, where as in either of the parallel arrangement the two
escalators face in the same direction.
Location
Because escalators are constantly moving and are generally part of a horizontal and
vertical trip, they must be placed directly in the main line of traffic.
In elevator bank since it is a vertical transportation unit can be set off as an element on its
own for people to approach and utilize.
Escalators placed in dominating area will help the potential riders to immediately
Locate the escalator
Recognize the individual escalator‘s destination
Move easily and comfortably towards the escalators.
Size, speed, capacity and rise
All escalators are generally installed at an angle of 30o from horizontal, with a minimum
vertical clearance of 7‘ for passenger. The 30o inclination means that the rise is equal to
57% of the unit‘s projected floor area for its inclined portion.
The length of horizontal portions of the stairway depends on the specific design.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 28
SANITARY WARE ITEMS
o Wash hand basin
o Indian water closet
o European water closet
o Anglo Indian water closet
o Bidet
o Urinals , sinks, soap dish etc
SANITARY FITTINGS
Full/half threaded waste coupling
Stop valves of open and concealed types
Pillar taps
Sink/ basin/ wall mixers
Extension piece with flange…….
PVC MATERIALS
Pipes- single / double socket
Plain bends , plug bends
Pvc plain / plug tees
Pvc single/double ―y‖
Pvc collars
Pvc cowls
Pvc shoes
Pvc offsets
DETAIL REQUIREMENT IN THE DWG ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Layout Drawings With Levels Of Roads And Buildings , Indicating The General Final
Contour
Details Of Total Drainage Disposal Systems On Layout
Position Of Septic Tanks , UG Water Tanks , Open Wells ,Tube Wells Etc
Storm Water Flow Patterns On Layout
Boosting System Details For Various System
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Providing water in residential premises for requirements such as cooking washing, drinking ,
and cleaning is the main object of a water supply system.
Water should be Free from disease causing organisms
like bacteria , virus etc.
Free of undesirable taste and odor
Clear and colorless
Free of excessive minerals
Free of poisonous materials.
In nature we get water as
Surface water in the form of rivers ,lakes and reservoirs.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 29
Underground water in the form of open wells and tube wells.
The sources are
1. Municipal corporation/locals authorities
2. Bore well at site .
3. Open well at site.
Water should be tested for standard requirements of potable water. Normally the municipal
water is supposed to be potable and no separate tests required for it.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 30
Disinfection of water
Wells must be disinfected using heavy doses of chlorine . Bleaching powder can be used for
disinfection of the water .bleaching power contains 25% to 30% chlorine. The water received from
the MC is treated at a central plant and disinfected.
U. G. W.T.
The height must be 60cm above FFL
The capacity should be 1.5 times of O.H.W.T
The bottom slab of underground water , above the ground water table and above the outlet
level of the septic tank.
A proper compartment should be made to store municipal water and bore well water
separately.
Arrangement for permanent ladder be made ,if the depth of U.G.W.T exceeds 2.5m
Distribution systems from UGT to OHT using pumping system
Normal sizes are 15, 20, 40, 50.mm
Selection , installation and maintenance , should confirm to IS2401;1973
Domestic water meter testing should be as per IS6784; 1984
Domestic water meter box should be as per IS 2104;1981
Domestic water meter should confirm to IS779;1978
Distribution from over head water tank to individual units
The capacity of over head water is adjusted by varying the depth.
The capacity can be worked out by assuming the water requirement as 135litres /person
/day. For one bed room flat five person and two bed room flat seven can be assumed.
C class G.I pipes or pvc, pp- R pipes are being used
The testing of pipes pressure 5 to 10 kg /cm2
If the height of the building is 15mtr and above fire fighting system must be installed
Do not start the plastering work of concealed GI lines before checking leakage under
pressure for all concealed joints
Standard length of pipe is 6m
In hot and cold water mixed unit hot connection should be kept on the left and cold on the
right
SANITARY SYSTEM Sanitary system and its procedure
The method of collecting and disposing the waste has been modernized and replaced by a
system, where waste are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and carried through closed
conduits under the gravity flow condition – treated their effluent may be disposed off either
in a running system in nalla. The water may be used for irrigation purposes.
Drainage system includes drainage pipes, fixtures traps, vent pipes storm water pipes
sewer lines, manholes etc. along with their devices and the necessary connections for
disposal of the waste water in a defined way.
Classification drainage system
Internal drainage system include nahani traps p traps ci/ pvc lines in sanitary units, kitchen
outlets, vertical pipes from the terrace to the ground level.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 31
External drainage system
it includes gully traps ,chambers, sewer traps ,sewer lines , septic tanks ,filter beds ,final
disposal to sewage lines.
Material MS, CI, PVC, AC, RCC, are used as per design. Types of joints are cement for CI
pipes. solution joints for pvc pipes. And testing is done by water under pressure ,smoke
test.
Storm drainage system
R.A = 3.2x D5/2
1000
R.A= roof area in m2 for a rain fall intensity of 75mm/hr water pipes in mm ie D
R.A=50x20 m2
D5/2 = R.A x 1000
3.2
D= 50 x20 x1000 2/5
3.2
D= 78125 2/5
D= 90.5
= 100mm
Fire fighting system total fire hydrant work is installation pressurized piping system in the
building with pumps as it has to work in automatic principle it is a part of services of high rise
building.
WATER AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Water is the most basic and fundamental component of life on earth. Approximately three
fourths of the earth's surface is covered by water. Water plays a key role in the metabolic
breakdown of essential molecule as proteins and carbohydrates. This process called
hydrolysis goes on continually in living cells.
In recent years, ground water has become the central issue in protecting our water
resources. Ground water is a great source for supplying our water needs, but it is also one
that is susceptible to contamination. Once a ground water is contaminated, it takes decades
to recover. As human consumption places greater demands on ground water resources, it
becomes increasingly important for us to keep these systems free from contamination.
Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
Water has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself. It has greater heat
capacity than any other substance except ammonia.
Surface Tension
It is the ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together, Water, has an extremely high
surface tension. Water molecules cling together so tightly that it can support objects heavier than
itself. This can be demonstrated on a dripping tap. As the water drips, each drip cling to the tap,
stretches, is released and forms into a tiny ball.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 32
Capillarity
Is the ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity.
Dissolving Ability
Water has the ability to dissolve almost any substance, it is known as a universal solvent,
Definitions
A. Natural Water
Readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities (physical, chemical,
bacteriological or radiological)
B. Purified Water
Water which undergoes treatment, physical, biological or chemical means to improve water
quality. Purification is an artificial means of obtaining chemically pure water.
C. Contaminated Water
Water with any material or substance that affects the quality of water and affects the health
of an individual.
D. Polluted Water
Water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological,
biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the
potability of water.
E. Hard Water
Water with the presence of elements such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and
Aluminum (AI) which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather
from detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers.
F. Soft Water
Water without the presence of calcium and magnesium. This is characterized by easiness
of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes.
G. Grey Water
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs.
H. Black Water
Water-plus-human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals.
I. Storm Water
Rain, surface run-off
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 33
Uses of Water
1. Nourishment
Much of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet.
2. Cleansing and Hygiene
Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste, and its high heat
storage capacity makes the attainment of comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much larger
quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment.
3. Ceremonial Uses
Largely through its association with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial significance that
remains particularly evident in religious services.
4. Transportation Uses
Even before land transportation was discovered man had already ventured into the water as a
transportation medium. Waterways had been developed for this purpose to allow the passage of
water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people.
5. Cooling Medium
Water has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat
when it evaporates, and vaporizes readily at temperatures commonly found at the human skin
surface. Water is also used in some devices that need the removal of heat easily and efficiently.
6. Ornamental Element
In almost any landscaping application, indoors or out, water becomes a center of interest. Our
association of water with nourishing, cleansing, and cooling make a very powerful design element
- a fact recognized by landscape designers throughout history.
7. Protective Uses
Water is an essential element in fire protection. The vast quantities of water potentially required for
firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large
valves. Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection
water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 34
Water Quality 1. Physical Characteristics
Water from surface sources (roof runoff, streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc..) is particularly subject to physical pollutants.
1.1 Turbidity
Caused by the presence of suspended materials, such as clay, silt, other inorganic material, plankton's or finely divided organic materials.
1 .2 Color
This is often caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying vegetation.
1.3 Taste and Odor
it can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts, or dissolved gases. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has
identified which source is responsible.
1.4 Temperature- In general, water supplied between 50° an; 6O° F is preferred.
2 Chemical Characteristics
Ground water is particular to chemical alteration, because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals contained in
rocks and soils.
2.1 Alkalinity
This is caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water's alkalinity is key to which treatments to
use.
2.2 Hardness
Hardness is a relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soaps and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and
cooking utensils. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be classified as temporary (carbonate) and permanent
(bicarbonate). Temporary hardness is temporarily removed by heating, it forms scale. pH is a measure of water's hydrogen ion concentration, as
well as its relative acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral. Measurements below 7 indicate that water is acidic
2.3 Toxic Substances
Toxic substances are occasionally present in water supplies. Authorities have established information about concentration of such substances such
as arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Cadmium (Cd), Cyanides (CNN), Fluoride (F), Lead (Pub), Selenium (Se) and Silver (Ag).
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The demand of water due to the following main reason
1. Domestic water supply
2. Industrial demand
3. Public and fire demand and besides that there will be some wasterage
Domestic water need :
Per capital demand is estimate then total population , then quanitiy of water can be determined .
Guiding information for estimating the domestic water need/day/person
1. Water required for drinking - 2 liters
2. Cooking,washing etc 10 to 13 litres
3. For bathing and washing 40 to 60 lire
4. Flushing in W.C 30 to 40 litres
5. Others needs 10 litres
Total required water 90 to 130 litres
For fire demand storage capacity is to utilize for two hours
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 35
Total water requirement P.C.D is as follows
1. Domestic requirement 110 litres
2. Public requirement 20 litre
3. Industrial demand 40 litres
4. Fire demand 15 litres
5. Wastage and Losses 15 litres
6. Total 200 litres
For practical purpose 200 litres
If the population of city …. P
Then total demand of watet is 200 x P
The following are the normal desing periods of various units of water supply system normally
adopted.
Name of unit Design Period
1. Well for under ground source 5 years
2. Impounding resource 30 years
3. Water pumping system 10 years
4. Water treatment plant 15 years
5. On the basis of maximum hourly demand 5 years
Factors on which rate of water consumption depends
Climate conditions
Standards of livings
Industries
Pressure in the water supply system
System of sanitations
Building Water Supply
The requirement of water in different type of building are recommended as per I.S 1172 -1963 is
as follows
S.No Type of building Consumption /head/day/in litres
1 Residential building 135
2 Factories 45
3 Hospitals ( including laundary , per/bed 455
4 Hostels 135
5 Office 45
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 36
Characteristics of Available Water sources
The source of water availability is classified as follows‖
1. Rain and snow
2. Surface water
Streams
Natural ponds and lake
Impounding reservoir
3. Ground water
Springs
Shallow wells
Deep wells
Sources of water
Further information: Water supply
1. Groundwater: The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen as rain
many tens, hundreds, thousands or in some cases millions of years ago. Soil and rock layers
naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity before the treatment plant. Such
water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells.
Deep ground water is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria
or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water typically is rich in dissolved
solids, especially carbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the
strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride,
and bicarbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of
this water to make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection may also be
required. Where groundwater recharge is practised; a process in which river water is injected
into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought; it
is equivalent to lowland surface waters for treatment purposes.
2. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland
reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a
protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels
are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are
forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which
require adjustment.
3. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant
bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved
constituents.
4. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking
water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapor.
5. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collects water from the atmosphere can be used
especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when
there is little rain.
6. Desalination of seawater by distillation or reverse osmosis.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 37
In water supply system :
The management of water supply is divided in to various installation in are as follows‖
1. Intakes : these are first structures from the source end and are used for collection of water . I.e
UGWP . , raw water tank . from this send to treatment plant
Raw water tank should be neare to treatment plant and easy to fill by tankers if supply is not
available from municipalities
Distributions systems
1. By Gravity distributions
2. By pumping reliable method of water sypply .this method allows fairly and uniform rate of
pumping and economical
An overhead water tank has the following components parts
a) Inflow pipe and float gauge
b) Outlet pipe and over flow pipe
c) Drain off pipe with NRV
d) Ladder from ground level to the tank
e) Ladder for going ground level to tank
f) Ladder for going on roof of tank
g) Man hole and facility for going to tank base
h) Ventilators for fresh air.
PIPING SYSTEM
Distribution mains : its supply water to the fire hydrants,service pipes of the residence and other
buildings.
The velocity at max flow should not escedd 2m/secc . Normally it should be designed for 1m/sec/
1. Construction and maintenance of distribution systems.
a) Testing
b) Cleaning of water mains
c) Pipes and fitting
d) Valves in pipe lines
e) Sluice valve: also known as gate valve to control the water throudgh pipe.
f) Air relief valve
g) Pressure relief valve
h) Reflux or check valve ; ALSO known as non retrun valve.
i) Fire hydrants
j) Pump and pumping stations
k) Surge tank
2. Qualities of water supplies
3. Treatment of water
The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may
not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the water.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 38
Pre-treatment
1. Pumping and containment - The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid
adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental
contamination does not occur.
2. Screening (see also screen filter) - The first step in purifying surface water is to remove
large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other large particles which may interfere
with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening
before other purification steps.
3. Storage - Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods
between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take
place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs
also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be
maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.
4. Pre-conditioning - Water rich in hardness salts is treated with soda-ash (sodium
carbonate) to precipitate calcium carbonate out utilising the common-ion effect.
5. Pre-chlorination - In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimise the
growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine below), this has
largely been discontinued.[citation needed]
Widely varied techniques are available to remove the fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice
of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the
processed water.
Flocculation
Flocculation is a process which clarifies the water. Clarifying means removing any turbidity or colour so that the water is clear and colourless.
Clarification is done by causing a precipitate to form in the water which can be removed using simple physical methods. Initially the precipitate forms
as very small particles but as the water is gently stirred, these particles stick together to form bigger particles - this process is sometimes called
flocculation. Many of the small particles that were originally present in the raw water adsorb onto the surface of these small precipitate particles and
so get incorporated into the larger particles that coagulation produces. In this way the coagulated precipitate takes most of the suspended matter
out of the water and is then filtered off, generally by passing the mixture through a coarse sand filter or sometimes through a mixture of sand and
granulated anthracite (high carbon and low volatiles coal). Coagulants / flocculating agents that may be used include:
1. Iron (III) hydroxide. This is formed by adding a solution of an iron (III) compound such as iron(III) chloride to pre-treated water with a pH of
7 or greater. Iron (III) hydroxide is extremely insoluble and forms even at a pH as low as 7. Commercial formulations of iron salts were
traditionally marketed in the UK under the name Cuprus.
2. Aluminium hydroxide is also widely used as the flocculating precipitate although there have been concerns about possible health impacts
and mis-handling led to a severe poisoning incident in 1988 at Camelford in south-west UK when the coagulant was introduced directly
into the holding reservoir of final treated water.
3. PolyDADMAC is an artificially produced polymer and is one of a class of synthetic polymers that are now widely used. These polymers
have a high molecular weight and form very stable and readily removed flocs, but tend to be more expensive in use compared to
inorganic materials. The materials can also be biodegradable.
4. Sedimentation
Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with slow flow,
allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between does not permit
settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the centre
outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer—that furthest from the sediment—exits. The amount of floc that
settles out of the water is dependent on basin retention time and on basin depth. The retention time of the water must therefore be balanced against
the cost of a larger basin. The minimum clarifier retention time is normally 4 hours. A deep basin will allow more floc to settle out than a shallow
basin. This is because large particles settle faster than smaller ones, so large particles collide with and integrate smaller particles as they settle. In
effect, large particles sweep vertically through the basin and clean out smaller particles on their way to the bottom.
As particles settle to the bottom of the basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of sludge must be removed and treated.
The amount of sludge that is generated is significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water that is treated. The cost of treating and
disposing of the sludge can be a significant part of the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The tank may be equipped with mechanical
cleaning devices that continually clean the bottom of the tank or the tank can be taken out of service when the bottom needs to be cleaned.
5.Filtration
After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 39
The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite
coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger
than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces
or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of
sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.
To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called backflushing or backwashing) to remove
embedded particles. Prior to this, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the
backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. This contaminated water can be disposed of, along with the sludge from the sedimentation
basin, or it can be recycled by mixing with the raw water entering the plant.
Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters, differing in that the filter medium is
enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure.
Advantages:
Filters out much smaller particles than paper and sand filters can.
Filters out virtually all particles larger than their specified pore sizes.
They are quite thin and so liquids flow through them fairly rapidly.
They are reasonably strong and so can withstand pressure differences across them of typically 2-5 atmospheres.
They can be cleaned (back flushed) and reused.
Membrane filtration
Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles
larger than 0.2 um—including giardia and cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse
the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. They are
widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water). However no filtration can remove substances that are actually
dissolved in the water such as phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions.
Slow sand filters
Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) to the ground, Water purification plant
Káraný, Czech Republic
Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space as the water must
be passed very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment
processes for their action rather than physical filtration. The filters are carefully constructed
using graded layers of sand with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom
and finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection.
Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or
Schmutzdecke, on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months if the pre-treatment is
well designed and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient
levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution system with very low disinfectant levels thereby reducing consumer irritation over offensive
levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products. Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by having the top layer of sand scraped off
when flow is eventually obstructed by biological growth.[citation needed]
A specific 'large-scale' form of slow sand filter is the process of bank filtration, in which natural sediments in a riverbank are used to provide a first
stage of contaminant filtration. While typically not sufficiently clean enough to be used directly for drinking water, the water gained from the
associated extraction wells is much less problematic than river water taken directly from the major streams where bank filtration is often used.
6. Disinfection
Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful microbes and also by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step in purifying drinking
water. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Escherichia
coli, Campylobacter and Shigella, and protozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidia. In most developed countries, public water
supplies are required to maintain a residual disinfecting agent throughout the distribution system, in which water may remain for days before
reaching the consumer. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage - often called a
contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete.
Rule 29 construction, installation, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines
and application
Rule No 29 From “ The Indian Electricity Rule , 1956” 29. Construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus-
1) All electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sufficient ratings for power, insulation and estimated
fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength, for the duty which they may be required to perform
under the environmental conditions of installation, and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked
and maintained in such a manner as to ensure safety of human beings, animals and property.
2) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, the relevant code of practice of the Bureau of Indian Standards
including National Electrical Code if any may be followed to carry out the purposes of this rule and in the
event of any inconsistency, the provision of these rules shall prevail.
S.R.P* 6TH TERM -UTILITIES & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PAGE 74
3) The material and apparatus used shall conform to the relevant specifications of the Bureau of Indian
Standards where such specifications have already been laid down.
1. Subs. by GSR 358, dt. 30.4.1987, w.e.f. 9.5.1987.
2. Subs. by GSR 45, dt. 1.1.1993, w.e.f. 23.1.1993.
3. Subs. by GR. 466, dt. 18.7.1991, w.e.f. 17.8.1991.
4. Ins. by GSR 358, dt. 30.4.1987, w.e.f. 5.9.1987.
1. All electric supply lines and apparatus has to be of sufficient ratings for power insulation
and estimated fault current and of sufficient mechanical strength for duty which they
may require to perform under the environmental conditions of installation and shall be
constructed, installed , and protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to
ensure safety of human being , animal s and property
2. The material and apparatus used must conform to relevant specifications of BIS rules
30 service lines and apparatus on consumers premises
POWER FACTOR
Depending upon circuits current usually flows less than the electromotive force I.e when e.m.f is
50% of its max , the current flow may be 35 to 50% of its max
Therefore the wattage power of A.C circuit W= E* I * P.F.
In A.C circuit , voltage and current and current are in phase . the current and voltage are at its