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Variation Studies: Some Findings and Issues

Dr. Suzanne Bardeas

[email protected]

Umm Al-Qura University

27/08/1431

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Outline

1 Fischer (1958)

2 Labov (1966)

3 Trudgill (1974)

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1 Fischer (1958)

2 Labov (1966)

3 Trudgill (1974)

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New England

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(ng) variable

12 boys and 12 girls (3-10)

formal, less formal, informal

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Boys vs. girls in the most formal situation.

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Model boy vs. typical boy.

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Model boys use depnding on formality.

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Types of verbs

every day activities: e.g. punch, hit, etc

formal verbs: e.g. criticize, correct, etc.

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1 Fischer (1958)

2 Labov (1966)

3 Trudgill (1974)

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New York City

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Hypotheses (r-pronunciation,)

reintroduced from above

younger people

formal

more likely at the end of word than before consonants

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Method of data collection

three department stores (Saks, Macys, S. Klein)

asked about a department on the fourth floor

elicited a more careful repetition

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Employers using -r in all instances

Saks Macys S. Klein

(%) (%) (%)All [r] 32 31 17

Some [r] 30 20 4

No [r] 38 49 79

Number 68 125 71

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position in the word

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Age

Saks: older - less

S. Klein: inconclusive

Macys: older - more

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Age

Saks: older - less

S. Klein: inconclusive

Macys: older - more

subjective reaction test

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Social class and formality

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(th) variable, social class, and formality

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1 Fischer (1958)

2 Labov (1966)

3 Trudgill (1974)

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Norwich

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sixteen phonological variables

social class and level of formality

different variables pattern differently

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-in and class and formality

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-in and gender

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Fischer (1958)Labov (1966)Trudgill (1974)