HOW TO DESIGN?
HOW TO DESIGN?
DISTRIBUTION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS
WIDE VARIETY OF CLIMATE
SAME SOIL -- DIFFERENT CLIMATE
RESIDENCE COMPLICATIONS
DESIGN NEEDS ENVELOPES
EDGE LIFT
EDGE DRYING
DESIGN AIDS
• SOIL MOVEMENT
• SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
• SLAB DEFLECTION AND STRESSES
• SOIL VOLUME CHANGE
• SOIL MOISTURE VARIATION DISTANCE
• VERTICAL BARRIERS
SOIL SUCTION
EXAMPLE: VOLFLOEXAMPLE: VOLFLO--22GIVEN VALUES:
• UWET = 2.50 pF
• UDRY = 4.56 pF
• Zm = 28.08 ft
• UEQUIL. = 3.31 pF
• UO = 1.03 pF
• n = 1 cycle/year
SOIL MOVEMENT
SOIL MOVEMENT
SOIL MOVEMENT
SOIL MOVEMENT
SOIL MOVEMENT
SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
Design Differential Soil Movement, ym,Guide Number for Slab Design
ym Guide Numbers
Controlling Surface Suction, pF
MeasuredSuction pF at
Depth, zm,m 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.52.7 +3.2 0 -4.1 -13.6 -25.7 -31.3 -40.0
3.0 +9.6 +5.1 0 -7.5 -18.2 -23.1 -31.3
3.3 +17.7 +12.1 +5.1 -2.6 -11.5 -15.8 -23.1
3.6 +27.1 +20.7 +12.1 +1.6 -5.7 -9.4 -15.8
3.9 +38.1 +30.8 +20.7 +7.3 -1.3 -4.1 -9.4
4.2 +50.4 +42.1 +30.8 +14.8 +3.2 0 -4.1
4.5 +63.6 +54.7 +42.1 +23.9 +9.6 +5.1 0
Note: The positive sign indicates heave and the negative sign indicates shrinkage.
SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
Design Differential Soil Movement, ym, Guide Numberfor Slab Design: Lawn Irrigation
ym Guide Numbers
Controlling Surface SuctionDue to Lawn Watering
pF – unitsWith 4 ft. Deep Moisture Barrier
pF -- units
MeasuredSuction pF at
Depth, zm,m
2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.52.7 3.2 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0
3.0 9.6 5.1 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0
3.3 17.7 12.1 5.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0
3.6 27.1 20.7 12.1 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.1 0.1
3.9 38.1 30.8 20.7 7.3 3.8 1.9 0.5 0.1
4.2 50.4 42.1 30.8 14.8 7.7 4.9 1.9 0.1
4.5 63.6 54.7 42.1 23.9 12.4 9.1 4.9 0.8
SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
Design Differential Soil Movement, ym, Guide Numberfor Slab Design: Flower Bed Case(4 ft Deep Flower Bed Moisture)
ym Guide Numbers
Controlling Surface Suction Due toFlower Bed Watering
pF – unitsWith 4 ft. Deep Moisture Barrier
pF -- units
MeasuredSuction pF at
Depth, zm,m
2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.52.7 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.0 13.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
3.3 27.3 7.0 0 3.7 1.0 0 0
3.6 48.7 14.2 1.6 11.6 6.2 1.1 0
3.9 69.5 35.1 10.2 22.5 15.2 6.4 0
4.2 90.3 56.0 21.5 35.1 26.6 15.3 2.4
4.5 111.0 76.7 42.3 49.0 39.7 26.6 9.1
SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
Design Differential Soil Movement, ym, Guide Numberfor Slab Design: Tree Drying Case
(Without Moisture Barrier)
ym Guide Numbers
Measured Equilibrium Suction at Depth, zm
pF -- units
Depth ofTree RootZone, ft
2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.54 -79.1 -60.1 -43.2 -28.4 -15.6 -0.1 0.0
10 -169.6 -146.3 -124.9 -82.8 -42.6♦ -9.7♠ 0.0
15 -244.7 -213.6 -182.5 -108.1♥ -42.6♦ -9.7♠ 0.0
20 -333.4 -292.9 -252.5 -108.1♥ -42.6♦ -9.7♠ 0.0
♥Movement active zone, zA = 11.5 ft.♦Movement active zone, zA = 7.5 ft.♠Movement active zone, zA = 3.5 ft.
SOIL MOVEMENT TABLES
Design Differential Soil Movement, ym, Guide Numberfor Slab Design: Tree Drying Case
(With Moisture Barrier)
ym Guide Numbers
Measured Equilibrium Suction at Depth, zm
(With 4 ft Deep Moisture Barrier)pF -- units
Depth ofTree RootZone, ft
2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.54 -36.5 -25.2 -15.8 -8.1 -2.6 0.0 0.0
10 -116.3 -102.4 -88.4 -53.1 -21.5♦ 0.0 0.0
15 -193.5 -170.5 -147.5 -78.5♥ -21.5♦ 0.0 0.0
20 -278.2 -246.1 -214.2 -78.5♥ -21.5♦ 0.0 0.0
♥Movement active zone, zA = 11.5 ft.♦Movement active zone, zA = 7.5 ft.
SLAB DEFLECTIONSAND STRESSES
EXAMPLE NO. 1P.T.I. DESIGN MANUAL
FLAT SLABFLAT SLABRIBBED SLABRIBBED SLAB
SOIL VOLUME CHANGECHARTS
NATURAL RESOURCESCONSERVATION SERVICE
U.S.D.A.DATA BASE
(130,000 SAMPLES)(130,000 SAMPLES)
EXPANSIVE SOILS ZONES(A. P. COVAR)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
B-L
ine
Upper Lim
it of C
hart (P
I=LL
)
Any m
inera
l plo
tting i
n this
zone
sho
uld be in
cluded in
ZoneI
PI = 0.9
0(LL-8
)
U-L
ine
Montmorill
onite
I
PI = 0.85(LL-1
1)
Mixed M
inerals
PI = 0.81(LL-1
4)
Illites
PI = 0.73(LL-20)
A-Line
Kaolinite
s
PI = 0.68(LL-25)
Halloysites
Chlorit
es
LIQUID LIMIT, %
PLA
ST
ICIT
Y IN
DE
X, %
II
III
IV
V
VI
VIII
VII
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 1ZONE 1
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 2ZONE 2
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 3ZONE 3
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 4ZONE 4
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 5ZONE 5
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 6ZONE 6
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 7ZONE 7
EXPANSIVE SOIL VOLUME CHANGE GUIDE NUMBER(A. P. COVAR)
ZONE 8ZONE 8
VOLUME CHANGECOEFFICIENT, γγhh
==PERCENT FINE CLAY
××VOLUME CHANGE
GUIDE NUMBER
EDGE MOISTUREVARIATION DISTANCE,
eemm, ft
EDGE MOISTURE VARIATION DISTANCE
α(cm2/sec), Unsaturated Diffusivity Coefficient
10
2
e m(f
t), E
dge
Moi
stur
e V
aria
tion
Dis
tanc
e100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
S, S
lope
of p
F--
vs--
Wat
er C
onte
nt C
uve
Per
cent
Pas
sing
#20
0 S
ieve
(%
)
1020
30 4050
6070
PLAS
TICI
TY IN
DEX (PI,
%)
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
LIQUID
LI
MIT (L
L, %)
0.0E+0 1.0E-3 2.0E-3 3.0E-3 4.0E-3 5.0E-3 6.0E-3 7.0E-3 8.0E-3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00
VOLUME CHANGE COEFFIC
IENT
(SUCTION CO
MPRESSIO
N INDEX,γ
h )
CENTER LIFTEDGE LIFT
EFFECT OF VERTICALMOISTURE BARRIER
MOISTURE BARRIER(T = 1.5 ft)(T = 1.5 ft)
Depth of Perimeter Beam Below Ground Level or Depth of Vertical Moisture Barrier Below Ground Level, D', FT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Design Value of the Edge Moisture Variation Distance, e'm, ft.
Ed
ge
Mo
istu
re V
aria
tio
n D
ista
nce
fo
r M
ois
ture
Flo
w, e
m, f
t.
T = 1.5 FT
6'--5.5' 5' 4.5' 4' 3.5' 3' 2.5' 2' 1.5' 1'
D' T
em'
MOISTURE BARRIER(T = 2.0 ft)(T = 2.0 ft)
Depth of Perimeter Beam Below Ground Level or Depth of Vertical Moisture Barrier Below Ground Level, D', FT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Design Value of the Edge Moisture Variation Distance, e'm, ft.
Ed
ge
Mo
istu
re V
aria
tio
n D
ista
nce
fo
r M
ois
ture
Flo
w, e
m, f
t.
T = 2 FT
6' 5.5' 5' 4.5' 4' 3.5' 3' 2.5' 2' 1.5' 1'
D' T
em'
MOISTURE BARRIER(T = 2.5 ft)(T = 2.5 ft)
Depth of Perimeter Beam Below Ground Level or Depth of Vertical Moisture Barrier Below Ground Level, D', FT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Design Value of the Edge Moisture Variation Distance, e'm, ft.
Ed
ge
Mo
istu
re V
aria
tio
n D
ista
nce
fo
r M
ois
ture
Flo
w, e
m, f
t.
T = 2.5 FT
6' 5.5' 5' 4.5' 4' 3.5' 3' 2.5' 2' 1.5' 1'
D' T
em'
DESIGN AIDSDESIGN AIDSFORFOR
SLABS ONSLABS ONEXPANSIVE SOILSEXPANSIVE SOILS