6651

• 1. Sept 11. Understanding

2. Supercourse A project designed to create a free lecture library of PowerPoint prevention slides, 9212 Academic Faculty from 120 countries with over 800 available FreePowerpoint Lectures http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ 3. Terrorism What is it? Where does it come from? Why is it used? How can we prevent it? What do we fear about Terrorism? 4. FALLOUT SHELTER 5. Terrorism

• Isan unlawful act of violence

• Intimidates governments or societies

• Goal is to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives

Arthur H. Garrison 6. warfare seeks to conquer territories and capture cities; terrorism seeks to hurt a few people and to scare a lot of people in order to make a point NYTimes, 1/6/2000 Putting the horror in the minds of the audience, and not necessarily on the screen 7. 8. 9. Educational Deterence Fear always springs from ignorance. Emerson, 1837 10. http:// www.west.asu.edu/itweb/services/classroom.gif 11. Early History of Terrorism

• Terrorhas been used to achievepolitical endsand has a long history

• • As early as 66 72 A.D. Resistance to Roman occupation, terrorists killed Roman soldiers and destroyedRoman property.

• Terror was used to resist occupation.

Arthur H. Garrison 12. Early History of Terrorism

• Suicidal martyrdomrepresented being killed by invaderswhich resulted in rewards in heaven.It dates back thousands of years in most societies and religions.

• Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious act.

Arthur H. Garrison 13. Modern History of Terrorism

• The term terrorism was coined inthe French RevolutionsReign of Terror(1793 1794). .

• This was the birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism

• The line between terrorism and political violence is often blurred

• Goal: of State terrorism was to eliminate opposition, consolidate power, e.g., the Vanished in Argentina

Arthur H. Garrison 14. Modern History of Terrorism

• Anarchistswere seen in the late 19 thcentury

• Individual terrorism

• • The use of selective terror against an individual in order to bring down a government, e.g. Lincoln assassination

• Propaganda by deedsterrorists acts

• • Terrorism became tool of communication, propaganda

Arthur H. Garrison 15. Modern History of Terrorism:

• Middle 20 thcentury, terrorism became a toolused by both sides of colonial conflicts.

• The last 20 years of of the 20 thcentury religious based terrorism became more and more frequent.

• Another format is economic terrorism, which destructs industry and agriculture system.

Arthur H. Garrison 16. Modern History of Terrorism

• Terrorism isAsymmetric Warfare .

• • Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997).

• • The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected,unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998).

Arthur H. Garrison 17. Terrorism conclusions

• Terrorism is anancient tactic.

• Terrorism is a mode ofcommunication .

• Terrorism is a special type of violence andAsymmetrical warfare .

• Terrorism isused in times of peace, conflicts and war .

• Terrorism is designed to make a point, through psychological means,fear.

• Terrorism is apolitical act .

Arthur H. Garrison 18. Anatomy of a Bioterrorist Attack Preparation 5 years Execution 1 day Diagnosed case 3 days First Death Multiple deaths Terrorism takes muchTime and planning 19. Property of Terrorism

• Terrorism is different from regular crime because of its strong political properties

• The definition of terrorism can vary from people to people due to the differences in standpoint

• One persons terrorist can be anothers fighter

20. Prevention of Terrorism

• Primary prevention:

• • Education!!!

• • Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors

• • Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just my group of people

• • Eliminate the root of terrorism

21. Prevention of Terrorism

• Secondary prevention:

• • Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack

• • Improve protective system for citizens

22. Prevention of Terrorism

• Tertiary prevention

• • Early detection of the sources

• • Prevent the extension of impairments

• • Rescue the survivors

• • Console the rest of the population

23. Types of Terrorism

• Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement.Oklahoma City is a primary example.

• International terrorism involves groupswhose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.

the Center for National Security Studies 24. Methods of Terrorism

• Firearms

• Explosive and Incendiary Devices

• Chemical Agents

• Biological Agents

• Nuclear Weapon

25. From Emergency Net NEWS Archives, 1994Document Courtesy of the U.S. Postal Inspector's Office Suspicious Thing to Look for 26. Chemical Agents

• Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people, destroy livestock or ravage crops

• Some agents are odorless and tasteless

• They can have an immediate or a delayed effect

27. Example of Chemical Terrorism

• Sarin nerve agent attacked the Tokyo subway system in March 20, 1995

• 12 people were killed and 53 were seriously injured

Genro Ochi M.D 28. Biological terrorism

• Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce illness, death and terror

• The paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages.

• Microbes

• • Bacteria

• • Viruses

• • Toxins

29. Is this something new?

• 14th Century Kaffa

• • City on Crimean Peninsula

• Hurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it

30. Is this something new?

• 18 thCentury French and Indian War

• • British Officers gave blankets from smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French

• • Caused an epidemic in tribes

• • Effective means of incapacitating group

31. Motives for bioterrorism Fred T. Muwanga M.D. Msc 32. Responses to Bioterrorism

• Early detection of active and potential cases

• Emergency measures to save lives

• Prevention and management of secondary contamination

33. Nuclear Terrorism

• Spreading of radioactive materials through ventilation system or explosion

• Disable nuclear reactor cooling system and cause leakage of radioactive materials

• Detonate a nuclear weapon

• No use of nuclear material for non-military terrorism has ever occurred

34. Proportion of death from terrorism in total death in the United States 0.12 2404624 2893 2001 0.0003 2534203 8 1990s Proportion (%) From all causes From terrorism Average death per year 35. Risk of Dying Penguin Books, 1987 One in 50,000,000 Terrorism attack in 1990s One in 10,000,000 Hit by lightningOne in 100,000 Terrorism attack in 2001 One in 100,000 Homicide One in 25,000 Playing soccer One in 8,000 Road accident One in 850 All natural causes age 40 One in 200 Smoking 10 cigarettes a day 36. Death Rate of Various Causes in 2000 USA and that from Terrorism One in 50,000,000 Terrorism in 1990s One in 100,000 Terrorism in 2001 One in 20,000 Homicide* One in 10,000 Suicide* One in 4,000 Diabetes* One in 3,000 Accidents * One in 2,000 Cerebrovascular diseases* One in 500 Cancer * One in 400 Heart disease* 37. What occupation has had the greatest risk of death from Terrorism? 38. Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001?

• The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990s, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001

• But the death rate increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11

• Overall the death rate of terrorism has not been high

• Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed the United States and world

39. Conclusion

• Terrorism is unlawful act

• Terrorism has a long history of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives

• Terrorism can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices and biological, chemical, nuclear materials

• Even through the events of 2001,the risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage .

40. The only thing we have tofear is fear itself. FDR, 1933 Fears are educated into us & can,if we wish, be educated out. Karl A. Menninger