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Exercise 1.1.2:
r s 1
p q 1 p q p q p q p q 1 p q p q
p q 1 p q
p
q
p
q
p
q
1 p
q
Exercise 1.1.3:
p q p q
r s P p q r s
pr s q r s r s r s
r s r s r s
pr sq
pr { sq pr { sq
p q
p qr
s r
s
r s
r s r
s r s r s r
s r sr s r s
r s r s r s r s
p q
Exercise 1.1.4:
p q
p q p q P p q
X H p q p q p q
P
P
X H
p q P
p q p q R
p q p q p q
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p { q
p q
(c) (a)
p q p q
p
q
Exercise 1.1.6:
r s
p q r s r s r s
(a)
(b) pr sq pr sq r s r s
p q
r
s P r
s
P r q p q
1 p 1 q r s r s P r s
p q p q
p q p q p q r s
(b) pr sq pr sq
p q p 1q p 1q
r s P p q r s r s r s r s r s
p q p q r s r s r s r s pr sq pr sq
Exercise 1.1.10:
r t us r t u s
1
r s
p q $&%
p p p qqq P r sp p q p qq P r sp pp qp q ` qq P r s
p q p p qq p p qq t p qu p p qq p q
1
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Exercise 1.1.13:
p q p q
p q p q
p q
p q p q p q r s P p q
Exercise 4.1.1:
` 1
p ` 1 qp q # p q { p q { ` ` 1
p q # p p ` q q { {p ` q p p ` q q { {p ` q p q p ` qp q
p q # pp q q {p q { p p ` q q p q{ {
p q p q p q p ` 1 qp q ` ` 1 ` ` 1
Exercise A1:
r s
p q 1
p q
1 r 1s r s
p q r s p q