6 x 10.5 Long Title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/59202/index/9780521859202_index.pdf · Ali, Noble Drew, 138, 141, 143 Holy Koran, 139 Allah, 175, 178,

Index

Abbasid empire, 175Actualism, 87–8Adler, Alfred, 105Afghanistan, 183Africa,33, 82, 115, 120–1, 125, 127, 135African Socialism, 135agriculture

and China, 230, 235, 245and Golwalkar, 208and Hedgewar, 208and Italy, 40and Mao Zedong, 247and Vajpayee, 206–7

Ah, Muhammad. See Muhammad,Elijah

Akhil Baratiya Vidyarthi Parishad(ABVP), 200

Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha,199–200

Albania, 12Albano, Giuseppe, 55Alfieri, Vittorio, 31Algeria, 268Ali, Noble Drew, 138, 141, 143

Holy Koran, 139Allah, 175, 178, 187–9Allah Temple of Islam, 140Alleanza nazionale (National Alliance),

26, 65, 70, 76–9Alleanza nazionale (National Alliance)

Pensiamo l’Italia: Il domani c’e gia,65–6

Almirante, Giorgio, 61–2, 66–7, 76Anglo-Israelites, 163Anglosaxon Clubs of America, 133–4Angola, 19Anthroposophy, 84, 89anti-Semitism. See also race; racism

and African Socialism, 136and Alleanza nazionale, 65–6and Almirante, 76and Christian Identity movement,

163–4and Evola, 95–9, 105and fascism, 15, 17, 113and Fascism, 159, 192, 222, 263and Fini, 76and Garvey, 113, 130and Hindu nationalism, 225and Hitler, 4and Islamists, 192and Marxism-Leninism, 192and Muhammad, 113, 157, 163–4and Mussolini, 26, 94and National Socialism, 25, 130, 159,

192, 222, 263and neofascism, 25–6and Preziosi, 94and Stalin, 27–8

Arab socialism, 168, 172–4Arendt, Hannah, 51Aron, Raymond, 74Aryan Nations, 164Aryans,103, 105–6, 210, 212, 218, 220

281

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282 Index

Asad, Hafiz al-, 171, 173–4Asia. See also South Asia; Southeast

Asia; Southwest Asia, 24, 33Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 193, 260Austria-Hungary, 84authoritarianism. See also dictatorship;

party, dominance of single;totalitarianism

and China, 241and Chinese Communist Party, 76and fascism, 8, 76and Fascism, 80and Garvey, 124and Hindu nationalism, 203and Mussolini, 124and nationalism, 77

Ba’ath Party, 172Bajrang Dal, 200–1Balkans, 5, 21, 32, 78Banna, Hasan al-, 179–80, 183Banzer, Ugo, 19Bardeche, Maurice, 49, 170–1Bauer, Otto, 6Belgium, 33Bergson, Henri, 105Berlusconi, Sylvio, 1, 65–6Bey, Muhammad Ah Fanu. See

Muhammad, ElijahBharat Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), 200Bharatiya Jana Sangh ([BJS] National

People’s Union), 200Bharatiya Janata Party ([BJP] National

People’s Party). See also Hindunationalism; India

and China, 207–8and democracy, 266and economy, 206and fascism, 197–8, 201–3, 208, 210,

224, 226, 266and Hindutva, 197and Islam, 226and nationalism, 197, 201, 224,

272–3BJP Philosophy: Integral Humanism,

226emergence of, 200ideological tradition of, 198

Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Indian Farmers’Union), 200

Bible, 144, 147bin Laden, Osama, 194, 195Black Muslims. See Lost-Found Nation

of Islam; Muhammad, Elijahblack nationalism, 138, 141Black Power movement, 116, 137black protest movements

and Fascism, 118and racism, 113, 117, 276and whites, 135integrationism of, 136

blacks. See also raceand advanced industrial nations, 155and Ali, 138–40and Asiatics, 139, 140, 143, 149and Christianity, 142and Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-Day Saints, 164and civilization, 133, 142–3, 148,

157and Garvey, 114, 119, 123, 125,

127–34, 137and Lost-Found Nation of Islam, 141and Moors, 139and Muhammad, 8, 137, 143, 146,

153, 156–8, 161, 218–19and neofascism, 117and religious organizations, 138–9disabilities of, 137emancipation of, 117enslavement of, 117, 142, 153, 158–9humiliation of, 114, 117, 125, 140–2,

204, 261pride of, 139rehabilitation of, 152–3respect for, 118, 120self-determination of, 154self-sacrifice of, 154

Bolivia, 19Bolshevism. See also Lenin, V. I.;

Marxism-Leninism; Russia; SovietUnion

and Evola, 95–7and Fascism, 275–6and Garvey, 115and industry, 260






Index 283

failure of, 20, 246violence of, 193

Bopp, Franz, 99Borkenau, Franz, 6Bottai, Giuseppe, 89, 94, 111Brahmanism, 197Brazil, 19British National Front, 79business, 7, 16, 18, 114

Cambodia. See Kampucheacapitalism

and China, 248and Chinese Communist Party, 52, 76and Evola, 97and fascism, 4–5, 7, 16, 23, 76and Fascism, 6–7, 18, 26–7, 51, 57–8,

69, 79, 125and Garvey, 125and Italy, 41and Lepenism, 72and Marx, 5and Mussolini, 6, 13, 24, 39, 42,

57–8, 69and Nasser, 170and National Socialism, 51and neofascism, 18, 26–7and Shariati, 181and war, 4

Castro, Fidel, 19, 49, 68, 75, 187, 193,201, 250, 263

Ceausescu, Nicolae. See also Romania,21

Chiang Kaishek, 228, 252–3Chile, 19, 78China, Maoist. See also Maoism

agriculture in, 230, 245and community, 235–6and Democracy Wall, 230and Fascism, 234and Muhammad, 157and neofascism, 18–19, 22and private property, 240and Red Guard, 231and revolution, 259and totalitarianism, 236as liberating, 8communism in, 228–9, 234–5

danger from, 265dictatorship in, 232economy of, 23, 232, 245, 247Great Leap Forward in, 229industry in, 230, 245information control in, 232, 259leadership of, 231, 233, 265–6mass murder in, 23–4, 27, 256, 262–3nationalism in, 232, 235People’s Liberation Army of, 230socialism in, 232Spirito on, 234violence of, 230, 263working class in, 51

China, post-Maoistand agriculture, 245and Bharatiya Janata Party, 207–8and capitalism, 248and community, 242and corporativism, 243, 254–5and ethnonationalism, 253–4and fascism, 49–50, 232–3, 254–5and Fascism, 247, 250–1, 254–5,

268–9, 274, 277, 279and Great Leap Forward, 232and Great Proletarian Cultural

Revolution, 232and India, 266, 271and industry, 245, 248, 251, 270and irredentism, 248, 254–5, 269–70and law, 243and leadership, 254–5and liberalism, 242and Mao, 244and Marxism, 68, 246–7, 268–9and military, 250, 254–5, 270and nation, 270and nationalism, 250, 253–4and neofascism, 254–5, 268, 273, 277and political left, 50and race, 251, 254and religion, 193and Russia, 270and Soviet Union, 249and state, 241–2and totalitarianism, 240–2and United States, 270–1, 273authoritarianism in, 241






284 Index

China, post-Maoist (cont.)civil society in, 240–1danger from, 269–70economy of, 23, 76, 241, 245, 247,

251, 254–5, 268–9humiliation of, 235, 248, 269individual in, 242liberalization in, 241private property in, 50, 52, 76, 240,

242workers in, 269

Chinese Communist Partyand business associations, 241and capitalism, 52, 76and dictatorship, 231and economy, 229and fascism, 231, 234and industry, 229and modernization, 248and nationalism, 187as progressive, 228Mao’s purge of, 229power of, 233purge of, 232reforms by, 268–9

Chou Enlai, 231Christian Crusades, 174Christian Democrats, 56, 63Christian Identity movement, 163, 165Christianity/Christians. See also Roman

Catholic Churchand Ali, 139and Evola, 90–1, 97and Hindu nationalism, 199, 224and Islam, 188, 190and Muhammad, 157, 161fundamentalist, 28in France, 72terrorist attacks on, 267–8

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-DaySaints (LDS), 164–5

civil rights, 61, 64, 141collectivism. See also community;

corporativismand China, 235and Evola, 90, 97, 103, 108and Fascism, 90, 108, 237

and Hinduism, 216and Maoism, 237and Shariati, 182and social contract in liberalism,

216and totalitarianism, 243–4Spirito on, 235–6

colonialism, 136, 167communism

and Afghanistan, 183and Alleanza nazionale, 66and China, 228–9, 234–5and Evola, 97and fascism, 8, 11, 21, 76and Fascism, 3, 63, 170and French New Right, 72and Garvey, 125and Hindu nationalism, 202and Italy, 37, 62, 65and Movimento sociale italiano, 62and Nasser, 170and National Socialism, 3and neofascism, 8, 17–18, 74, 108and political right, 10, 65and Shariati, 181European, 234–5

Communist Party of the RussianFederation, 74, 76

communitarianism, 135community. See also collectivism;

corporativism; individual; nation;race

and Chiang Kaishek, 252and China, 235–6, 242and civil society, 240–1and Fascism, 34, 55, 235–6, 238–40,

242, 262, 264–5and French New Right, 73and Garvey, 121and Golwalkar, 216and Gumilev, 214and Hindu nationalism, 204, 211–17,

219, 225–6and Hitler, 218and Italy, 34and Le Pen, 72and liberalism, 239–40






Index 285

and Maoism, 235–6, 238, 239–40,242

and Marxism, 239–41and Marxism-Leninism, 262and National Socialism, 262and nationalism, 219and Soviet Union, 264–5and Sun Yat-sen, 214, 219, 252and totalitarianism, 242–5humiliation of, 31of blood, 252–3Spirito on, 235–6, 238

Conservative Party (Great Britain),78–9

conservativism, 17–18, 25, 28, 56, 67,70–3, 75, 77, 95–6, 276

corporativism. See also collectivism;community

and China, 243, 254–5and economy, 221and Evola, 86–7, 90, 95–6, 106, 108and fascism, 221–2and Fascism, 6–7, 46, 61, 69–70, 90,

106, 108, 221–2, 241–3and industry, 221and Le Pen, 72and Mussolini, 69, 221

Corradini, Enrico, 35Corridoni, Filippo, 35Critica Fascista (journal), 89Croce, Benedetto, 56Cuba, 12, 19, 49, 207, 250, 263Cultural Revolution. See Great

Proletarian Cultural Revolution

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 34Dadaism, 84Darwinism, 224de Benoist, Alain, 73De Felice, Renzo,4, 9, 11–12, 14–15, 18de Gaulle, Charles, 18, 70–1democracy

and Alleanza nazionale, 65, 67and Bharatiya Janata Party, 203, 266and Chinese Communist Party, 229and civil society, 241and Evola, 84

and Fascism, 3, 5, 9, 24, 47–8, 167,191, 204, 220, 237

and French New Right, 74and functional representation, 220and Golwalkar, 202–3, 220and Hindu nationalism, 202, 220and history, 13and Islam, 187, 191, 195and Italy, 34and Kuomintang, 234and late development, 274and Mao Zedong, 229and Maoism, 237and Marxism, 5, 24, 68and Marxism-Leninism, 191and Muhammad, 156and Nasser, 167and National Socialism, 3, 9and neofascism, 77–8, 108and postwar radicalism, 11and Shariati, 181and Sun Yat-sen, 204, 260, 274and totalitarianism, 8–9, 244and Vajpayee, 206checks and balances in, 244in India, 220, 266, 271–3in Savarkar, 202, 223representative, 71, 191, 220, 242

Deng Xiaoping, 244, 247, 251dictatorship. See also authoritarianism;

leadership; party, dominance ofsingle; totalitarianism

and Alleanza nazionale, 65and China, 232and Chinese Communist Party, 231and Hindu nationalism, 203and National Socialism, 4

Divine, Father, 137Drew, Timothy. See Ali, Noble Drew

Eastern Europe, 21, 24, 75Eatwell, Roger, 79Eco, Umberto, 70, 83economy

and Alleanza nazionale, 67and Bharatiya Janata Party, 201, 206,

208






286 Index

economy (cont.)and corporativism, 221and Croce, 56and Evola, 85–7, 90, 106, 108and fascism, 57and Fascism, 5–7, 22, 38–9, 44, 47,

69, 90, 106, 108, 118, 124,168–70, 185, 204, 207, 221,240–1, 245, 247, 264–5

and free-market liberalism, 43–4and French New Right, 73and Garvey, 118–20, 124and Giannini, 56–7and Golwalkar, 205–6and Hindu nationalism, 206, 208–9and India, 266, 271and Islam, 178, 184and Lenin, 246and Lepenism, 72and Maoism, 240and Marxism, 246–7and Middle East, 267and Muhammad, 153–4and Mussolini, 43, 45–7, 69, 118and Nasser, 168–70and Nkrumah, 135and Shariati, 182and state, 43–4and totalitarianism, 238and twentieth-century revolutions,

245, 258–9and Universal Negro Improvement

Association, 118, 120and Vajpayee, 207collapse of, 273conservative approach to, 28of China, 23, 76, 229, 232, 241, 245,

247, 251, 254–5, 268–9of Italy, 18, 36–40, 43–4, 47, 61–2,

65, 247, 259, 278of Russia, 39, 246, 259of Soviet Union, 23

Egypt, 167, 169, 172–3, 267–8Egypt, ancient, 167Elements (periodical), 73Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 238Emirates, Gulf, 170

Engels, Friedrich, 40, 232, 247, 252Communist Manifesto, 258

Enlightenment, 5, 234, 257epistemarchy, study of, 50epistemocracy, 46, 155Ethiopia, 5, 48, 126, 143, 204Europe, 10–11, 32–3, 174, 177, 211,

234–5European Parliament, 15–17, 66European Union, 15–16Evola, Julius Cesare Andrae, 88–9, 109

and collectivism, 90, 97, 103, 108and corporativism, 86–7, 90, 95–6,

106, 108and Critica Fascista, 89and Difesa della razza, 101and economy, 85–7, 90, 106, 108and epistemology, 87–8and Fascism, 82–5, 89, 93, 95–8, 100,

104–5, 111, 276and Gentile, 87–8and Germany, 84, 95, 107and Hitler, 100and individuals, 88, 90, 96–7and industry, 84, 86–7, 90, 96, 108and Jews, 95–9, 103, 105and Krur, 89, 92and La Torre, 92–4and Lo Stato Democratico, 91and materialism, 85, 90, 98, 100,

103, 106, 108and Mussolini, 83, 86–7, 89–91, 93,

95, 107and National Socialism, 95and nationalism, 86, 90, 93, 106and occultism, 84–5, 87–8, 92, 96,

101, 106, 110and spirituality, 85, 96, 100–1,

103–4, 106, 108and UR, 89, 92anti-Semitism of, 95–9, 105esotericism of, 85, 92, 95, 101, 106Heidnischer Imperialismus, 96Il mito del sangue, 99Imperialismo pagano, 89, 95, 97,

103–4indictment of, 107–8






Index 287

Phenomenology of the AbsoluteIndividual, 87

race in, 96–8Rivolta contro il mondo moderno,

97, 101, 103–4science in, 85, 88, 92, 101–2Sintesi di dottrina della razza,

99–100, 102, 104, 106Theory of the Absolute Individual, 87traditionalism of, 84–6, 88, 90, 94,

96–8, 101–2, 107–8

Fard, Wallace D. (David Ford), 140,145, 149, 155–6, 162

Farinacci, Roberto, 94fascism

and African Socialism, 136and anti-Semitism, 15, 17, 113and Bharatiya Janata Party, 197,

201–3, 208, 210, 224, 226, 266and capitalism, 4–5, 7, 16, 23, 76and Castro, 75and China, 49–50, 229, 232–3, 254–5and Chinese Communist Party, 231,

234and communism, 8, 11, 21, 76and corporativism, 221–2and Croce, 56and de Gaulle, 70–1and economy, 57and Evola, 83, 276and Fascism, 15, 48and Fascist Italian Social Republic, 58and Front National, 71–2and Garvey, 116, 128, 137and Hindu nationalism, 202, 208–10,

225, 266and humiliation, 117, 185and Hungarian Arrow Cross, 49and Islam, 174and Islamic socialism, 184and Islamism, 166and Kuomintang, 8, 228, 234and leadership, 75and Lepenism, 71and Maoism, 75, 231and Marxism, 4, 82

and morality, 4, 5and Muhammad, 152and Muslim Brotherhood, 180and nation, 75and National Socialism, 128and nationalism, 152–3and neofascism, 2and political left, 25and political right, 1, 15, 75, 80and Poujade, 71–2and private property, 57and racism, 112, 152and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,

201and Romanian Legion of the

Archangel Michael, 49and Sangh Parivar, 210and Savarkar, 205and Shariati, 182and Soviet Union, 50and Stalinism, 75and totalitarianism, 8–10, 50and World War I, 10and World War II, 4as contested term, 2as evil, 4as immoral, 8as political faith, 170as term of disapprobation, 12, 233–4authoritarianism of, 8, 76defined by criteria, 17defined connotatively, 75defined expansively, 15, 52–3, 233–4,

275defined lexically, 16defined operationally, 2European, 10religion as competition for, 171serious treatments of, 9

Fascism. See also Gentile, Giovanni;Italy; Mussolini, Benito;Spirito, Ugo

and advanced industrial nations, 274and African Socialism, 136and Alleanza nazionale, 65, 67, 70and Almirante, 62–4and amnesty of 1946, 59






288 Index

Fascism (cont.)and ancient Rome, 125–6and anti-Semitism, 159, 192, 222,

263and Ataturk, 260and authoritarianism, 80and Berlusconi, 66and Bharatiya Janata Party, 201,

207and black protest movements, 118and Bolshevism, 275–6and business community, 7and capitalism, 6–7, 18, 26–7, 51,

57–8, 69, 79, 125and China, 234, 247, 250, 254–5,

268–9, 274, 277, 279and civilization, 126and class interests, 42–3and collectivism, 90, 108, 237and communism, 3, 63, 170and community, 34, 55, 235–6,

238–40, 242, 262, 264–5and corporativism, 6–7, 46, 61,

69–70, 90, 106, 108, 221–2, 241–3and Croce, 56and de Benoist, 74and democracy, 3, 5, 9, 24, 47–8,

167, 191, 204, 220, 237and economy, 5–7, 22, 38–9, 44, 47,

69, 90, 106, 108, 118, 124,168–70, 185, 204, 207, 221,240–1, 245, 247, 264–5

and epistemocracy, 46, 155and European bias, 25and Evola, 83–5, 89, 93, 95–8, 100,

104–5, 111, 276and fascism, 15, 48and Fini, 66and French New Right, 74and Futurism, 85and Garvey, 111, 115, 118–19, 121,

123–4, 128–31, 134and Gentile, 87–8and Germany, 273–4and government, 124, 242, 264and Hindu nationalism, 220, 222and humiliation, 274and imperialism, 186

and individual, 90, 122–4, 236,238–40

and industry, 5–6, 18, 38–9, 44, 80,90, 108, 118, 125, 168–70, 204,245, 247, 257, 265

and information control, 3, 45–6, 80,238

and Islam, 189, 191and Islamists, 166, 185–6and Jews, 222, 263and Kuomintang, 274and late development, 273and law, 243and liberalism, 5, 69, 238and Mao Zedong, 260–1and Marxism, 13, 24–5, 49, 57–8,

79, 82, 168–70, 241, 246, 278and Marxism-Leninism, 5, 7, 9, 12,

50, 69, 260–1and mass murder, 23, 25, 27, 51and Mazzini, 204and militarism, 3, 48and military, 47–8, 59, 80, 169, 264and military order, 44–5, 47, 80and Movimento sociale italiano, 60,

67, 69–70and Muhammad, 162–3and mysticism, 108–9and Nasser, 167and nation, 46, 126, 242, 247, 253and National Socialism, 3, 7, 9–12,

14, 25, 48, 54, 59, 131–2, 159, 164,222, 254, 264

and nationalism, 3, 39, 42, 44, 46–8,69, 90, 106, 122–4, 162, 169, 186,220, 222, 242, 262, 264, 274

and neofascism, 1, 16, 28, 48, 52, 69,70, 79, 263, 275

and Nkrumah, 135and political faith, 153and political left, 11and political right, 5, 7–8, 10–12, 18,

20–1, 49–50, 52, 57, 80, 246,277–8

and prestige, 264and private property, 7, 23, 50–2, 57,

242and progressivism, 6






Index 289

and race, 64, 100, 104, 126, 128,131–2, 134, 220, 253

and raciation, 220, 222, 253–4and racism, 112, 264and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,

201and religion, 193and revolution, 69and self-sacrifice, 47, 80, 254and socialism, 39, 69, 168–9and society, 121–2and Soviet Union, 7, 18, 21and Stalin, 5, 260–1and Stalinism, 23, 264and state, 90, 122–4, 168, 237, 239,

242and Sun Yat-sen, 260and syndicalism, 69and technology, 7, 90and totalitarianism, 20, 47–8, 69, 80,

108, 124, 222, 237–42and twentieth-century revolutions,

278and Universal Negro Improvement

Association, 135and war, 3, 5, 25Arendt on, 51as authentic fascism, 10as evil, 4, 109as paradigmatic, 263changing tactics of, 44citizens under, 47danger from, 265defined by criteria, 48, 79defined operationally, 48former followers of, 52, 54, 56–7, 59,

70, 78ideology of, 11, 109–10interpretation of, 14irredentism of, 3, 48, 169, 248knowledge of, 12leadership in, 3, 24, 45, 46–7, 80,

124, 162, 222, 237–8, 265–6mass mobilization by, 6, 48, 238Mussolini’s description of, 69obedience under, 46–7, 80population management in,

44

post–World War II rejection of, 55,59, 60, 62–3

primary literature of, 109–10propaganda about, 3, 48reactive, 48relative benignity of, 51single-party dominance in, 24–5, 46,

48, 50, 69, 80, 106, 108, 170, 222,242

support for, 36–7violence of, 25, 27, 48, 63, 193,

262–3Fascist Italian Social Republic (Social

Republic of Salo), 55, 58, 60Fascist squadristi, 36–8, 86Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 99Fini, Gianfranco, 65–7, 76, 78Ford, David. See Fard, Wallace D.

(David Ford)France, 33, 71, 112, 171–2Franco, Francisco, 18, 76French Communist Party, 72, 74French New Right, 72–4French Revolution, 32, 257French syndicalism, 39Freud, Sigmund, 105Front National (FN), 71–2, 75Futurism, 35, 36, 84–6, 276

Garvey, Amy Jacques, 132Garvey, Marcus, 113, 116, 137–8, 204

and Africa, 115, 120–1, 125, 127, 135and Ali, 139and anti-Semitism, 130and authoritarianism, 124and blacks, 114, 119, 123, 125,

127–34, 137and business, 114and capitalism, 125and civilization, 126, 130, 133and communism, 125and economy, 118–20, 124and fascism, 116, 128, 137and Fascism, 111, 115, 118–19, 121,

123–4, 128–31, 134and government, 124and Hitler, 131and humiliation, 125






290 Index

Garvey, Marcus (cont.)and individuals, 124and individuals as a people, 121and industry, 118–20, 122, 125and Jews, 130, 133and leadership, 124and Marxism, 124–5and mass murder, 134and Muhammad, 141and Mussolini, 111, 115, 124and nation, 127and National Socialism, 128–32,

134–5and nationalism, 122–4and neofascism, 116and Pan-Africanism, 136and power, 118–20and Protocols of the Elders of Zion,

158and race, 127, 162and respect, 118and state, 121–4and totalitarianism, 124and United States, 136and violence, 276–7and war, 122and whites, 127, 132–4death of, 115deportation of, 136, 138developmentalism of, 277

Gentile, Giovanni, 87–8, 109, 169,260–1

Dottrina del fascismo, 108, 236Germany

and Evola, 84, 95, 107and Fascism, 273–4and Fascist Italian Social Republic, 58and nationalism, 32, 273–4and Nazi racism, 264humiliation of, 261leadership of, 265–6post–World War I collapse of, 273–4restoration of, 261self-sacrifice for, 261

Ghana, 82, 135Giannini, Guglielmo, 55Gioberti, Vincenzo, 32

Goldwater, Barry, 18Golwalkar, Madhav Sadishiv, 199, 204

and national regeneration, 203Bunch of Thoughts, 198democracy in, 202–3, 220economy in, 205–6individual and community in, 216military in, 207–8, 210nation in, 212–14nationalism in, 216race in, 210, 212–13, 216, 220state in, 223We or Our Nationhood Defined,

198, 212–13, 215Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20government

and Fascism, 124, 242, 264and Giannini, 56and Islam, 188, 190–1and Movimento sociale italiano, 62and Stalinism, 264and Vajpayee, 206Garvey on, 124

Grace, Charles Manuel (Sweet DaddyGrace), 137

Gramsci, Antonio, 23Great Britain, 33, 77, 171–2, 198, 202,

209, 211, 224–5Great Depression, 137, 141Great Leap Forward, 229Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,

230, 232Groupement de Recherche et d’Etudes

pour la Civilisation Europeenne(GRECE), 73–4

Guenon, Rene, 92Gumilev, Lev, 214, 219Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 214–15, 220

Hashimite royal house, 170Hedgewar, Keshav Baliram, 198–9,

208, 210Hegel, G. W. F., 238, 240Hegelianism, 69, 189, 191, 239, 244Herder, Johann Gottfried, 99Hess, Moses, 252Himmler, Heinrich, 107






Index 291

Hindu nationalism. See also BharatiyaJana Sangh ([BJS] NationalPeople’s Union); Golwalkar,Madhav Sadishiv; Hedgewar,Keshav Baliram; Hindutva; India;Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar

and Bharatiya Janata Party, 207and Christianity, 199, 224and democracy, 202, 220and economy, 206, 208–9and fascism, 202, 208–10, 225, 266and Fascism, 220, 222and Hitler, 217, 221, 224and Islam, 199, 224–6and liberalism, 216–17, 224and Maoism, 209and nation, 217, 219, 223–4and National Socialism, 210, 217,

224, 227and neofascism, 221, 277and race, 210, 215, 217–20, 224and racism, 210and reactive nationalism, 272and state, 223and totalitarianism, 223–4and violence, 203, 209community in, 204, 211–19, 225–6danger from, 272–3devotion to Motherland in, 224emergence of, 198influence of, 197leadership in, 223nation in, 215

Hindus, 157, 196, 200, 211Hindutva. See also Hindu nationalism,

197–8, 200, 204, 212, 219–20, 272history, study of, 13Hitler, Adolf. See also National

Socialism, 99and defensive racism, 116and democracy, 9and Evola, 100and fascism, 3and French New Right, 74and Garvey, 131and Hindu nationalism, 217, 221,

224

and neonazism, 77and race, 100, 221and violence, 193–4anti-Semitism of, 4leadership of, 265–6Mein Kampf, 98National Socialism of, 261racism of, 4, 12, 116, 264

Hoxha, Enver, 68, 201Huang Di, 253Hungarian Arrow Cross, 49, 112Hussein, Saddam, 173–4, 267Hyperborean race, 102, 104–6

ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad,176–8

ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din, 174, 178,183, 195

Book of Faith, 176Ignazi, Piero, 75immigration, 15, 26, 73–4, 113,

268India. See also Bharatiya Janata

Party ([BJP] National People’sParty); Hindu nationalism

and advanced industrial nations,207

and China, 266, 271and colonialism, 209, 221and democracy, 220, 266, 271–3and Great Britain, 198, 202and military, 205–7and nationalism, 272and neofascism, 19, 271and Pakistan, 266, 273and swadeshi, 205and United States, 266and violence, 208–9civilization of, 199economy of, 266, 271grandeur of, 199–200historic identity of, 210humiliation of, 198, 203, 272industry in, 199–200, 271late development of, 273rebirth of, 200, 203, 206–7, 213, 216,

225






292 Index

individual. See also community;liberalism

and China, 242and Chinese communism, 235and European communism, 234and Evola, 88, 90, 96–7and Fascism, 90, 122–3, 124, 236,

238–40and Gentile, 236and Giannini, 56and Golwalkar, 216and Hegel, 240and Hindu nationalism, 219and Hinduism, 216and Hitler, 218and Islam, 187, 191and Islamic socialism, 184and liberalism, 239–40and Maoism, 236, 238–40and Marxism, 240–1and nationalism, 219and Shariati, 182and social contract in liberalism, 216and totalitarianism, 239, 243–5Garvey on, 124Spirito on, 236

industry. See also technologyadvanced, 14, 33, 37–8, 41, 47, 80,

122, 155, 186, 193, 207, 258,267–8, 274

and Africa, 120–1and Bolshevism, 260and China, 229–30, 245, 248, 251,

270and corporativism, 221and Europe, 33and Evola, 84, 86–7, 90, 96, 108and Fascism, 5–6, 18, 38–9, 44, 80,

90, 108, 118, 125, 168–70, 204,245, 247, 257, 265

and Garvey, 118–19, 120, 122, 125and Golwalkar, 205, 207–8and India, 199–200, 271and Islam, 184–5and Italy, 33, 35–6, 38–40, 259and Mao Zedong, 247and Marx, 40, 247and Marxism, 278

and Marxism-Leninism, 260and Movimento sociale italiano, 61and Muhammad, 154, 163and Mussolini, 18, 40, 46–7, 118and Nasser, 168–70and National Socialism, 261and Nkrumah, 135–6and political left, 258and political right, 258and Savarkar, 205, 207–8and Shariati, 181and Stalin, 260and twentieth-century revolutions,

245, 258and Vajpayee, 207in Middle East, 167, 267late development of, 260, 263, 275

information, control of, 64and China, 232, 259and Fascism, 3, 45–6, 80, 238and late development, 273and National Socialism, 3and political left, 81and Russia, 259

Institut de Recherches Marxistes, 74Iran, Islamic Republic of, 173, 180,

183Iraq, 172–4, 179irredentism

and Islamists, 186and Italy, 186and Maoism, 232and Nasser, 169and National Socialism, 3of China, 248, 254–5, 269–70of Fascism, 3, 48, 169, 248

Islamand Afghanistan, 183and Ali, 139, 143and Asad, 171and Banna, 179and barbarianism and ignorance,

178, 188and economy, 178, 184and Europe, 177and Fard, 140, 143and fascism, 174and Fascism, 189, 191






Index 293

and Hindu nationalism, 199, 224–6and industry, 184–5and leadership, 187–9, 191and Maoism, 191and Marxism, 189, 191–2and Muhammad, 143, 155and Muslim Brotherhood, 179and Nasser, 169, 171and National Socialism, 192and nationalism, 182–3and Rida, 178and Sadat, 172–3and Six Day War (1967), 172and Soviet dependencies, 187and terrorism, 193and violence, 176, 193and West, 177, 179dignity of, 173fundamentalist, 165, 173–4, 176,

266–8humiliation of, 175, 179, 184–5jihad for, 174–5, 178–80, 183,

187–96pillars of, 175–6purity of, 177–8revolutionary, 182salafists in, 174–5, 180, 183, 187,

191–3, 195–6Shi’ia, 180–1Sunni, 181zakat in, 176, 184

Islamsalafists in, 174

Islamic socialism, 182–3Islamism, 183

and fascism, 166and Fascism, 166, 185–6and irredentism, 186and Marxism, 181and Marxism-Leninism, 185and nationalism, 186and Shariati, 181anti-Semitism of, 192as anti-imperialist, 186

Islamism, 166Israel, 66, 168, 172, 174, 267Italian Communist Party, 56–7,

63

Italian Social Movement. SeeMovimento sociale italiano ([MSI]Italian Social Movement)

Italian Socialist Party, 63Italy. See also Fascism; Mussolini,

Benitoagriculture in, 40and advanced industrial nations, 14,

33, 37–8, 41, 47, 80, 122, 155, 186,193, 274

and capitalism, 41and Ethiopia, 5, 48and Evola, 84and foreigners, 30–1, 33–4, 37–8and irredentism, 186and Marx, 35and Marxism, 40and nationalism, 32, 35–6, 41–2, 258and Spain, 5, 48and Tripoli, 35and World War I, 35and World War II, 5, 48commerce in, 41communism in, 37, 62, 65community in, 34democracy in, 34disunity of, 31economy of, 18, 36–40, 43–4, 47,

61–2, 65, 247, 259, 278Fascism rejected in, 55, 59–61, 63Fascism supported in, 36–7Fascist regime in, 242glory/honor of, 32–5, 41–2, 46, 58,

80humiliation of, 30–2, 37–8, 79, 118,

186, 204, 259industry in, 33, 35–6, 38–41, 259international competitiveness of, 43leadership of, 259, 265–6military of, 38, 47–8, 59military order in, 44mobilization of masses in, 45modernization of, 35parliamentary socialists in, 36people of, 34political right in, 64–5post–World War I, 18, 22post–World War II, 56, 59–63






294 Index

Italy (cont.)prestige of, 264rebirth of, 35, 40, 204, 221Renaissance, 106reunification of, 30, 33revolutionary, 34self-sacrifice for, 40, 259socialism in, 36–7unitary party in, 259veterans in, 35–6, 38–9, 44workers in, 39

Japan, 205, 207, 249, 278Jesus, 142, 159, 161Jews

and Alleanza nazionale, 65–6and Almirante, 64, 76and Evola, 95–9, 103, 105and Fascism, 222, 263and Fini, 76and French New Right, 74and Garvey, 130, 133and Hindu nationalism, 224and Islam, 188, 190and Islamists, 192and Marxism, 192and Middle East, 174and Muhammad, 157and National Socialism, 161–2, 192,

222, 263and Preziosi, 94and Rosenberg, 161–2terrorist attacks on, 267–8

jihad. See IslamJohn Birch Society, 18Jordan, 172, 179, 267Jordan, Colin, 77

Kampuchea. See also Khmer Rouge;Pol Pot, 23–4, 82, 256, 262–3,265

Kautsky, Karl, 275–6Keith, Arthur, 220

Nationality and Race from anAnthropologist’s Point of View,214–15

Khmer Rouge. See also Kampuchea; PolPot, 68, 201, 250, 265

Khomeini, Ruhollah, 173, 180, 183Kim Il Sung, 201, 249Kim Jong Il, 82Klages, Ludwig, 104–5Koran. See Qur’anKrur (journal), 89, 92Ku Klux Klan, 18, 133–4, 165Kuomintang, 8, 228, 234, 252, 274

La vita italiana (journal), 94Laotze, 92–3Lateran Accords, 91Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 71, 78leadership. See also authoritarianism;

dictatorship; party, dominance ofsingle; totalitarianism

and Alleanza nazionale, 65and China, 231, 233, 254–5, 265–6and fascism, 75and Fascism, 3, 24, 45, 46–7, 80,

124, 162, 222, 237–8, 265–6and Garvey, 124and Germany, 265–6and Golwalkar, 213and Hindu nationalism, 223and Islam, 187–9, 191and Italy, 259, 265–6and late development, 273and Maoism, 230–1, 239and Marxism, 24and Movimento sociale italiano,

61–2and Muhammad, 155–6, 162and Mussolini, 45–7, 155, 265–6and National Socialism, 3–4, 162,

265–6and Nkrumah, 135and political left, 81and Stalin, 260and Sun Yat-sen, 260and totalitarianism, 243

Lebanon, 172left, political

abuses by, 81aid from, 7and de Benoist, 74and Enlightenment values, 5and fascism, 25






Index 295

and Fascism, 11and human rights, 257and industry, 258and information control, 81and Marxist-Leninism, 8and mass murder, 51–2, 81and neofascism, 21, 75, 276and political right, 12, 51, 80–1, 258,

276and post-Maoist China, 50and single-party dominance, 81and violence, 81as revolutionary, 51leadership of, 81oppression by, 51–2

Lenin, V. I., See also Bolshevism;Marxism-Leninism; Russia; SovietUnion, 11, 246–7, 260, 275–6

Leopardi, Giacomo, 31Lepenism, 71, 73liberalism. See also individual

and China, 242and civil society, 241and community, 239–40and European communism, 234and Fascism, 5, 69, 238and Fascist Italian Social Republic, 58and Hindu nationalism, 216–17, 224and individual, 239–40and Maoism, 238and Mussolini, 69and Shariati, 181and state, 239and totalitarianism, 238, 244and Vajpayee, 206as ideology, 11social contract in, 216–17

libertarianism, 28Libya, 173–4, 179, 268List, Friedrich, 224, 258–9Lost-Found Nation of Islam. See also

Muhammad, Elijah, 113, 136, 141,143, 152, 165

The Secret Relationship BetweenBlacks and Jews, 158–9

LUPA (Patriotic Unifying League ofAnti-Communists), 55

Luxemburg, Rosa, 275

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 30–1, 118Mahasabha. See Akhil Bharatiya Hindu

MahasabhaMamluks, 176Mao Zedong

and agriculture, 247and Chou Enlai, 231and democracy, 229and Fascism, 260–1and industry, 247and Lenin, 247and Marxism, 68, 233, 278and mass murder, 27, 82and post-Maoist China, 244and purge of Chinese Communist

party, 229and totalitarianism, 243and violence, 193–4as progressive, 228liberation from, 8passing of, 230, 232–3, 241, 247,

251, 268, 270Maoism. See also China, Maoist

and collectivism, 237and community, 235, 236, 238–40,

242and democracy, 237and economy, 240and fascism, 75, 231and Hindu nationalism, 209and individual, 236, 238–40and Islam, 191and leadership, 230–1, 239and liberalism, 238and Marxism, 23, 232and nationalism, 232, 251and neofascism, 18–19, 25,

271and private property, 231and single-party dominance,

239and Soviet Union, 18–19,

231and state, 239and totalitarianism, 237–40irredentism of, 232protests against, 230

Marinetti, F. T., 35, 84, 86






296 Index

Marx, Karl, 238and China, 232and industrialism, 40, 247and Islamic socialism, 184and List, 258–9and revolution, 252, 260and Shariati, 181capitalism in, 5Communist Manifesto, 258Spirito on, 238

Marxismand advanced industrial nations, 258and China, 68, 246–7, 268–9and community, 239–41and democracy, 24, 68and Deng Xiaoping, 248and economy, 246–7and Evola, 97and fascism, 4, 82and Fascism, 13, 24–5, 49, 57–8, 79,

82, 168–9, 241, 246, 278and Garvey, 124–5and history, 13and individual, 240–1and industry, 278and Islam, 189, 191–2and Islamists, 181and Italian economy, 65and Italy, 40and Jews, 192and leadership, 24and Mao Zedong, 233, 278and Maoism, 23, 232and mass murder, 24–5and Mussolini, 39, 42, 251and Nasser, 168–70and neofascism, 17, 21–3, 74, 78and private property, 57and race, 252and Russia, 39and self-identification, 68and Shariati, 181–2and Stalin, 278and Stalinism, 23and totalitarianism, 50, 241and violence, 25and war, 25

as ideology, 11defined simplistically, 68–9single-party dominance in, 24–5

Marxism-Leninismand anti-Semitism, 192and Bharatiya Janata Party, 208and democracy, 191and Fascism, 5, 7, 9, 12, 50, 69,

260–1and industry, 260and Islamists, 185and mass murder, 256, 263and Mussolini, 50, 69, 260–1, 265and Nasser, 170and National Socialism, 7, 9and nationalism, 186–7, 262and neofascism, 25and totalitarianism, 8–9and violence, 193–4, 263as left wing, 8decay of, 264failure of, 20serious treatments of, 9

mass murderand Bharatiya Janata Party, 210and China, 23–4, 27, 256, 262–3and Fascism, 23, 25, 27and Garvey, 134and Hindu nationalism, 210and Islam, 195and Kampuchea, 23–4and Mao Zedong, 27, 82and Marxism, 24–5and Marxism-Leninism, 256and Marxist-Leninist regimes, 263and National Socialism, 4, 261and neofascism, 256and political left, 51–2, 81and political right, 51–2and Soviet Union, 20, 23–4, 27, 256,

262–3and Stalin, 27, 82and totalitarian state, 265–6

masses, mobilization of, 6, 45, 48, 96,167–8, 232, 238, 273

Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A’la, 180, 183Mazzini, Giuseppe, 33, 106, 203






Index 297

McVeigh, Timothy, 78Michelstaedter, Carlo, 105Middle East

and advanced industrial nations, 268and Ali, 139and economy, 267and Israel, 168and Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 183and Wahhabism, 178colonialism in, 167dangers in, 267humiliation of peoples in, 167–8industry in, 167, 267Islam in, 187neofascism in, 166population of, 267

militarism, 3, 156military. See also violence

and China, 250, 254–5, 270and Fascism, 80, 169, 264and Golwalkar, 205, 207–8, 210and India, 205–7and Italy, 38and Nasser, 169and Soviet Union, 260defeat of, 273in Savarkar, 205, 207–9

military order, 80, 200–1miscegenation. See also race,98, 104, 161monarchy, 84, 87, 96, 108, 170Mongols, 174–5Moorish Science Temples of America,

138–40, 142Mormon. See Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-Day SaintsMorocco, 139, 143Movimento sociale italiano ([MSI]

Italian Social Movement), 58–60,63, 67, 69–71, 76–7

Muhammad, Elijah, 136afterlife in, 277Allah in, 143, 145, 147–51, 153,

155–7, 162and blacks, 8, 137, 143, 146, 153,

156–8, 161, 218–19and Fard, 141–2and Mussolini, 153, 155–6

and National Socialism, 159–62,218–19

and race, 113, 146, 156, 160–2,218–19

and Rosenberg, 159–61and violence, 276–7teaching of, 143Yakub in, 146–7, 149–50, 157,

218–19Muhammad, Elim Ah. See Muhammad,

ElijahMuhammad, Prophet, 155, 180Muhammad, Wallace D. Fard. See Fard,

Wallace D. (David Ford)Muslim Brotherhood, 173, 179Mussolini, Alessandra, 65Mussolini, Benito. See also Fascism;

Italyand advanced industrial nations, 47,

274and anti-Semitism, 26, 94and Ataturk, 193and authoritarianism, 124and Berlusconi, 66and business, 18and capitalism, 6, 13, 24, 39, 42,

57–8, 69and Chinese revolutions, 274and class warfare, 39and corporativism, 69, 221and democracy, 9and dissidence, 46and economy, 43, 45–7, 69, 118and Evola, 83, 86–7, 89–91, 93, 95,

107, 109and Fascist Italian Social Republic,

55, 58, 60and Garvey, 111, 115, 124and Gentile, 88and industry, 18, 40, 46–7, 118and information control, 45–46and Lateran Accords, 91and leadership, 45–7, 155, 265–6and liberalism, 69and Marxism, 39, 42, 251and Marxism-Leninism, 50, 69,

260–1, 265






298 Index

Mussolini, Benito (cont.)and mass murder, 51and military, 47–8and military order, 44–5, 47and monarchy, 87, 170and Movimento sociale italiano, 62,

67and Muhammad, 153, 155–6and nationalism, 39, 43and political right, 57and political right-left distinction, 20and racism, 26, 112, 264and revolution, 69and Roman Catholic Church, 43, 87,

91, 169, 171and Russian Revolution, 39and self-sacrifice, 38–40, 42–4,

46–7and single-party dominance, 46, 69,

171and socialism, 36, 39, 69, 86and Soviet Union, 265and state, 46and syndicalism, 86and totalitarianism, 6, 47, 69, 155,

242and twentieth-century revolutions,

257and violence, 194and war, 5, 48, 122and workers, 40and working class, 51as head of government, 37Dottrina del fascismo, 239Fascism as described by, 69ideology of, 11on people, 123–4population management by, 44pragmatism of, 45

Napoleon I, 32Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 167, 172, 193,

267nation. See also community

and Ali, 138–9and Alleanza nazionale, 65, 70and China, 270

and fascism, 75and Fascism, 46, 126, 242, 247,

253and Garvey, 127and Golwalkar, 212–14and Gumilev, 214and Hindu nationalism, 215, 217,

219, 223–4and Movimento sociale italiano, 61,

70and Nkrumah, 135and Savarkar, 211, 214, 219and Soviet Union, 264–5and Sun Yat-sen, 213–14, 252as brotherhood, 212–14, 219–20as community of destiny, 215destiny manifested through, 217self-sacrifice for, 217

Nation of Islam. See Lost-Found Nationof Islam

National Fusionist Party (PNF), 55National Movement of People of

African Descent, 137National Socialism. See also Hitler,

Adolfand Bharatiya Janata Party, 201and black protest movements, 276and Brahmanism, 197and capitalism, 51and communism, 3and de Benoist, 74and democracy, 3, 9and Egyptian intellectuals, 170and Evola, 95and fascism, 128and Fascism, 3, 7, 9–12, 14, 25, 48,

54, 59, 131–2, 159, 164, 222, 254,264

and Garvey, 128–32, 134–5and Hindu nationalism, 210, 217,

224, 227and industry, 261and information control, 3and irredentism, 3and Islam, 192and Jews, 25, 130, 159, 161–2, 192,

222, 263






Index 299

and Khmer Rouge, 265and leadership, 3–4, 162and Marxist-Leninism, 9and mass murder, 4, 261and militarism, 3and Muhammad, 159–62, 218–19and nationalism, 3, 162, 262, 264and neofascism, 28and neonazism, 77and Nkrumah, 135and political right, 10–11, 81and private property, 51and race, 99, 128–30, 217, 254and Soviet Union, 28and war, 3–4anti-Semitism of, 25, 130, 159, 192,

222, 263as authentic fascism, 10as dangerous system, 265development of, 261dictatorship of, 4former followers of, 54goals of, 264racism of, 12, 25, 112, 159, 261,

264Soviet view of, 7violence of, 4, 27, 193–4, 262

National Socialist Movement, 77nationalism. See also Bharatiya Janata

Party; Hindu nationalism, 197,201, 224, 272–3

and China, 76, 187, 232, 235, 250,253–4

and Evola, 86, 90, 93, 106and fascism, 152–3and Fascism, 3, 39, 42, 44, 46–8, 69,

90, 106, 122–4, 162, 169, 242,262, 264, 274

and Garvey, 122–4and Germany, 32, 273–4and Golwalkar, 216and humiliation, 31–3and India, 272and individual, 219and Islamists, 186and Italy, 32, 35–6, 42, 257–8and Maoism, 232, 251

and Marxism-Leninism, 186–7,262

and Muhammad, 162and Mussolini, 39, 43and Nasser, 168–9and National Socialism, 3, 162, 262,

264and political right, 258and race, 215, 252and Russia, 214and Shariati, 182–3and Soviet Union, 250and twentieth-century revolutionary

movements, 186–7authoritarian, 77black, 138, 141French, 11measure of, 48of de Gaulle, 71pathological, 262reactive, 31–2, 262–3

Native Americans, 157Negro Factory Corporation, 119neofascism. See also Fascism; fascism

and African Socialism, 136and Alleanza nazionale, 66–8,

77–9and Almirante, 61, 63and anti-Semitism, 25–6and Berlusconi, 66and Bharatiya Janata Party, 266and black protest movements, 276and blacks, 117and capitalism, 18, 26–7and China, 18–19, 22, 254–5, 268,

273, 277and communism, 8, 17–18, 74,

108and de Felice, 10and democracy, 77–8, 108and Evola, 83and fascism, 2and Fascism, 1, 16, 28, 48, 52,

69–70, 79, 263, 275and Fini, 66and French New Right, 72and Garvey, 116






300 Index

neofascism (cont.)and Hindu nationalism, 221, 277and immigration, 26and India, 271and Islam, 174and late development, 275and Maoism, 18–19, 25, 271and Marxism, 17, 21–3, 74,

78and Marxism-Leninism, 25and mass murder, 256and Middle East immigration,

268and Movimento sociale italiano,

59–62, 77and Nasser, 170and National Socialism, 28and neonazism, 77and political left, 21, 75, 276and political right, 8, 17, 52, 80,

275–6and private property, 57and racism, 108, 117, 165and Russia, 274and self-identification, 69and socialism, 24and Soviet Union, 19, 21–2and Stalin, 20and United States, 19and violence, 165and Western democracies, 78as protean, 28as subject of inquiry, 17defined by criteria, 79defined connotatively, 76–8defined expansively, 70, 78, 110definition of, 117, 165European, 67historical circumstances of, 117motivations in search for, 256of former Fascists, 54of former National Socialists, 54postwar classification of, 51subjective evaluation of, 68uncertain subject matter of, 22

neo-Hegelianism, 69neonazism, 77

Nkrumah, Kwame, 82, 135, 167Nolte, Ernst, 3, 9, 11–12, 14–15, 18Nordic race, 99, 103, 217–18Nordic-Aryan race, 96–8, 105–6North Korea, 82, 207, 249Nouvelle Droite, 72–4Nouvelle Ecole (journal), 73

occultism. See Evola, Julius CesareAndrae

oil, as weapon, 173Olivetti, A. O., 35–6, 94Ottoman Turks, 176–8

Pakistan, 183, 266, 273Pan-Africanism, 115–16, 136Pan-Arab socialism, 172Pan-Arabism, 169, 172Panikkar, K. N., 198Pantaleoni, Maffeo, 43–4, 246Panunzio, Sergio, 36, 194Papini, Giovanni

Un uomo finito, 34–5Vecchio e nuovo nazionalismo,

34–5Pareto, Vilfredo, 43, 246Partito nazionale fascista (PNF), 55party, dominance of single. See also

authoritarianism; dictatorship;leadership; totalitarianism

and Evola, 106, 108and Hindu nationalism, 223and Italy, 259and Maoism, 239and Mussolini, 69, 171and Nasser, 167, 170–1and Nkrumah, 135and political left, 81and Stalin, 260and Sun Yat-sen, 260and totalitarianism, 238in Fascism, 24–5, 46, 48, 50, 69, 80,

106, 108, 170, 222, 242in Marxism, 24–5

Patriotic Unifying League ofAnti-Communists (LUPA), 55

Paul the apostle, 161






Index 301

Payne, Stanley, 77History of Fascism, 14–15

Petain, Philippe, 71Philippines, 187Pinochet, Augusto, 19, 78Pol Pot. See also Khmer Rouge, 27, 81,

193–4, 262Polpotism, 25Poole, Elijah. See Muhammad, Elijahpostmodernism, 28–9Poujade, Pierre, 71Preziosi, Giovanni, 94–5Prezzolini, Giuseppe, Vecchio e nuovo

nazionalismo, 34–5Program Manifesto of Verona, 58Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 74Proletarian Union, 55property, private

and Lenin, 246and Maoism, 231, 240and National Socialism, 51and Nkrumah, 135in China, 50, 52, 76, 240, 242in Fascism, 7, 23, 50–2, 57, 242

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 131,158, 161–2

Qaddafi, Muammar el, 173–4, 267Qur’an, 144, 175, 184–5, 188, 195,

225Qutb, Sayyid, 180, 183, 188

race. See also anti-Semitism; communityand China, 251, 254and de Benoist, 74and Europe, 211and Fard, 141, 162and Fascism, 64, 100, 104, 126, 128,

131–2, 134, 220, 253and Fini, 66and French New Right, 73and Garvey, 127, 162and Great Britain, 211and Hindu nationalism, 210, 215,

217–20, 224and Khmer Rouge, 265and Marxism, 252

and miscegenation, 98, 104, 161and Muhammad, 146, 156, 160–2,

218–19and Nasser, 168and National Socialism, 99, 128–30,

217, 254and nationalism, 215, 252and self-interest, 128–9and Sun Yat-sen, 213–14, 219, 251–2and United States, 211, 277and Universal Negro Improvement

Association, 132in Evola, 96–8in Golwalkar, 210, 212–13, 216, 220in Hitler, 100, 221in Savarkar, 211, 215–16, 219–20,

223populationist conception of, 211

raciation, 211–12, 217, 220, 222, 253–4racism. See also anti-Semitism

and African Socialism, 136and Alleanza nazionale, 65–6and Almirante, 76and black protest movements, 113,

117, 276and de Benoist, 74and fascism, 112, 152and Fascism, 112, 264and Fini, 76and French New Right, 73–4and Garvey, 113and Germany, 264and Hindu nationalism, 210and immigration, 113and Mussolini, 26, 112, 264and neofascism, 108, 117, 165and Rosenberg, 159and sense of inferiority, 127and Universal Negro Improvement

Association, 113, 116–17as defensive, 116in National Socialism, 12, 25, 112,

159, 261, 264of Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-Day Saints, 164of Hitler, 4, 12, 116, 264of Muhammad, 113, 152, 156






302 Index

Rahman, Sheikh Omar Abdel, 173Rashtra (nation), 216, 220Rashtriya Sevika Samiti (National

Women Workers’ Council), 200,226

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ([RSS]National Volunteer Corps),199–201, 210, 213, 224, 226

Reagan, Ronald, 78Red Guard, 230–1revolution, twentieth-century, 193, 245,

257–8, 264, 278Ricci, Vittorio Rolandi, 58Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 178, 183right, political

abuses by, 80and communism, 10, 65and de Benoist, 74and Evola, 95–6, 107and fascism, 1, 15, 75, 80and Fascism, 5, 7–8, 10–12, 18,

20–1, 49–50, 52, 57, 80, 246,277–8

and Giannini, 57and industry, 258and Italy, 64–5and mass murder, 51–2and Movimento sociale italiano, 64–5and National Socialism, 10–11, 81and nationalism, 258and neofascism, 8, 17, 52, 80, 275–6and political left, 12, 51, 80–1, 258,

276and violence, 80–1as reactionary, 51

Roman Catholic Church. See alsoChristianity/Christians, 43, 76, 87,89, 91, 169, 171, 225

Romania, 21, 76Romanian Legion of the Archangel

Michael, 49, 76, 112Rome, ancient, 32, 34, 98, 125–6, 169,

186, 204Roosevelt, Theodore, 18Rosenberg, Alfred, 99, 164

Der Mythus des XX, Jahrhunderts,98, 159

Rosenberg, Arthur, 6RSI. See Fascist Italian Social Republic

(Social Republic of Salo)RSS. See Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

([RSS] National Volunteer Corps)Russia. See also Bolshevism; Lenin, V.

I.; Soviet Union; Stalin, Josephand China, 270and Garvey, 131and Marxism, 39and Mussolini, 39and neofascism, 274and Ottoman Empire, 177economy of, 39, 246information control in, 259nationalism in, 214revolution in, 259

Sadat, Anwar, 172–3salafists. See IslamSangh Parivar (SP), 200, 210, 224Sarfatti, Margherita, 94Sartre, Jean-Paul, 70–1Saudi Arabia, 170, 183, 267Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 199,

203–4, 206, 210, 220democracy in, 202, 223Hindutva, 198, 211, 215military in, 205, 207–9nation in, 211, 214, 219race in, 211, 215–16, 219–20,

223Sciacca, Michele, 106September 11 attacks, 166, 194–5Seva Bharati, 200, 226Shariati, Ali, 181Six Day War (1967), 172Snow, Edgar, 228–9Social Republic of Salo. See Fascist

Italian Social Republic (SocialRepublic of Salo)

socialismand Bharatiya Janata Party, 207and China, 232and Fascism, 39, 69, 168–9and Fascist Italian Social Republic,

58






Index 303

and Golwalkar, 205and Islamic socialism, 184and Italy, 36–7and Mussolini, 36, 39, 69, 86and Nasser, 168–9and neofascism, 24and Nkrumah, 135parliamentary, 36

South Asia, 187South Korea, 205, 207, 249Southeast Asia, 187, 270Southeastern Europe, 32Southwest Asia, 183Soviet Union. See also Bolshevism;

Lenin, V. I.; Stalin, Josephand Afghanistan, 183and Bharatiya Janata Party, 207and China, 249and Egyptian intellectuals, 170and fascism, 50and Fascism, 7, 18, 21and Islam, 187and Maoism, 18–19, 231and mass murder, 20, 23–4, 27, 256,

262–3and military, 260and Mussolini, 265and nation, 264–5and National Socialism, 7, 28and nationalism, 250and neofascism, 19, 21–2and Sadat, 173and totalitarianism, 20, 265and United States, 183as dangerous system, 265collapse of, 23, 214, 274economic failures of, 23ethnos in, 264–5reform of, 20violence of, 27, 263working class in, 51

Spain, 5, 48, 76Spirito, Ugo, 93, 234, 237–8, 240Squadre di azione Mussolini (SAM), 55Stalin, Joseph

and Fascism, 5, 260–1and industry, 260

and leadership, 260and Marxism, 68, 278and mass murder, 27, 82and single-party dominance, 260and totalitarianism, 260and violence, 193–4anti-Semitism of, 27–8as neofascist, 20morality of, 8

Stalinismand fascism, 75and Fascism, 23, 264and government, 264and Islam, 191and Marxism, 23

Stalinofascism, 21state

and Bharatiya Janata Party, 206,224

and China, 241–2and economy, 43–4and Evola, 90and Fascism, 90, 122–4, 168, 237,

239, 242and Garvey, 121–4and Giannini, 57and Golwalkar, 223and Hindu nationalism, 223and Islam, 191and Lenin, 275–6and liberalism, 239and Maoism, 239and Movimento sociale italiano,

61–2and Mussolini, 46and Nasser, 168single-party in Africa, 82totalitarian, 238, 244

Steiner, Rudolf, 84, 89Sternhell, Zeev, 11, 14Sudan, 179Suez Canal, 171–2Sun Yat-sen, 204, 213–14, 219, 253,

260, 274Sanminzhuyi (Three Principles of the

People), 251–2swadeshi, 205






304 Index

syndicalism, 35–6, 69, 86, 95–6, 257,276

Syria, 171–4, 179

Taiwan, 8, 205, 207, 234, 249Tasca, Angelo, 23Tassoni, Alessandro, 31technology. See also industry

and Africa, 120–1and Evola, 84–5, 90, 96and Fascism, 7, 90and Golwalkar, 205and totalitarianism, 244

Telesio Interlandi, Difesa della razza,101

terrorism. See also violence; war, 193,257, 267–8, 273

Thalheimer, August, 6Thatcher, Margaret, 79Theosophical Society, 142–3Torre, La (journal), 92–4totalitarianism. See also

authoritarianismand Alleanza nazionale, 65–6and Almirante, 63–4and China, 236, 241–2and collectivism, 243–4and community, 242–5and democracy, 8–9, 244and economy, 238and Evola, 96, 108and fascism, 8–10, 50and Fascism, 20, 48, 69, 80, 108,

124, 222, 237–42and Garvey, 124and Hindu nationalism, 223–4and individual, 239, 243–5and Islam, 191and late development, 273and leadership, 243and liberalism, 238, 244and Mao Zedong, 243and Maoism, 237–40and Marxism, 50, 241and Marxist-Leninism, 8–9and mass murder, 265–6

and Muhammad, 155and Mussolini, 6, 47, 69, 155,

242and Nasser, 167and post-Maoist China, 240and single-party dominance, 238and Soviet Union, 265and Stalin, 260and state, 238, 244and technology, 244characteristics of, 50institutional embodiment of, 242rights under, 243–4Soviet view of, 20Spirito on, 236study of, 50

Treaty of Carlowitz, 177Tripoli, 35Trotsky, Leon, 23Turkey, 193Tzara, Tristan, 84

Ulwan, Sheikh al-, 195UNIA. See Universal Negro

Improvement Association (UNIA)United African Nationalist Movement,

137United States

and Berlusconi government, 1–2and bin Laden, 195and China, 270–1, 273and de Benoist, 74and Garvey, 114–15, 136and India, 266and Iran, 173and Islamic fundamentalism,

266and Middle East, 172, 174and Muhammad’s theology, 162and Pakistan, 273and race, 211, 277and Soviet Union, 183and terrorism, 268blacks in, 117–18, 158neofascism in, 19Roman Catholicism in, 225






Index 305

Universal Negro ImprovementAssociation (UNIA)

and business, 114and economy, 118, 120and Fard, 141–2and Fascism, 135and Garvey, 113, 123, 125and neofascism, 117and race, 132and racism, 113, 116–17and violence, 276–7developmentalism of, 277disintegration of, 115, 136eclipse of, 137–8

Universal Negro ImprovementAssociation (UNIA) Negro FactoryCorporation, 119

Uomo Qualunque, 55Upadhyaya, Pandit Deendayal, BJP

PhilosophyIntegral Humanism, 226

UR (journal), 89, 92

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 205Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram ([VKA] Center

for the Welfare of Tribals), 200, 226Vanguard of the Popular Revolution, 19Vico, Giambattista, 31Vidya Bharati, 200violence. See also military; terrorism;

warand Almirante, 63and Bolshevism, 193and China, 230, 263and Garvey, 276–7and Hindu nationalism, 203, 209and India, 208–9and Islam, 176, 193and Marxism, 25and Marxism-Leninism, 193–4, 263and Moorish Science Temples of

America, 140and Movimento sociale italiano, 58,

63and Muhammad, 162, 276–7and Muslim Brotherhood, 180

and National Socialism, 4, 27, 193–4,262

and neofascism, 165and political left, 81and political right, 80–1and Soviet Union, 27, 263and Universal Negro Improvement

Association, 276–7and white racist groups, 164and World War I veterans, 36of Fascism, 25, 27, 48, 63, 193,

262–3

Wahhabism. See also ibn Abdal-Wahhab, Muhammad, 178

war. See also terrorism; violenceand capitalism, 4and Fascism, 3, 5, 25and Garvey, 122and Marxism, 25and Mussolini, 5, 48, 122and National Socialism, 3–4

Weininger, Otto, 105West

and China, 228, 230–1, 233and Islam, 177, 179and Middle East immigration, 268and neofascism, 78and Shariati, 182

white racist groups, 164, 277whites. See also race

and African Socialism, 136and Ali, 139and black protest movements, 135and Brahmanism, 197and Fard, 142and Garvey, 127, 132–5and Hindu nationalism, 210–11,

218and Muhammad, 137, 146, 148–9,

150, 153, 156–8, 161–3, 218–19Woltmann, Ludwig, 252workers, 40, 61, 125working class, 51, 79, 258World Union of National Socialists,

77






306 Index

World War Iand Evola, 84, 90and fascism, 10and Italy, 22, 35imperialism before, 33veterans of, 35–6, 38, 86violence of, 35

World War IIand fascism, 4, 16and Italy, 5, 48

and Lost-Found Nation of Islam,141

end of, 9, 11, 51–2propaganda during, 3

xenophobia, 15, 17

Yanov, Alexander, 19Yom Kippur War, 173Yugoslavia, 12, 22






6 x 10.5 Long Title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/59202/index/9780521859202_index.pdf · Ali, Noble Drew, 138, 141, 143 Holy Koran, 139 Allah, 175, 178,

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