1 Chapter 6 Action-Oriented Approaches
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1
Chapter 6
Action-Oriented Approaches
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Action-Oriented Theories -
-Behaviorally specific interventions
-Counselor role is directive
-Are responsive to third party pay
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-Behavioral principles have been assimilated into the
mainstream of counseling.
-Problems are seen as maladaptive learning patterns.
-No reflections of feelings
Action-Oriented Theories -
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View of Nature:
- Scientific
- Structured
Behaviors are:
- Observable
- Measurable
-Focuses on overt behavior
Behavioral Movement -
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Behavioral Movement -
Thorndike (1874 – 1949)
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Behaviorism -
-Animal Studies
Charles Darwin
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Classical Conditioning -
(Pavlov)
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Behaviorism -
(Little Albert)
Watson
-Father of Behaviorism
(Give me a Child,
I’ll give you a rich
man, poor man,
beggar man,
thief.)
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- Thorndike
Behaviorism -
Puzzle Box
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- Skinner Box
Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
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Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s work has resulted in many
practical applications in:
•Education
•Training
•And views of society
B. F. Skinner
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Cognitive Trend
(modeling, social Observational learning)
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-Superstition –
-Horoscope (Study)
-Psychics (Study)
Behavioral Movement -
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Count the people, wait until they shift, and then count them again.
Explain This One!
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Thing aren’t always the way we see them.
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Client Contracts -
General Goal of Behavioral Counseling -
- Create new conditions for learning
Arguments against Behavioral Counseling:
- Treatment of symptoms
- Manipulation (therapist is in control)
- We don’t live in a skinner box
Behavioral Movement -
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Techniques:
- Relaxation Training
(progressive relaxation)
-Systematic Desensitization
(Classical Conditioning)
- Biofeedback
Behavioral Movement -
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Token Economy:
-Given as soon as possible after behavior occurs
-Gradually replace with verbal phrase.
Behavioral Movement -
Temper Tantrum
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Punishment - used to reduce the frequency of a client’s
behavior by presenting an aversive stimuli.
Extinction - the removal of the reinforcement.
Shaping - the process in which complex terminal behaviors are
reinforced in approximate successive stages.
Flooding - bombarding the subject with the stimulus until
fatigue sets in or until the stimulus loses its pleasurable value.
Time-Out - the removing of the subject from the environment
where the inappropriate behavior is occurring.
Behavioral Movement -
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Modeling Behavior:
1. Live Models
2. Symbolic Models (Audio / Video)
3. Multiple Models (Groups)
4. The more similar the models are the more effective
Behavioral Movement -
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Learned Helplessness
Behavioral Movement -
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling
Albert Ellis
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-Concerned with cognition and feelings.
-Disputes irrational beliefs in a direct, active and
confrontive manner.
Basic Hypothesis - our emotions stem mainly from our
beliefs, evaluations, interpretations and reactions to life
situations.
Anxiety, unhappiness, and negative emotions come
from evaluative thoughts about traumatic situations.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling –
(Albert Ellis)
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We -
-Make or contribute to our own problems by our
perceptions.
-Condition ourselves to feel disturbed or depressed.
-Make mistakes - we learn to live with them.
-Have the ability to change.
-Are all somewhat neurotic.
-Blame is the core of most emotional disturbances.
Criticized for being overly:
combative
directive,
and intellectual
Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling –
(Albert Ellis)
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Therapeutic Techniques:
Cognitive Method –
1. Disputing of irrational beliefs (confronting)
show client it’s not the event but their perception.
2. Cognitive homework - experience (public speaking).
3. Changing ones language - relearning of statements.
(a word is only a word - only meanings change)
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Emotive Technique -
1. Rational-emotive imagery - mentally experience
situations and good outcomes.
2. Role Play - rehearse new or different behaviors
(work on unpleasant feelings.
3. Shame attacking exercises -
-clients do or experience something they’re
afraid of.
-they then see its not such a big deal or that
other don’t see it that way.
Therapeutic Techniques:
Chapter 11
Career CounselingCareer Counseling
What Do You Want To Be When You Grow Up?
Vocation is tied to a: -
- Sense of identity
- Self-image
- Sense of worth
-How is a vocation selected?
-High School - (Work / College)
-What’s important?
Career Counseling -
The world of Work:-Changes in the Workplace
-Work and Leisure
-Use of Technology
-Changing work ethics
-Education
-Vocational training
-College vs. Vocational School
Deferring gratification -
Career Counseling -
Practical Applications for
Career / Vocational counseling:
1. Assessment - identify interests & abilities
2. Establish Goals -
- assess skills
- interests
- motivation
3. Counseling - reality
A vocational counselor teaches people
to change their attitudes about work.
Career Counseling -
Career Counseling Process -
• From assessment
• To resume writing
• To application preparation
• To interview skills.
Career Counseling -
Second Career Counseling -
Changing Careers -
Defining the Problem -
Career Counseling -
Career Counseling -
Work and Adjustment -
1. Attitudes
2. A job is such a part of our life.
3. Occupational stress and job related problems are
one of the leading public health problems.
Career Exploration -
- Assessment
- Research
- Homework
- Volunteer work
- Visiting occupational areas
- Career days at high schools, college’s
Career Counseling -
Next Week – (Week 7)
• Research Paper Draft Due and Ready For Proofing
• Do not post to Draft on turnitin until after this Proofing.
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