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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 1Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Giai on 2Phn tch h thng
Chng 6
Chuyn sang thi t kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 2Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Ni dung
nh gi cc gi i php ph n mm v ccchin lc pht trin.u im v nhc im gia vic t phttrin phn mm v vic mua/ch nh sa mtgi phn mm.Ti nguyn bn ngoi v cc ng dngcho ngi s dng.Cc bc mua v nh gi mt gi phnmm.RFP v RFQ .Ti liu cc yu c u h thng v trnh by
cho ban qu n l.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 3Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Ni dung
Chuyn t phn tch sang thi t k.S khc bit gia thit k lun l v thit
kvt l.Tm quan tr ng ca vic lm bn mu; ccphng php lm b n mu, cc cng c
v k thut.Qu trnh thit k h thng v cc h ngdn thit kh thng.To v s dng cc m thch h p trongqu trnh thit kv pht trin h thng.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 4Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Gii thiu
Chng ny trnh by cc cng vi c cnli trong giai on phn tch h thng
nh gi cc gi i php khc nhau.Chun b ti liu yu cu h thng.Trnh by cho ban qu n l.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 5Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Quyt nh t pht trin hoc mua ph nmm
Phn mm t pht trinc pht trin bi phng CNTT ca cng ty.
Gi phn mmc mua ho c thu t cc hng ho c nhcung c p phn mm.ng dng ngang.ng dng dc.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 6Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Hnh 6.1. Da vo gii php no c chn, cng ty c th t phttrin h thng hoc mua v c th chnh sa gi phn mm thng
mi.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 7Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
T pht trin phn mmdeveloping software in-houseCc l do t pht trin phn mm:
Tha mn cc yu c u ring bit.Gim thiu cc thay i trong cc chnh sch vcc th tc nghip vTha mn cc rng bu c ca h thng hin ti.Tha mn cc rng bu c ca cng ngh hin ti.Pht trin cc ti nguyn v cc n ng lc bntrong.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 8Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Mua gi phn mm purchasing a software packageCc l do mua gi ph n mm:
Chi ph thp hn.Thi gian c c nhanh h n. tin cy v cc chu n hiu sut c kimtra.t nhn vin pht tri n k thut.Cc nng c p trong tng lai c cung c p tnh cung c p.Cc cng ty khc c xem l cc ti nguyn.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 9Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Chnh sa gi phn mmcustomizing software packageMua gi phn mm c bn c th chnhsa nhm tha mn cc yu c u.Thng lng vi nh cung c p phn mm thc hin cc ph n m r ng nhm thamn cc yu c u .Mua gi phn mm v t chnh sa.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 10Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Nh cung cp dch v ng dngCung cp cc ng dng bng cch tr ph sdng hoc lph.
Dch v cung c p c gi l applicationhosting .Cho thu cc ng dng.
Ti nguyn bn ngoioutsourcing S dng cc cng ty bn ngoi x l mtphn ti lm vic, ngn hn hoc di hn.K kt vi cc hng nhn s .Cc hng qu n l h thng hoc qun lphng tin.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 11Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
H thng ca ngi s dng cui cngend-user systemS dng cc ph n mm nghip v chun.C th cung c p cc gii php n gin, chiph thp.
Ngi s dng c th thit k cc biu munhp d liu v cc bo co ring.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 12Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Chn gii php phn mmQuyt nh s nh hng n cc giai oncn li ca SDLC .Cng vic ca ngi phn tch h thng phthuc vo gii php c chn.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 13Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
nh gi cc gi i php phn mm
Hnh 6.2. Tm quan tr ng ca ngi phn tch ph thuc vo giiphp no c chn.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 14Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Qu trnh 5 bc1. nh gi cc yu c u HTTT.2. Xc nh nh cung c p phn mm c nng
lc.3. nh gi cc gi i php phn mm.
4. Mua gi phn mm.5. Ci t gi phn mm.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 15Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Bc 1: nh gi cc yu c u HTTT.Xc nh cc tnh n ng chnh c a h thng.nh gi khi lng v s gia tng trongtng lai.M tcc rng bu c phn cng.
Chun b yu cu ngh (RFP Request For Proposal ).
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 16Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Bc 2: xc nh nh cung c p phn mmc nng lc.Bc k tip l lin h vi nh cung c p cnng lc.RFP s gip nh cung c p xc nh cc gi iphp.Cc ngun thng tin khc nhau v nh cungcp:
Ngi bn lNh sn xut my tnhBo thng mi cng nghi p hoc cc Web siteNhm t vn CNTT
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 17Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Bc 3: nh gi cc gi i php phn mm.Mc ch l so snh cc gi ph n mm vchn gi phn mm tt nht.C c thng tin t nhiu ngun.Qu trnh nh gi
C c thng tin t nhng ngi s dnghin ti.Chy kim tra ng dng .nh chun gi phn mm, nu cn.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 18Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Bc 4: mua gi ph n mm.Bn quyn phn mm (software license ).Hp ng thu ( lease agreement ).Hp ng bo tr (maintenance agreement ).
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 19Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Bc 5: ci t gi phn mm.Thi gian ci t ph thuc vo kch c v phc tp.Tr c khi s dng gi phn mm, honthnh tt ccc bc thc hin.
Np, cu hnh v kim tra phn mm.o to nhng ngi s dng.Chuyn cc tp tin d liu thnh cc d ng thcmi.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 20Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc bc nh gi v mua gi ph n mm
Nhm nh gi v ch n laMc ch ca qu trnh ny l c c snphm vi chi ph s hu thp nht.Cch tip cn nhm bo m cc yu t quantr ng u c xem xt v a ra s chnla ng n.Mc tiu chnh
nh gi cc gi i php h thng khng ch pnhn.Xp hng cc gi i php ch p nhn.Trnh by cc gi i php cho ban qu n l raquyt nh cui cng.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 21Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Hon tt phn tch h thng
Ti liu cc yu c u h thngCn c gi l m t cc yu c u phnmm.M t cc gii php v ngh vi ban qunlTng t nh hp ng v iu s ccung c p.Phi r rng v d hiu i vi ngi sdng.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 22Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Hon tt phn tch h thng
Trnh by cho ban qu n lNm quyt nh c th c:1. T pht trin h thng.2. Chnh sa h thng hin ti.3. Mua hoc ch nh sa gi phn mm.4. Thc hin thm cng vi c phn tch h thng.5. Chm dt ton b cng vic.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 23Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Chuyn sang thi t kh thng
iu ch yu l c ti liu cc yu c u hthng dhiu v chnh xc.Cc li sai, cc thi u st v cc iu mh s nh hng n cht lng ca snphm cui cng.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 24Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Chuyn sang thi t kh thng
Tng quan v thit kh thngThit k lun l xc nh cc tnh n ng v ccchc nng ca h thng.
Cn c gi l m hnh chnh.Thit k vt l l mt s thc hin hthng.
Mi lin hgia phn tch v thi t kGiai on thit k khng th bt u cho n
khi kt thc phn tch.Ch nn tr v giai on phn tch trong cctnh hung hn ch.
b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 25Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Lm bn mu prototyping Lm bn mu l mt k thut thu thp thngtin.Lm bn mu h thng to ra mt m hnhlm vic vi y tnh nng ca HTTT.Cc bn mu c ch cho vi c ghi nhn ccphn ng ca ngi s dng, cc ngh ,cc i mi v cc khoch sa i.Bn mu l phin bn ca h thng c xydng nhanh.Bn mu l m hnh lm vic gip ngi sdng hiu h thng.
L b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 26Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Lm bn muC th loi b cc vn tr c khi c phinbn cui cng.Ngi s dng c th kim tra m hnh vchp nhn hoc yu cu sa i.C th pht trin thnh phin b n cui cngca HTTT hoc c th ch c s dng xc nhn cc yu c u ca ngi s dng vb loi b sau ny.
C h i l b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 27Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cch tip cn lm bn mu
Thit kbn muNhm to ra bn mu thit k c ngi sdng chp nhn lp ti liu v nh chuncc tnh n ng ca h thng cui cng.C th t c d liu nhp ca ngi sdng v s chp thun ca h trong khi vntip tc pht trin h thng.
C h i l b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 28Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cch tip cn lm bn mu
Hnh 6.3. Sn phm cui cng ca lm bn mu l bn mu thit kc ngi s dng chp thun, trong ghi nhn cc c im
ca h thng cui cng.
L b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 29Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Li ch ca lm bn muNgi s dng v ngi pht trin c thtrnh cc iu hiu nhm.Ngi pht trin c th to cc m t chnhxc.Ngi qun l c th nh gi m hnh lmvic.Ngi phn tch c th s dng bn mu thc hin kim tra v qu trnh o to.Lm bn mu gim r i ro xy ra cho h thngcui cng.
L b
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 30Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Cc vn tim tng ca lm bn muTc pht trin nhanh c th pht sinh ccvn vcht lng.
Cc yu cu h thng khc khng th ckim tra mt cch th a ng.Cc bn mu phc tp s khng thch ngv kh qun l.
Hn chca bn muKm hiu qu hn so vi h thng cpht trin hon ton.Tc x l chm hn v thi gian p nglu hn.C th thiu cc yu c u bo mt.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 31Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Cc cng c lm bn muCc cng c CASE B to ng dng (application generator )B to bo co ( report generator )B to mn hnh ( screen generator )
Ngn ng th h th 4 (4GL-Fourth- Generation Language )Cc cng c lm bn mu thuc mi tr ng
thh th 4
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 32Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
B to ng dngapplication generator Cn c gi l b to m lnh.Pht trin cc ch ng trnh nhanh chngbng cch chuy n t m hnh lun l tr ctip thnh m l nh 4GL.Ngn ng iu khin s kin m t cc tcvm chng trnh ph i thc hin khi xy racc s kin no .Ngn ng phi th tc khng i hi ngilp trnh vit chui lnh.Ngn ng th tc i hi ngi lp trnh tom lnh cho mi bc x l.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 33Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
B to bo coreport generator Cn c gi l b vit bo co.Thit knhanh cc bo co nh dng.C th to bo co m u xem tr c khithit kcui cng.
B to mn hnhscreen generator Cn c gi l b to biu mu.Cng cphn mm tng tc.Gip thit k giao din ngi s dng, tobiu mu mn hnh v x l cc th tc nhpd liu.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 34Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Cc loi bn muBn mu tm thi ( patched-up prototype ).y l m hnh lm vic c tt c cc tnh n ngnhng khng hi u qu.Ngi s dng c th tng tc vi h thng.Vic lu tr v truy xut d liu c th khng
hiu qu.C thch cha cc tnh n ng c bn.Bn mu khng vn hnh c (non- operational prototpye ).y l m hnh khng v n hnh c, ngoi tr
mt s tnh nng no c kim tra.
Lm bn mu cho cc m u nhp v cc k t xut.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 35Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Cc loi bn muBn mu lot u tin (first-of-a-series prototype )
To h thng th nghim ( pilot system ).Bn mu l mt m hnh vn hnh c.C ch khi lp k hach ci t cng mt h
thng thng tin cho nhi u ni. V d ci t,kim tra v sa i h thng cho mt ni, vsau ci t tip tc cho cc n i khc.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 36Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Cc loi bn muBn mu c cc tnh n ng chnh (selected features prototype )
Bn mu ch c mt s tnh nng chnh c a hthng. Sau khi cc tnh n ng ny c chpnhn, b sung thm cc tnh n ng khc vo h thng.C th chy c mt s chc nng trn trnhn.H thng c xy dng theo cc n th.y l mt phn ca h thng tht.
Lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 37Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Lm bn mu
Hnh 6.4. Sn phm cui cng ca lm bn mu l m hnh lm vicca HTTT, sn sng cho giai on thc hin.
Cch tip cn lm bn mu
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 38Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cch tip cn lm bn mu
Pht trin ng dng nhanhRAD -Rapid Application Development RAD l mt cc tip cn hng i tng pht trin h thng, bao g m phng phppht trin v cc cng c phn mm.RAD lin quan mt thit vi vic lm bn muh thng.Nhm RAD xcnh, phn tch, thi t kv kimtra cc b n mu.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 39Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT Hnh 6.5. M hnh RAD ca James Martin.
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Cc s tin trnh ca h thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 41Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc s tin trnh ca h thng
Cng cm hnh ha khcS tin trnh ca h thng (systemflowchart )
Hin th qu trnh chnh v cc tc v nhp, xut.Chyu c s dng trong m hnh ha v t l.Cc k hiu khc nhau bi u din d liu hoc
cc tp tin trong mi tr ng vt l c th.Hnh dng k hiu cho bit mc ch.Cc ng c m i tn cho bit chiu i ca d
liu.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 42Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 6.6. S dng cc k hiu chun ANSI, s tin trnh ca hthng cho th y h thng t hng x l vic tr tin ca khch hng.
Tng quan v thit kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 43Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Tng quan v thit kh thng
Ngi phn tch ph i hiu ton b thit klun l tr c khi bt u thit kvt lCc bc thit kh thng.
Xem xt cc yu c u h thng.Thit kh thng
Xut (output )Nhp (input )Cc c s d liu v cc t p tinKin trc h thng
Trnh by thit kh thng.
Tng quan v thit kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 44Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
g q g
Mc tiu thit kh thngXy dng h thng sao cho:Hiu qu (effective )
Tin cy (reliable )Bo tr c (maintainable )
Tng quan v thit kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 45Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
g q g
Nghin cu thit kh thngNghin cu ngi s dngLm cho h thng thn thi n vi ngi s dng.
Lu cch ng i s dng cung c p d liu choh thng v nhn kt quxut t h thng.on tr c cc yu c u trong tng lai.
Ngi s dng HTTT Cng ty
Phi c tnh linh ng.
Tng quan v thit kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 46Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
g q g
Nghin cu thit kh thngNghin cu d liuNhp d liu ti ni v vo lc n xy ra.
Kim tra d liu khi nhp vo.S dng cc ph ng php nh p d liu t ngKim tra vic truy xut khi nhp d liu.Ghi nhn vic nhp hoc thay i d liu i vicc gi tr quan tr ng.Nhp d liu vo h thng ch mt ln.Trnh trng lp d liu.
Nghin cu vic x lS dng thit k n th.Thit k cc n th thc hin chc nng
n l.
Tng quan v thit kh thng
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 47Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
g q g
Cn nhc trong thit kCc mc ch thit k thng mu thu n vinhau.
Vic s dng d dng hn c th lm cho ccyu cu lp trnh phc tp hn.Tnh linh ng cao c th lm cho vic bo tr
nhiu hn.Tha mn cc yu c u ca ngi s dng nys kh tha mn cc yu c u ca ngi sdng khc.
Vn chnh l ch t l ng so v i chi ph
Thit kv s dng m
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 48Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
g
M (code ) l mt tp cc ch v/hoc sca mt cu trc vn tt dng cho vi cphn loi cc mc d liu lu tr , linlc, x l v ly d liu.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 49Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Li ch ca mTo cc danh hi u duy nht.Cho thy cc c tnh ca cc mc d liu.
Cho thy cc mi lin kt gia cc mc dliu.Gim vng nh v chi ph lu tr .
Gim thi gian nhp v truyn d liu.Thun tin cho vic phn lo i d liu.Thun tin cho vic tm kim v ly d liu.
C thhin th hoc che giu thng tin.C thgim cc li sai khi nhp d liu.Thao tc d liu mt cch hiu qu: tr n, spth t.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 50Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc mc ch ca m haTheo di mt iu g (keeping track of something )
M tun t (sequence code )M dn xut (derivation code )
Phn loi thng tin (classifying information )M phn loi (classification code )M tun t chia khi (block sequence code )
Che giu thng tin ( concealing information )Mt m (cipher code )
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 51Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Cc mc ch ca m haThhin thng tin ( revealing information )M k s c ngh a (significant digit code / faceted code )M vit tt (abbreviation code ) / m gi nh(mnemonic code )
Yu cu mt tc v thch hp (requesting appropriate action ).M chc nng (function code ) / m tc v
(action code )
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 52Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M tun tsequence codeM tun t l m ly cc gi tr lin tip t tp
gi tr m.M tun t c s dng khi th t ca vicx l cn phi bit chui cc mc d liua vo h thng hoc th t ca cc s kin xy ra.
Empno Employee Name
001 Smith002 Adams003 Tiger
Hnh 6.7. Empno thuc loi m tun t.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 53Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M tun tu im
n gin.
Ngn v duy nh t.Dpht sinh gi tr m lin tip.
Nhc imKhng cha thng tin c ch, ngo i tr th ttr c sau c a cc gi tr m.Khng linh ng.
D b trn m v cc m tr ng khng c sdng li.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 54Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M dn xutderivation codeM dn xut l m kt hp d liu ca nhiuthuc tnh khc nhau.
Hnh 6.8. M ca ngi t mua bo c dn xut t cc thnh
phn khc nhau c a tn v a ch .
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 55Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M phn loiclassification codeM phn loi l m gom nhm cc m c dliu c lin quan v i nhau.
Code Tax Deduction ItemI INTEREST PAYMENTSM MEDICAL PAYMENTST TAXESC CONTRIBUTIONS
D DUESS SUPPLIES
Hnh 6.9. Gom nhm cc mc khu tr thu bng cch s dng mphn loi 1-k t.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 56Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M phn loiPhn loi cc mc d liuPhn loi cc mc d liu l qu trnh xc nh
v gom nhm cc m c d liu thnh cc lo i(lp) da vo cc c tnh chung.nh ngh a cc lp phi thch hp vi mc chring.Phn loi cc mc d liu nhm p ng ccyu cu ca ngi s dng.Phn loi cc mc d liu phi cho php m r ng phn loi cc mc d liu mi.Cc mc d liu phi r rng.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 57Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Code Tax Deductible ItemIMT
CDS
INTEREST PAYMENTSMEDICAL PAYMENTSTAXES
CONTRIBUTIONSDUESSUPPLIES
S
CIM
SUBSCRIPTIONS
COMPUTER Duplicate codesINSURANCEMISCELLANEOUS
BPNX
SUBSCRIPTIONSCOMPUTER are corrected by forcingINSURANCE the codes to fitMISCELLANEOUS
Hnh 6.10. Cc vn xy ra cho m phn lo i 1-k t khi cc loic cng k t ch.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 58Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M tun t chia khiblock sequence codeM tun t chia khi l s m r ng ca mtun t, phn chia t p gi tr m thnh ccnhm c ngh a khc nhau.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 59Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Range Field000 - 099 General Works List100 - 199 Philosophy, Psychology, Ethics200 - 299 Religion, Mythology300 - 399 Social Sciences400 - 499 Philology500 - 599 Science600 - 699 Applied Science700 - 799 Fine Arts
800 - 899 Literature900 - 999 History, Geography, Biography, Travel
Hnh 6.11. Phn loi thp phn Dewey s dng m khi tun t.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 60Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 6.12. S dngm khi tun t gom nhm cc ph nmm tng t nhau.
Code Name of SoftwarePackage
Type
100 1-2-3101 Multiplan102 VP-Planner
200 R-BASE System V201 Paradox 1.1
202 dBASE III Plus 300 Wordstar 4.0301 Wordperfect 4.2
302 Word 3.1
400 Super Key 1.03401 Pro Key 4.0
Utilities
Wordprocessing
Database
Speadsheet
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 61Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Mt mcipher codeMt m l m m trong mt ch (hay mts) thay th cho mt iu g , hoc mtch thay thcho mt s.V d: ca hng bn l s dng mt t gm10 k t ch CAMPGROUND m ha gibn: C biu din 1, A biu din 2, , D biudin 0. Do , m GRAND c gi bn l
$562.90
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 62Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M khiblock codeM khi l m c phn chia thnh cc kh im mi khi c s phn loi ring.M k s c ngh a (significant digit code / faceted code )
Cc nhm k s ring bit biu din cc c tnhca mc d liu.Xc nh s k s cho mi c tnh.
M khi phn cp (hierarchical block code )Sp xp theo th t quan tr ng ca cc kh i.Khi bn tri l lp cha, c ngh a tng qut.Khi bn phi l lp con, c ngh a chi tit.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 63Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 6.13. M vng in thoi (ZIP code ) l mt v d vm k sc ngh a s dng cc nhm con cho bit thng tin.
Hnh 6.14. M s dng cc k s c ngh a xc nh v tr ca mthng tn kho.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 65Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M gi nhmnemonic codeM gi nh l m s dng cc k t sv/hoc k t ch m tmc d liu.Gi tr m c tr gip gi nh.Ch s dng m gi nh khi s lng ccmc d liu khng nhi u (di 50 mc dliu). Code City
SIN SingaporeNYK New YorkHKG HongkongLON London
Hnh 6.15. M gi nh c s dng trong International Air Transport Association (IATA).
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 66Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M tc vaction codeM tc v l m cho bit tc v c thc
hin tng ng vi mc d liu.Code Action1 Delivered2 Sold3 Spoiled4 Lost or stolen5 Returned6 Transferred out7 Transferred in8 Journal entry (add)9 Journal entry (subtract)
Hnh 6.16. Mt v dvm tc v.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 67Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M t kim traself-checking codeM t kim tra l m c ch a cc k s c
xc nh t cc k s cn li xc nh shp lca m.M t kim tra phng cc l i sai tiu biu:
Li sai do sao chp l i (transcription error ): mtk s b sai.Li sai do i ch (transposition error ): i ch2 k s lin tip.Li sai do i ch kp (double tranpositionerror ): i ch 2 k s cch nhau m t k s.Li sai ngu nhin ( random error ): nhiu k s b
sai.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 68Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Error type Invalid ValidTranscription error 12845 12345Transposition error 783156 781356Double transposition error 301157 305117Random error 987866 987680
Hnh 6.17. Cc loi li sai.
Hnh 6.18. M 1302-6 c k s kim tra hp l. M 7198-3 c k skim tra khng h p l.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 69Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M t kim traCc bc to cc k s kim tra (check digit )M ban u X1X2 Xn.
Chn cc tr ng sW1W2 Wn- arithmetic progression: 6 5 4 3 2- geometric progression: 32 16 8 4 2
- prime number: 17 13 7 5 3Tnh S = XiWiTnh R = S mod M, vi M l mt s nguyn t
Tnh C = M - R. Nu R = 0 th C = 0.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 70Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
M ban u: 12345 M = 11Arithmetic progressionS = 1 6 + 2 5 + 3 4 + 4 3 + 5 2 = 50R = S mod M = 50 mod 11 = 6
C = M - R = 11 - 6 = 5M cui cng: 12345 - 5Geometric progression
S = 1 32 + 2 16 + 3 8 + 4 4 + 5 2 = 114
R = S mod M = 114 mod 11 = 4C = M - R = 11 - 4 = 7M cui cng: 12345 - 7
Prime number
S = 1 17 + 2 13 + 3 7 + 4 5 + 5 3 = 99R = S mod M = 99 mod 11 = 0C = 0M cui cng: 12345 - 0
Hnh 6.19. V dvcc cch khc nhau to k s kim tra.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 71Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Qu trnh thit kmXc nh cc m c d liu cn c m ha.Xc nh khi lng d liu.
Xc nh cc m c tiu ca m.Xc nh phm vi s dng m.Xc nh chu k thi gian s dng m.Xc nh loi m.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 72Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Mt s iu lu khi thit kmCu trc m ph i tha mn cc yu c u cangi s dng v phi c phng php x
l m mt cch thch h p.Mi m phi c cu trc biu din duy nht.Thit k m phi linh ng p ng vic
thay i cc yu c u.Cu trc m ph i d hiu (n gin, thc t,c ngh a).Cn phi chun ha cc m c d liu cm ha.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 73Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Chun ha cc m c d liu c m haTrnh cc k t m ch vit hoc pht mgn ging nhau (v d: O, Z, I, S, V c th
nhm vi 0, 2, 1, 5, U).Trnh cc l tr ng (cc gi tr m khngc s dng) trong tp gi tr m.
Cc ngy v cc tu n cn c nh s (ngy t 1 n 7, tun t 1 n 52).S dng dng 24 gi thay v dng AM/PM (vd: 13:00 thay v 01:00 PM).S dng dng ngy biu din bng cc k s thay v bng k t ch (v d: 18/09/2004 thayv 18th Sept. 2004).
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 74Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Chiu di ca mM ngn (short code )M c t k t.
Ddng phn lo i, to mt gi tr m mi.Tn t vng nh lu tr .Tn t thi gian truyn.
M di (long code )M c nhiu k t.M c thcha mt s thng tin c n thit.
Ddng cho vi c ly d liu.Ddng cho vi c x l thng tin.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 75Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
S dng mDuy tr m ngn gn.Cho php m r ng m.
Duy tr m n nh.To m duy nh t.S dng m c th sp th t c.Trnh nhm ln m.To m c ngh a.
S dng m cho m c ch ring bit.Duy tr cc m nht qun vi nhau.
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 76Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
Incorrect SortingUsing
MMM-DD-YYY
Incorrect SortingUsing
MM-DD-YYYY
Incorrect Sorting(Year 2000Problem)
YY-MM-DD
Correct SortingUsing
YYYY-MM-DD
Dec-25-1998
Dec-31-1997Jul-04-1999Jun-04-1998Jun-11-2000Jun-12-1997Oct-24-1998
06-04-1998
06-11-200006-12-199707-04-199910-24-199812-25-199812-31-1997
00-06-11
97-06-1297-12-3198-06-0498-10-2498-12-2599-07-04
1997-06-12
1997-12-311998-06-041998-10-241998-12-251999-07-042000-06-11
Hnh 6.20. Cc vn sp th t d liu kiu Date .
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Ch ng 6. Chuy n sang thi t k h th ng 2006 77Nguy n Trung Tr c- Khoa CNTT
CODE DESIGN FORM
Document Reference Number: Code Design Form Number:Name of coded item: Numbering
method:Number of columns:
Check digit(Yes/No):
Number of code numbers
assignedCurrent: Future:Coding objectives:Structure:
Range of numbers:Special properties:
Period of use: Range of use:
Hnh 6.21. Mu thit km.