Presented By: Nipath Belani Prince Vyas Jaymin Patel Submitted To: Prof. Yogesh Joshi Study on India- European Union Relations 1
Nov 08, 2014
Presented By:Nipath BelaniPrince VyasJaymin Patel
Submitted To:Prof. Yogesh Joshi
Study on India-European Union Relations
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ABOUT EUROPEAN UNION• The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe.
• The EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993.
• The EU combined generates an estimated 28% share (€ 11.955 trillion in 2010) of the nominal gross world product and about 21% of the PPP gross world product.
• The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital.
• It maintains common policies on trade and the member states have adopted a common currency, the EURO, constituting the Eurozone.
• Largest economic body in the world.• World’s most successful model for advancing peace and democracy.
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1. To study the relationship that EU – India share.2. To study the trade relationship EU and India.3. To know and understand the benefits and costs of EU- India
FTA4. To see EU-India’s attempts at dismantling Trade Barriers.5. To know the EU- India trade negotiations.6. To understand the EU-India summits.7. To study the future scenario of EU-India relationship.
OBJECTIVES
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LITERATURE REVIEW• Troubling news reports indicate that a newly-minted Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and India would permit companies to circumvent visionary safeguards built into India’s 2005 Patents Act, widely seen as one of the most progressive patent laws in the world. Over the past decade, India fought hard to bring its laws into full compliance with international standards, while simultaneously protecting public health and safeguarding India’s pharmaceutical industry. Now, the EU’s trade negotiators are trying to take away those gains.
• Priti Radhakrishnan & Tahir Amin• New York Times 02/11/2006
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Nayanima Basu & Joe C Mathew / New Delhi January 27, 2011 Article “India and the EU FTA”•Despite all official assurances, the path towards a free trade agreement (FTA) between India and the European Union (EU) this year remains ambiguous, as both sides are unwilling to relax their stand on the biggest stumbling block — the issue of “data exclusivity”. While the commerce ministry, the government arm responsible for scripting policy framework for intellectual property rules in the country, says there is no let-down in this matter, its EU counterpart insist that insistence on data exclusivity is integral to the trade deal.
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The US share in India's textile exports has increased, whereas shipments to the European Union (EU) have declined in the current fiscal, reflecting different economic scenarios in the world's two major economies. According to disaggregate data, for April-September 2010-11 period, the share of the US in India's total textile exports has increased to about 20 per cent from a shade in the 19 per cent in the year ago. On the other hand, the 27-nation bloc EU contributed 4.50 percentage points less to India's textiles exports at 29.81 per cent for the period under review. Trade analysts attribute the contrasting trend to a pick- -up in the US economy while several countries of EU are facing financial troubles and lack of economic confidence. Between them the US and the EU account for about 50 per cent of textile exports, which faced difficult times following the recession in these economies between 2008 and 2009. However, the situation has improved in the current financial year. Published in the “The Herald “ 11/6/2009
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Article on EU’s official Website
The Eleventh European Union - India Summit was held in Brussels on 10 December 2010. The Republic of India was represented by the Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh. EU was represented by Mr Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council, and Mr. Jose Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission. Leaders emphasised that EU and India, which share common values relating to democracy, rule of law, civil liberties and respect for human rights, agreed to reinforce their strategic partnership for their mutual benefit in all areas and to better contribute to the resolution of the challenges of the twenty first century. They discussed bilateral, regional and global issues of common interest and concern. In the context of overall EU-Indian interaction, leaders noted India’s development priorities as well as the new dimension of EU, following the entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty.
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Eurozone• The euro zone currently consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxemburg, Malta, The Netherland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia
and Spain.
• Seven State will Join when they fulfill the strict entrance
requirement. The countries are Bulgaria, The Czech Republic,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania,
• Three Member i.e. Sweden, Denmark and UK have an opt out
provision
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European Union – India
Bilateral relations between the European Union (EU) and India date
back to the 1960s, when India was one of the first countries to
establish relations with what is now the European Union. The two
signed bilateral agreements in 1973, when the UK joined. The most
recent cooperation agreement was signed in 1994 and an action
plan was signed in 2005. As of now the Commission is pursuing a
free trade agreement with India. 9
European Union – India
The relationship between India and the EU initially developed at a
low pace. They were established in 1962 and largely focused on
economic issues, resulting in a Commercial Cooperation Agreement
(1973), and a Commercial and Economic Cooperation Agreement
(1980). The EC became India’s main trading partner: in 1990 the EC
purchased 28% of India's exports and sold 29% of its total import.
However, India recorded a high trade deficit with the EU’s caused
by, among others, the EU’s protectionist policy creating barriers for
textiles and other Indian products on the European markets.
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European Union – IndiaHowever, India recorded a high trade deficit with the EC caused by,
among others, the EC‟s protectionist policy creating barriers for
textiles and other Indian products on the European markets. The
relationship intensified in the last decade of the 1990s, following the
collapse of the Eastern Bloc and India’s new economic policy, which
oriented more on free trade and private initiatives.
During this period, the EU lacked a clear foreign policy, but deepened
its economic co-operation and started dialogue with Asian countries,
especially with China. This stimulated India to spread its attention –
so far largely focused on the U.S. – and to include the EU in its sphere
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European Union – IndiaIn the first decade of the 21st century, this growing cooperation was
institutionalized. In 2000, the first annual EU-India summit was held.
In 2004, both partners signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement. In
2005, they agreed on a Joint Action Plan, which was revised in 2008.
Meanwhile, in 2007, they had started negotiations on a free trade
agreement (FTA), which is expected to be completed in 2014.
Simultaneously, collaboration has expanded to other fields, such as
security.
The FTA is likely to be shallow and meets with much concern in India,
particularly in its two economic key sectors of the service sector
(which provides 60% of the GDP) and agriculture (which employs 60%
of the population).
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European Union – IndiaThere is also disagreement in the WTO. Its Doha Development Round since 2001 has not yet led to major results, because of the differences between the developed nations (including the EU) and the major developing countries, in which India takes a leading role.
Finally, there is also discord after five EU member states, including France and Germany, opposed to India‟s bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council (together with Germany, Japan, and Brazil: the so-called G4).
The lack of a univocal, active and clear EU policy towards India is an obvious element impeding the further intensification of its relationship with India.
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• The EU is India's largest trading partner, accounting for 20% of Indian trade. However India accounts for only 1.8% of the EU's trade and attracts only 0.3% of European FDI, although still provides India's largest source for India.
• Trade between the two has more than doubled from 25.6 billion euros ($36.7 billion) in 2000 to 75.9 billion euros in 2010, with further expansion to be seen.
• According to a report in 2010, India, at that time, was the eighth largest trading partner of the European Union, behind China and Russia.
• The EU and India hope to increase their trade in both goods and services and investment through the Free Trade Agreement negotiations launched in 2007.
EU– India (Trade)
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• Following the EU-India Summit in February 2012 negotiations entered an intense phase. Important issues include market access for goods, the overall ambition of the services package and achieving a meaningful chapter on government procurement.
• India is an important trade partner for the EU and an emerging global economic power. The country combines a sizable and growing market of more than 1 billion people.
• The value of EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €79.9 billion in 2011.
• EU investment in India more than tripled between 2003 and 2010: going from €759million in 2003 to €3 billion in 2010.
• Trade in commercial services tripled during the same time period, going from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.
EU– India (Trade)
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• India has embarked on a process of economic reform and progressive integration with the global economy that aims to put it on a path of rapid and sustained growth. However, India's trade regime and regulatory environment remains comparatively restrictive
• India still maintains substantial tariff and non-tariff barriers that hinder trade with the EU. In addition to tariff barriers to imports, India also imposes a number of non-tariff barriers in the form of quantitative restrictions, import licensing, mandatory testing and certification for a large number of products, as well as complicated and lengthy customs procedures
EU– India (Trade)
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• With its combination of rapid growth, complementary trade baskets and relatively high market protection, India is an obvious partner for a free trade agreement (FTA) for the EU.
• The parameters for an ambitious FTA were set out in the report of the EU-India High Level Trade Group in October 2006, which was tasked with assessing the viability of an FTA between the EU and India. Other studies have reinforced the economic potential of an FTA between the EU and India, notably a sustainability impact assessment was carried out by the EU.
• Negotiations for a comprehensive FTA were started in June 2007 and are ongoing. This would be one of the most significant trade agreements, touching the lives of 1.7 billion people.
• India enjoys trade preferences with the EU under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences.
EU– India (Trade)
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EU– India FTA Benefits
1. Relatively easy to negotiate with EU
2. Potential for 30% increase in each way flows of bilateral FDI as a direct result of signing an FTA
3. Potential for economic gains for both sides from deep integration
4. Potential for Regulatory Convergence
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1. Trade diversion
2. Structural and policy impediments in the Indian economy which may limit the gains from deep integration
3. Anti-dumping policy could undermine the benefits of a FTA
EU– India FTA Costs
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Leading Client and Supplier Countries of the EU27 in Merchandise Trade (value %)
(2010, excluding intra-EU trade)
The Major EU Import Partners The Major EU Export Partners The Major EU Trader Partners
Rank.
EU Imports from
Mio euro%
worldRank.
EU Exports to
Mio euro%
worldRank.
Imports+Exports
Mio euro%
world
Extra EU27:1,492,17
5 100.0
Extra EU27:
1,348,509
100.0 Extra EU27:2,840,68
4 100.0
1 China 281,996 18.9 1 USA 242,353 18.0 1 USA 411,649 14.5
2 USA 169,297 11.3 2 China 113,111 8.4 2 China 395,106 13.9
3 Russia 154,909 10.4 3 Switzerland 105,432 7.8 3 Russia 241,424 8.5
4 Switzerland 84,123 5.6 4 Russia 86,515 6.4 4 Switzerland 189,556 6.7
5 Norway 79,084 5.3 5 Turkey 61,171 4.5 5 Norway 120,906 4.3
6 Japan 64,845 4.3 6 Japan 43,709 3.2 6 Japan 108,554 3.8
7 Turkey 42,014 2.8 7 Norway 41,822 3.1 7 Turkey 103,185 3.6
8 South Korea 38,602 2.6 8 India 34,793 2.6 8 India 67,784 2.4
9 India 32,991 2.2 9 Brazil 31,277 2.3 9 South Korea 66,584 2.3
10 Brazil 32,290 2.2 10 South Korea 27,981 2.1 10 Brazil 63,566 2.2
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Leading Exporters and Importers of Merchandise Trade in the World (2009)including EU27 Member States and intra-EU Trade
The Major Importers The Major Exporters The Major Trader Partners
Rank.
Imports billion € % WorldRank
.Exports billion € % World
Rank.
Imp.+Exp. billion € % World
World 9,067 100.0 World 8,934 100.0 World 18,001 100.0
EU27 3,299 36.4 EU27 3,267 36.6 EU27 6,567 36.5
1 USA 1,128.6 12.45 1 China 885.4 9.91 1 USA 1,873.0 10.40
2 China 682.1 7.52 2 Germany 799.1 8.94 2 China 1,567.5 8.71
3 Germany 663.3 7.31 3 USA 744.4 8.33 3 Germany 1,462.4 8.12
4 France 400.0 4.41 4 Japan 390.2 4.37 4 Japan 772.7 4.29
5 Japan 382.5 4.22 5 Netherlands 356.1 3.99 5 France 745.9 4.14
6Utd. Kingdom
342.9 3.78 6 France 345.9 3.87 6 Netherlands 672.9 3.74
7 Netherlands 316.8 3.49 7 Italy 288.2 3.23 7Utd. Kingdom
594.8 3.30
8 Italy 292.1 3.22 8 Belgium 264.6 2.96 8 Italy 580.3 3.22
9 Belgium 251.7 2.78 9Utd. Kingdom
251.9 2.82 9 Belgium 516.3 2.87
10 Canada 250.7 2.76 10 South Korea 235.2 2.63 10 South Korea 481.4 2.67
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Developing Countries Market Share in EU Imports
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EU imports from Developing Countries
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Indian imports from EU constitute 2.6% and export constitute 1.8% of its total import and export.
India currently accounts for 1.2% of world’s trade.
EU– India Trade
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The Expected trade between India and European Union in Merchandise is expected to reach $251 Billion by 2015
EU Trade with India(Merchandise)
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The Expected trade between India and European Union in Services is expected to reach $321 Billion by 2015.
EU Trade with India(Services)
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Agriculture:Total trade in agriculture amounted to €67 Billion with India in 2010
Services:In 2007, services contributed 71.7 % of the gross value added within the EU, although the share of services in total trade (goods and services) has remained fairly stable at around 25 % to 27 % with India in 2010
Fisheries:EU imported €3.7 billion worth of fish and fishery products and exported €0.9 billion worth of fisheries goods Billion with India in 2010
EU Trade with India(Sectors)
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Automotive:EU automotives exports in 2010: €88 billionEU automotive imports in 2010: €42 billionBiggest markets: USA, China, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey
Aviation:EU civil aviation exports in 2010 (est): €45.7billionEU civil aviation imports in 2010 (est): €32,2 billionBiggest markets : USA, China, India, Brazil.
Chemicals:EU chemicals exports in 2010: €118 billionEU chemicals imports in 2010: €75 billionBiggest markets : US, Canada, Switzerland, Asia(China, India, Japan and ASEAN countries)
EU Trade with India(Industrial Goods)
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• The European Commission's Trade and Investments Barriers Report, published in March 2012, points out that some progress has been made to dismantle trade barriers in India:
• Two trade barriers were fully removed in 2012: export restrictions on cotton and security requirements for telecommunication equipment.
• Progress has also been achieved with regard to sanitary and phyto-sanitary rules.
• No positive movement has been seen in the area of equity caps.• India's industrial policies contain trade-restrictive elements.• The report also identified India's national manufacturing policy as a key priority for reform.
EU– IndiaDismantling Trade Barriers
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The negotiations cover:• Access to each other's markets, for goods, services and to public procurement contracts,
• The framework for investment• The rules that frame trade, such as intellectual property and competition
• Sustainable development, growth in trade is in tandem with the environment, social and labour rights.
EU– IndiaTrade Negotiations
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Reviewing the two sides' efforts in developing the bilateral strategic partnership, the joint action plan reckoned that in politics, dialogue and cooperation have enhanced through regular summits and exchanges of visits and that in economy, mutual investments have increased dramatically in recent years, dialogue in macro economic policies and financial services has established and cooperation in energy, science and technology and environment has been launched. Under the joint action plan, EU and Indian would enhance consultation and dialogue on human rights within the UN framework, strengthen cooperation in world peacekeeping mission, fight against terror and non-proliferation of arms, promote cooperation and exchange in developing civil nuclear energy and strike a free trade deal as soon as possible.
EU– India Summits
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EU– India Summits
No. Month and Year Location
12 Feb 2012 New Delhi
11 Nov 2011 London
10 Nov 2010 New Delhi
9 Sept 2008 Marsaille
8 Nov 2007 New Delhi
7 Oct 2006 Helenski
6 Sept 2005 New Delhi
5 Nov 2004 Haque
4 Nov 2003 New Delhi
3 Oct 2002 Copenhagen
2 Nov 2001 New Delhi
1 June 2000 Libson
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• Since the first EU-India Summit in June 2000 an increasingly strong political dialogue has characterized the EU-India cooperation: yearly Troika Ministerial Meetings, Senior Officials Meetings every six months, and regular, de facto, yearly Summits, along with the establishment of Political working groups on Consular Affairs and terrorism (COTER Troika) and the adoption of Joint Declarations on Terrorism and Cultural Cooperation.
• The EU-India Round Table adds The civil society component to the EU-India Partnership. A new dimension was added in 2004 when the EU-India Summit decided to implement this Strategic Partnership through an Action Plan and bring concrete domains of collaboration to Centre stage.
EU– India Summits
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• The Action Plan defines concrete areas where the EU and India should become Active and influential collaborators in global political, economic and social developments. The pace of economic reforms and economic development in India over the last years has Generated a strong interest for more cooperation in the field of trade and trade-related matters.
• The Trade and Investment Development Programme (TIDP), launched under the previous CSP, provides an important element of EU trade-related assistance which will help strengthening Investment and trade links between Europe and India. TIDP aims to smoothen impediments to Mutual trade and investment flows in various fields through training, technical assistance and Provision of equipment.
EU– India Summits
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• The Court of Auditors Special Report of 2003 highlights the successes of more than 20 years of cooperation And the justification for the EC to remain an important donor in this country. The Court Concluded that the Commission’s management has been reasonably successful in targeting the Poor and in addressing sustainability for the majority of the projects/programmes in India.
• This Has been achieved also by a move from ‘classical’ rural development and infrastructure projects To the establishment of sector support programmes in health and education, thus supporting the Government’s reform agenda, good governance and effectiveness, always with a view to assure a More systematic attention to ‘targeting the poor’ and ‘sustainability’ of results.
EU– India Summits
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• Civil society, including Ngos and social partners, is an integral part of EU-India Cooperation, both in the EU and in India offering the possibility of real added value, “particularly With regard to achieving the Millennium Goals, promoting sustainable development and Managing globalization” (according to the EU-India Round Table).
• EC Co-operation has aimed at targeting various development related issues such as environment, gender, Health, Human Rights, advocacy and governance, and/or enhancing awareness between India And the EU, promoting activities of mutual interest, strengthening existing partnerships or Facilitating the creation of new ones, including educational, scientific and cultural exchanges. Currently, more than 150 projects involving Ngos and civil society actors are ongoing for a Combined amount of over € 150 million.
EU– India Summits
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• EU and India advance negotiations on economic cooperation and future free-trade pact, and agree on further energy and research collaboration.
• The EU and India stepped up cooperation on trade, energy and research at their meeting in New Delhi on 10 February.
• The EU was represented by European Council president Herman Van Rompuy and Commission president José Manuel Barroso.
• The Summit was divided into 4 main parts 1) Trade cooperation 2) Energy and climate change 3) Research and innovation 4) Security
EU– India 12th Summit
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• Trade cooperation• The EU and India expect to complete negotiations on a free-trade pact which aims to boost trade in goods and services.
• “The EU-India free trade agreement will be the single biggest trade agreement in the world, benefiting 1.7 billion people,” said president Barroso. “It would mean new opportunities for both Indian and European companies. It would mean a key driver for sustainable growth, job creation and innovation in India and Europe.”
• The EU is India's largest trading partner, accounting for about €86bn of trade in goods and services in 2010. Bilateral trade in goods rose by 20% between 2010 and 2011.
• India has climbed from 15th to 8th in the list of the EU's main trading partners since 2002. The EU exported almost €35bn of goods to India and imported €33bn in 2010.
EU– India 12th Summit
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Energy and climate change
At the meeting, leaders on both sides pledged to work together to improve energy security, efficiency and safety. The EU will step up its cooperation with India to develop low carbon energy sources, especially renewable energy.
Research and innovation•Last year India, the Commission and EU countries launched a pilot research programme on water and bio-resources. •At this meeting they adopted a strategy to identify additional areas for research cooperation – such as energy, health and information and communication technologies. The EU and India will also increase research ties through more exchanges between universities and industry.
EU– India 12th Summit
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Security
•The two sides identified ways to increase cooperation in fighting terrorism, piracy off the Somali coast, and cyber-crime. •Leaders also discussed how India could help bring Iran back to international negotiations about its nuclear programme.
EU– India 12th Summit
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The strategic partnership between the European Union and India is vital to Europe's future prosperity and security.
EU and India to reaffirm their alliance based on shared values of democracy, liberty and human rights and the summit should also act as a boost to efforts to negotiate a free trade agreement between the EU and India, a move which would further reinforce the growing economic and commercial importance of the strategic partnership.
EU with an opportunity to support India's leadership in the strife-torn South Asia region, to help make India central to the reconstruction of a post-conflict Afghanistan and to work with India on combating international terrorism emanating from its neighbourhood and the Naxalite insurgency domestically. India is a business hub for all the other countries in the world.
EU– India Future
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• European Union development cooperation activities with India have a long record of success. Since the first EU-India Summit in June 2000 an increasingly strong political dialogue has Characterised the EU-India cooperation: yearly Troika Ministerial Meetings, Senior Officials Meetings every six months, and regular, de facto, yearly Summits, along with the establishment of Political working groups on Consular Affairs and terrorism (COTER Troika) and the adoption of Joint Declarations on Terrorism and Cultural Cooperation.
• The EU-India Round Table adds The civil society component to the EU-India Partnership. A new dimension was added in 2004 when the 5 The EU-India Summit decided to implement this Strategic Partnership through an Action Plan and bring concrete domains of collaboration to Centre stage.
Conclusion
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• The European Union with its geographical enlargement is increasingly acquiring a far more important say in global affairs and in India's contiguous regions. The EU-India Strategic Partnership is therefore a significant and strategically relevant partnership for India's emerging strategic profile.
• The EU-India Strategic Partnership is a partnership between equals and being an equitable relationship it facilitates a smoother functioning and an easier path to work out strategic convergences between the European Union and India in terms of strategic management.
• However, the future success of the EU-India Strategic Partnership would depend heavily on how much India can invest strategically in this partnership in terms of playing active and assertive security roles in regions in which both the European Union and India have vital strategic and security interests.
Conclusion
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