Energy Efficiency Benefit or RAN-as-a Service Concept for a
Cloud-Based 5G Mobile Network Infrastructure A
Submitted in partial fulfilmentFor the bechelor of the
degreeBachelor of Technologyin department of computer science
engineering(with specialization in computer science
Engineering)
Submitted to:-Submitted by:-Mr.R.K SomaniDipesh KumarHOD (CSE)
VIII Sem B.Tech (CSE)Institute Of Technology & Institute Of
TechnologyManagement, Bhilwara. & Management, Bhilwara
Department of Computer Science EngineeringInstitute of Technology
and Management, BhilwaraRajasthan Technical University
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTTo begin with, I wish to express my sincere thanks
to each and every person who has helped me directly or indirectly
to complete my dissertation work in the most efficient manner.My
sincere thanks towards my internal guide Mr . R. K. Somani (H.O.D,
Department of Computer Science Engineering ), for his full hearted
Cooperation during the course and guidance in writing and
completion the dissertation. Without his encouragement and able
guidance this project would not have materialized .This blessing ,
help and guidance given by him shall carry me a long way in the
journey my life on which I am about to embark. My sincere thanks
are due to my external guide Mr. Abhishek Singh (Department of
Computer science Engineering ) , for her exemplary guidance ,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this
dissertation. The blessing , help and guidance given by her shall
carry me a long way in the journey my life on which I am about to
embark.I highly acknowledge towards the concerned authorities of
Rajasthan Technical university Kota for providing me the higher
education and facilities .
ABSTRACT
5G Technology stands for 5th generation mobile technology. 5G
denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards
beyond the upcoming 4G standards.
5G technology will change the way most high bandwidth users
access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP enabled device,
people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission
never experienced before. 5G technology is offering the service in
Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic
transactions.
As the customer become more and more aware of the mobile phone
technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together
including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have.
Hence the search for new technology always the main motive of the
leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. The
goal of a 5G based telecommunication network would ideally answer
the challenges that a 4G model would present once it has entered
widespread use.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................62. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G
NETWORKS......93. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM....114. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
.......................125. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM ....136. 4G WIRELESS
SYSTEM ........147. Comparison of 5G with other wireless
technologies 17.1 COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G & 5G .1 7.2 COMPARISON
BETWEEN 2G & 5G .17.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G & 5G .17.4
COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G & 5G .17. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT
OFFERS...158. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY...17 8.1.
UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING ...17 8.2. AGGREGATOR ..17 8.3. FLATTER IP
CONCEPT ..189. 5G NANOCORE19 9.1. NANOTECHNOLOGY.........20 9.2.
NANO EQUIPMENT....20 9.3. CLOUD COMPUTING.21 9.4. ALL IP
NETWORKS....22 9.5. HETEROGENOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ...2310. DESIGN
OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE..2511.KEY CONCEPT OF 5G2612.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G..27 12.1 HARDWARE OF 5G...27 12.2
SOFTWARE OF 5G
..................................................2713.FEATURES OF
5G NETWORK TECHNOLOGY.2814. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY..2915.
CONCLUSION....3016. ACRONYMS...3117. REFERENCES....3
LIST OF FIGURES
1. 5G ARCHITECTURE....172. SYSTEM MODEL FOR 5G ARCHITECTURE..
25
INTRODUCTION The current vision towards 5G is often driven by
traffic forecasts that suggest increasing data volumes, number of
more intelligent terminals and an ever growing capacity and
service-aware demand. This discussion is also accompanied by the
fundamental question related to the need to define a new air
interface or consider 5G as an evolution of current systems.
Launching a higher number of base stations i.e. introducing
traditional network densification, may provide a solution for such
a tremendous traffic increase, but would result in increased
network infrastructure costs, which are expected to see a
consequent explosion through the years. In particular, energy
consumption is an important part of Operational Expenditure (OPEX)
and its relevance in upcoming systems will be somehow proportional
to network growth. In fact, energy consumption at network level
depends on large part on the number of installed radio base
stations. In addition to this essential densification of network
nodes, integrating new systems upon the existing ones unavoidably
increases the energy consumption, even if new systems are more
efficient than the old ones ( this happened by adding LTE on top of
2G/3G ). Increased energy consumption means higher costs and a
greater carbon footprint, since today mobile systems are present
everywhere in the world. The European Commission (EC) recognized
the need for further actions towards energy efficiency and green
communications and introduced the Code-of-Conduct to provide a
policy that regulates energy consumption and carbon dioxide
emissions.
As a consequence, Energy Efficiency (EE) and sustainability of
5G networks have recently received significant attention from
mobile operators, vendors and research projects [2]. Figure 1 shows
our vision of the EE evolution in mobile networks toward a
sustainable 5G, where the exponential mobile traffic growth toward
2020 (blue curve) goes with a stable network energy consumption
(red curve), resulting in an increasing EE of the system through
the years (green curve).
. From the standardization point of view, EE in wireless systems
mainly concentrates on the efforts of 3GPP for LTE and LTE-Advanced
(LTE-A) [3]. The 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) groups were the
first to deal with EE in Release 9 by investigating energy-aware
network management with small cells, allowing LTE base stations
(called eNBs) to switch-off, based on local load information and
configuration data or via the Operation and Management (OAM).The
RAN groups further introduced the cell DTX'' mechanism, which
deactivates the transmitter of an eNBs based on certain patterns,
conserving energy on the fraction of inactivity time [4]. Energy
saving management was later suggested by the Service Architecture
Group 5 (SA5) that introduced Self-Organizing Network (SON)
operations in relation with overlaid and dense urban networks,
wherein certain eNBs may compensate in terms of coverage and
service allowing selected eNBs to be powered-off [5].
Besides 3GPP, the effort of the research community in this topic
is also notable. Current activities mainly focus on evolving
flexible hardware for enhancing eNBs, novel architectures based on
small cells deployment and adaptive schemes that adjust network
capacity with respect to service loads [2]. Nevertheless, while
research on green communications has produced notable results,
improving the wireless network EE is still an open research _eld
with Green Touch recently announcing that the potential of reducing
the net energy consumption may reach up to 90% by 2020 [6].
However, a main challenge is to elaborate realistic and complete
models of innovative solutions for new generation networks, in
order to correctly influence the definition of affordable and
sustainable 5G systems.
In [7], the EE benefits of a centralized RAN are analyzed in
terms of hardware design, i.e., cooling and soft technologies
including cooperative processing, virtualization and dynamic cell
re-configuration. In addition, signalling and control optimizations
are explored to move away from the conventional connection-oriented
paradigm, i.e., the use of ``virtual'' eNBs with irregular antenna
arrays and new interference mitigation schemes.
A more flexible cloud-based RAN architecture is proposed in [8],
where the front-haul is logically re-adapted to the corresponding
requirements. Such cloud-RAN architecture enables energy saving on
the cloud-RAN platform, by re-arranging the number of active Base
Band processing Units (BBUs), when the traffic is low.
More recently, the concept of RAN-as-a-Service (RANaaS) has been
introduced in [9], where some RAN functionalities are partially and
flexibly centralized, depending on the actual load and network
characteristics. In the view of future definition of 5G systems,
these cloud-based designs together with RAN sharing mechanisms
appear to be the most promising solutions in terms of efficient
usage of network resources.
The aim of the paper is to present a vision of the advantages of
the RANaaS paradigm and its benefits in terms of EE. To do so, we
will introduce a consistent system-level power consumption model,
which is intended to be a useful reference for the EE performance
evaluation of innovative RAN mechanisms. The rest of the paper is
organized as follows. Section II describes the proposed mobile
access architecture. Section III gives an overview of current
status and future trends of IT platforms, with a description of
related performances offered for hosting RANaaS entities. Section
IV provides a detailed analysis of the proposed architecture from
an EE perspective, with a derivation of a comprehensive power model
for each involved entity. Section V gives an exemplary description
of small cell management using the RANaaS paradigm, as a promising
solution for future sustainable 5G systems. Finally, Section VI
concludes the paper.
2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS
Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide.
How many of us know the technology behind cell phones that is used
for our communication? I have also intrigued about the type of
technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G
technologies? 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are
the generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In 1945, the zero
generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile
Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile
phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel
frequency during calls. 1G (Time Division Multiple Access and
Frequency Division Multiple Access) was the initial wireless
telecom network system. It's out-dated now. The analog brick phones
and bag phones are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with
1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received
their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap
effectively took cell phones from analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G
were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the
most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS,
an additional service, is provided over GSM for the purpose of
internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was
created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS.
Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first
wireless telecom technology that provides broadband-speed internet
connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the
demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the
creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection
on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can be
connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and 3.5G
are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available
in all regions, its not as popular as GSM yet. Before making the
major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G
was an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G
ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use your
cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has meant streaming
video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more.
Cell phone companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to
you the importance of their 3G network. The above systems and radio
interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission
technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless
phones and Mobile Wi MAX standards formally also fulfil the
IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU,
these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely
different technologies.
4G, which is also known as beyond 3G or fourth-generation cell
phonetechnology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers
are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will provide internet up to the
speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of
weak network strength and should provide a much wider network,
making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime
anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary
internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best.4G
will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and
high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and
anywhere.
3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original
analog(An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for
which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only
cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The main
difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and
2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while
2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital
signaling to connect the radio towers(which listen to the handsets)
to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call
is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to
higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up. One such standard is
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern
Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access
Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan,
C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in
Italy. Analog cellular service is being phased out in most places
worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured
mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone
System (MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved
Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)[1]
Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990s
1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of
analog cell Phones speed up to 2.4kbps
Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US
and is a 1G mobile system
Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country
4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially
launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network allows
for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the
various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS (multimedia messages). 2G
technology is more efficient. 2G technologyholds sufficient
security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages
are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the
transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can
receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time
division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access
(CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into timeslots. CDMA
allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex
physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN,
IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group
special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile
communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile
technologies. Although this technology originates from the Europe,
but now it is used in more than 212 countries in the world. GSM
technology was the first one to help establish international
roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile
phone connections in many different countries of the worlds is
based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to
transfer Analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of
the short message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time.
SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone, other than
the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both
the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In
comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very
reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far
away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to
reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor
quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances.
This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to
the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As
conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset
would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2Ghandset would fail
completely. Data transfer in speeds is up to 64kbps.
5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better
known as 3G or 3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for
mobile phones and mobiletelecommunications services fulfilling
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The
use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet switch data
efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile
technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The
spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G
technologies. Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of
information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also
known as IMT-2000.Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps
In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer
networking (WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell
phone and GPS) Data are sent through technology called packet
switching
Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching
Access to Global Roaming
Clarity in voice calls
Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing,
Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-
Gaming, etc. are also availablewith3G phones.
6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless
standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards.
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in
the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible
transmission technology, and new frequency bands.3G technologies
make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation Technology)
technologies make use of value added services like mobile
television, GPS (global positioning system) and video
conferencing.
The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology)
is fast data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently
working properly because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix
the data rates. It is expected that 2 Mbit/sec for stationary
users, while 348 Kbits when moving or travelling. ITU sell various
frequency rates in order to make use of broadband technologies.
Network authentication has won the trust of users, because the user
can rely on its network as a reliable source of transferring
data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support
the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate
under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread),
IMTMC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC
(single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC
or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable
due to the agreement of industry. This agreement took place in
order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G (Third Generation
Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies.
3G (Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that
they should be expandable on demand. The aim of the 3G (Third
Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and growth
with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location information
available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously
available to mobile phone users.Mobile TV- a provider redirects a
TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be
watched.
Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's
phone.
Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each
other.
Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to
the potentially isolated subscriber.
Mobile ultra-broadband(gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier
transmission.2. Comparison of 5G with other wireless
technologies
In this section we will compare the various features of 5G with
other wireless technologies which are as follows:
2.1. Comparison between 1G &5G 1G5G
1) It is the first generation technology that exists in 1980s 1)
5G is the fifth generation technology and it will be completely
available in the market by 2020
2) It works on analog signals 2) It is based on virtual private
network
3) It supports data band width in Kbps3) It support data band
width up to 1GB
4) It is based on basic mobility 4) It is based on IPv6
5) It is time consuming 5) Its a very fast means of
communication
6) During 1G wireless phones are used for voice calls only. 6)
In 5G technology phones have HDstreaming, large memory, MP3
recording,camera and all advanced features
7) It has no security 7) It has very high security
8)Poor carrier aggregation 8)Multiple carrier aggregation
9) Band width per frequency channel of 1G is up to 30Khz 9) Band
width per frequency channel of 5G is up to 28Ghz
This comparison shows that the 1G technology is much more back
behind 5G technology as 5G provides a very broad coverage network
area and even safest and the fastest means of communication. The
mobility quality of 5G is thousand times better than the old 1G
technology as 1G provides only voice communication and on the other
hand 5G provide the fastest internet communication. 2.1. Comparison
between 2G &5G 2G5G
1) It came in 1990 1) It will come till 2020
2) It is successor to 1G 2) It is successor to 4G
3) It is based on digital signals 3) It is based on internet
protocol IPv6
4) It is mainly used for mobile Communication 4) It is for
mobile communication and also for wireless internet
5) No quality of service 5) Very high quality of service
6) Handsets are provided with messaging facility (SMS, MMS and
picture message) 6) Handsets are provided with ultrahighHD video
calling
7) Cannot take multiple partiesSimultaneously 7) It can take
unlimited number of parties simultaneously
8) Band width per frequency channel of 2G is up to 200Khz 8)
Band width per frequency channel of 5G isup to 28Ghz
9) Core network is PSTN 9) Core network is internet
10) Maximum speed is up to 64Kbps 10) maximum speed is up to
1Gbps
As the successor of 1G 2G was far better than 1G but still it
lags very much to compete with 5G. 2G provides facility of
messaging as well as data transfer. But the speed of 2ginternet was
very slow as compared to 5G, the 2G did not allow the high data
transfer rate for streaming multimedia whereas 5G provides a HD
video streaming. 2.1. Comparison between 3G &5G 3G5G
1) It is also called as tri band 3G 1) It is fifth generation
mobilecommunication technology
2) It is based on high capacity broad band data 2) It is based
in internet protocol 6
3) The maximum data transfer speed is up to 3.1 mbps 3) The data
transfer speed is up to 1gbps
4) It provides digital navigation 4) It provides virtual private
network
5) It provides video access 5) It provides high resolution and
bidirectional large band width shaping
6) 3G is successor to 2G 6) 5G is successor to 4G
7) Seamless roaming 7) IP based mobility
8) high data rates 8) very high data rates
9) Band width per frequency channel is up to 20Mhz 9) Band width
per frequency channel is up to 28Ghz
3G is successor of 2G technology. 3G allows the video calling
facility and some additional features that are not present in 2G
and also the data transfer speed is higher than 2G, but in
comparison to 5G it is very low. 5G allows the very fast internet
i.e, in gbps
2.1. Comparison between 4G &5G
4G5G
1) 4G is present since 2000 1) 5G will come completely in
2020
2) 4G is the fourth generation of mobile communication
technology 2) 5G is the revolution in 4G mobile mobile
communication technology
3) 4G provides dynamic information access, wearable devices 3)
5G provides dynamic information access, Wearable devices with AI
capabilities
4) It supports data band width in Mbps 4) It supports data band
width in Gbps
5) Speeds for 4G are further increased to Keep up with data
access demand used by various services 5) 5G will provide very high
speed as well as efficient use of available band width to the
consumers
6) 4G provide high definition streaming and some additional
features such as multimedia Newspaper and ultra broad band internet
access which were not present in 3G 6) 5G includes large phone
memory, dialing speed, and much more and also we can hook our 5G
cell phones with laptop to get broadband internet access
7) Band width per frequency channel is up to 100Mhz 7) Band
width per frequency channel is up to 28Ghz
8) In 4G concatenated codes are used for error detection 8) The
high quality of service of 5G technology based on policy to avoid
error
9) CDMA multiple access 9) CDMA & BDMA multiple access
4g is the fourth generation of mobile communication but 5G is a
revolution to 4G. 5G provides perfect real world wireless or called
worldwide wireless web. It allows data transfer in Gbps and whereas
the uploading speed is much higher than 4G. 5G includes all advance
features and it is un-imaginable technology. It will be more
demanding in future.
7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G
technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very
high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high
value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced
features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand
in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new
cell phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held
phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar
modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with
their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology
including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory,
dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For
children rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become
in market.
As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is
commercially launched .Some nations has planned to launch LTE
within next quarter. Operator is looking ahead for widescale
deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators will also find that the timing
is right to make the switch because much of the first generation of
3G equipment will need to be upgraded soon. LTE networking
equipment and handsets, already under development, will become
available in 2010, and should be rolled out in large quantities in
Europe by 2012. clearly shows that within 2020 LTE will become the
latest trend for wireless communication all over the world. But yet
our question remains unanswered. Why there is a need for 5G.
Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present
wireless telecommunication. People are not in a circumstance to
make use of those benefits in an effective manner LTE might be
rigorously used in Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a
common man who utmost utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a
video call. Fact is that there is no such ground-breaking
application exists in real world to be utilized by a common man.
You might doubt how this verdict is applicable for current
innovative world, where have enormous splendid real time
applications. Concern is that our present wireless
telecommunications is bottlenecked to use those applications in an
effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on how a 5G network can
provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available
possessions in an immense way to make him to feel the real
progress.
If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with
your mobile.
If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it
occurs.
If you can able to visualize lively all planets and
Universe.
We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you
forgot to do so. Our mobile can share your work load.
5G Mobile can identify the best server.
Mobile can perform Radio resource management.
If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.
Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your
mobile as per your desire.
If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile
phones.
If you can able identify your stolen mobile with
nanoseconds.
If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your
bedroom.
Mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your
healthiness.
Mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.
Mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its
barcode.
8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
8.1. Ubiquitous Computing
5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the
ability to access the applications want from any platform,
anywhere, any time. To create such an environment, one needs to
integrate various applications, emerging from various engineering
practices. Human life will be surrounded by intelligent sensors,
which will bring radical change to human lifes daily approaches of
doing things, as:
Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your
car.
Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So
that you can view your sitting room on your laptop/mobile phone
screen, by accessing secure website .
You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your
medication need and next doctor appointment .
8.2. Aggregator
Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way,
where subscriber traffic is aggregated at aggregation point
(BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. (As shown in figure).Flat IP
architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic
will directly move from Base station to Media gateways. Vision of
Super Core is based on IP platform. All network operators (GSM,
CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super core with
massive capacity. This is realization of single network
infrastructure. The concept of super core will eliminate all
interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now
network operator is facing. It will also reduce number of network
entities in end to end connection, thus reducing latency
considerably.
8.3. Flatter IP concept
At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a
new generation with smaller feature sizes. This allows them to
incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon and, hence,
more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell
phones, Increased processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices
(cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks (instructions per minute)
then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat
IP has shifted some of the BSC/RNCs radio resource functions to
Base station, Flatter IP will shift some of the RR functions, to
Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not
be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio
Resource Management functions. With the shift to flat IP
architectures, mobile operators can
Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower
operations costs and capital expenditure.
Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the
volume of data transmitted to align infrastructure capabilities
with emerging application requirements. Minimize system latency and
enable applications with a lower tolerance for delay; upcoming
latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully
realized.
Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of
each other to a greater extent than in the past, creating greater
flexibility in network planning and deployment.
Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for
service innovation across both mobile and generic IP access
networks.
Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to
be competitive, from a price/performance perspective, with wired
networks.
Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization.
Technological convergence is the tendency for different
technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.
What Nicholas Negroponte labelled the transformation of "atoms to
bits," the digitization of all media content. When words, images
and sounds are transformed into digital information, it expands the
potential relationships between them and enable them to flow across
platforms.
The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies.
These technologies have their own impact on exiting wireless
network which makes them in to 5G.
Nanotechnology. Cloud Computing. All IP Platform.9.1.
Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control
process on nanometer scale. i.e. between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is
also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT deals with
control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and
molecule by molecule engineering. The term nanotechnology was
introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo international
conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next
industrial revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be
radically transformed by it in a few years. Nanotechnology has
shown its impact on bothmobile as well as the core network. Apart
from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as security. This
is considered as a most significant in telecommunication. We will
be discussing the same in our further slides.
9.2. Nano Equipment (NE):
Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in
modern world it has turned into an identity of an individual. In 5G
Nanocore these mobile are referred as Nano Equipment as they are
geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the
wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and
communication always available and ready to serve the user in an
intelligent way. This requires that the devices are Mobile. Mobile
devices together with the intelligence that will be embedded in
human environments home, office, public places will create a new
platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and
communication
Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:
Self Cleaning the phone cleans by itself
Self powered the phone derives its energy/power from the sun,
water, or air.
Sense the environment the phone will tell you the weather, the
amount of air pollution present, etc.
Flexible bend but not break
Transparent see through phones
9.3. Cloud Computing:
Mobile Computing and Cloud Computing are two technologies that
are converging into a rapidly growing field of Mobile Cloud
Computing (MCC). With the anticipated capacities of 5G mobile
networks, people's work patterns and habits can be dramatically
changed. IBM predicts that by 2015, there will be 1 trillion
cloud-ready devices and most Internet users will work primarily
through cyberspace-based applications on remote servers accessed
through networked devices. MCC services are expected to witness a
rapid development and become a new hotspot of mobile Internet
services. MCC's future applications in 5G will have a profound
impact on almost all activities of our lives.MCC's related research
in 5G has attracted growing attention and efforts in both academic
and industry communities in recent years. An increasing demand for
resource management, data storage, and mobile sensing has motivated
the development of MCC architectures in 5G that focuses on mobility
management, resource offloading, and sensing services in various
MCC application domains. The MCC research in 5G emerges as a key
paradigm, receiving increasing attention and departing from the
traditional mobile computing and cloud computing. MCC in 5G will
address issues that current Cloud Computing or Mobile Computing
Technologies alone cannot effectively or efficiently address.
However, many technical challenges still remain to be addressed in
the related areas. We encourage submissions on surveys,
theoretical, practical, as well as experimental studies, from both
academia and industry, related to all aspects of MCC in 5G. Topics
of interests include (but are not limited to) the following
categories:
MCC models, infrastructures, and approaches in 5G Mobility
modeling, management solutions and measurement Mobile cloud data
center and storage technology in 5G Mobile cloud sensing service
and crowdsourcing in 5G Mobile-aware cloud databases and data
retrievals in 5G
Segments of Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing has three main segments which are as
follows:
1. Applications It is based on, on demand software services. On
demand software services come in different varieties. They vary in
their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered to the end
users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a server that can
be accessed by the end user over the internet. 2. Platform - The
platform segment of cloud computing refers to products that are
used to deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft
have also developed platforms that allow users to access
applications from centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack
space cloud, amazon.com and sales force are some of the active
3. Infrastructure The third segment in cloud computing, known as
the infrastructure, is the backbone of the entire concept.
Infrastructure vendorsG environments such as Google gears allow
users to build applications. Cloud storage, such as Amazons S3, is
also considered to be part of the infrastructure segment.
5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments
to satisfy his customer demands. The concept of cloud computing
will reduce the CAPEX of 5G network deployment. In turn this will
create a less billing to the end user for all kinds of services
that he utilizes through Nanocore.
9.4. All IP Network:
As already discussed for converging different technologies to
form a single 5GNanocore, We require a common platform to interact,
Flat IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G network. The
All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet
the increasing demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To
meets customer demand for real-time data applications delivered
over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to
flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements
of packet switched technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution
and optimization of the system concept in order to provide a
competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost.
The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:
Lower costs
Universal seamless access
Improved user experience
Reduced system latency
Decoupled radio access and core network evolution
The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent
performance demands on IP based equipment and devices, which in
turn is growing demand for multicore technology. There is strong
growing demand for advanced telecommunications services on wired
and wireless Next Generation Network (NGN) infrastructures, and
fast growing demand for the same in the enterprise too. Within a
few years, more than 10 billion fixed and mobile devices will be
connected via the Internet to add to the more than one billion
already connected. All these services are going to be deployed over
full IP-based architecture.
9.5. Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability
The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the
management of trade between the flexibility of how to use the
spectrum and needed space and power to given platform. New methods
for partial reconfigurable offer design dimensions that allow the
system to adapt to the opportunities and requirements of the
terminals in a manner that shall maximize the spectral efficiency
and also maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level
of acceptance of the wireless technologies in different fields,
challenges and types of wireless systems associated with them are
changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is "always
best connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at
client terminals, and is proposed in different researches.
Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably
raises the question of inter-working among the radio access
technologies in a newly designed system, which will not demand
changes in the RATs, but only introduction of control
functionalities the core networks. In terms of the user or user
applications, heterogeneous system or a heterogeneous network is
considered as a unified network and access a single segment which
will place the connection with the application servers in and out
of operators network. To meet the relevant requirements of the user
applications are generally considered two possible models for
interoperability between building blocks of radio access
technologies within the heterogeneous system. First one refers to a
centralized operator access, while the second one defines the
Internet model of interoperability. The first model involves
introducing a certain level of integration between the radio access
technology through which mobile access terminal, in this direction
have been made different analysis and developed different standards
that should define the levels of architecture connectivity for
realizing vertical handover between different access technologies
involved in the construction of heterogeneous domain. The
introduction of this model implies interoperability protocol
interoperability of lower levels of communication in the field of
radio access. The second model is called the Internet model, which
represents a focus for further development in this paper and refers
to providing continuity of customer service in case of independent
radio access technologies available to the mobile terminal by
connecting on the network level. In this case, interoperability
between network technologies is done on the upper (network)
protocol levels, i.e. at a level that is common to all access
technologies for communication between user applications with the
appropriate application servers. The ultimate goal of both models
for interoperability is the same and it is providing a transparent
transfer of user information between client applications and
related application servers without impact on the diversity of
access technologies in the communication process and providing
continuity of user sessions in the communication process. The main
difference between the two models concerns the way in providing
interoperability. Apart from this difference, very important are
vertical handover between access technologies and the conditions or
circumstances which trigger handovers. The first method provides an
integrated architecture of radio access technologies that builds
heterogeneous network, and as such is applicable in cooperative
networks or in networks where the radio access technologies are
owned by the same operator or operators who have cooperation. In
such networks are strictly defined rules for vertical handovers,
mainly dictated by conditions in the radio access networks, or by
the operator'spreference, while user preferences are taken into
cooperative architectures. The second method is more general and
relates to interoperate regardless of the users operators, which
provide access technology for the user equipment. In these methods,
generally speaking, vertical handover is accomplished as a result
of the conditions under which user applications see main
qualitative parameters of service or experience to the user.
Figure 3.1 Basic Architecture[]
Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network
architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for
wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system consists
of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new
architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access
technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio
access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet
world. However, there should be different radio interface for each
Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an
example, if want to have access to four different RATs, need to
have four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile
terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim
to have this architecture to be functional.
11. KEY CONCEPTS OF 5G :
Real wireless world with no more limitation with access andzone
issues.
Wearable devices with AI capabilities.
Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care of
mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected
network.
One unified globalstandard.
Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can
simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies
and seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover
orvertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by
future 4Greleases). These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G
or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access
technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into
multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing
Different radiotechnologies to share the same spectrum
efficientlyby Adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the
transmission scheme to the requirements of the technologies
currently sharing the spectrum This dynamic radio resource
management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies
onsoftware defined radio.
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems The
radio interface of 5G communication systems is suggested in a
Korean research and development program to be based on beam
division multiple access(BDMA) and group cooperative relay
techniques
12. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G
1. HARDWARE OF 5G
It uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low
energy levels. This BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster
than todays wireless networks. It uses smart antenna either
Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array Antennas. It uses CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access).
2. SOFTWARE OF 5G
5G will be single unified standard of different wireless
networks, including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide
Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless combination of broadband.
Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets,
Encryption, Flexibility, Anti-Virus.
13. Features of 5G Technology:-
5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user
and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more
attractive and effective.
5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for
fast action.
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to
avoid error.
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit
which supporting almost 65,000connections.
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more
accurate.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can
get better and fast solution.
The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G
technology.
The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity
speed.
The 5G technology alsosupport virtual private network.
The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of
business prospect
The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching
the peak . The 5G technology network offering enhanced and
available connectivity just about the world
14. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.
Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video,
Internet, and other broadband services, more effective and more
attractive, Bi directional, accurate traffic statistics .
Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile
services.
The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to
avoid error.
5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit
which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can
get better and fast solution.
15. CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going
towards higher data rates and all-IP principle. Currently, there
are many available radio access technologies, which provide
possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as
well as there is migration of all services in IP environment,
including the traditional telephony and even television, besides
the traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail
as most used among the others. On the other side, mobile terminals
are obtaining each year more processing power, more memory on
board, and longer battery life for the same applications
(services). It is expected that the initial Internet philosophy of
keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more
functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future
generation of mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.
Author have defined completely novel network architecture for
such 5G mobilenetworks. The architecture includes introduction of
software agents in the mobile terminal, which will be used for
communication with newly defined nodes called Policy Routers, which
shall be placed in the core network. The Policy Router creates IP
tunnels with the mobile terminal via each of the interfaces to
different RATs available to the terminal. Based on the given
policies, the change of the RAT, i.e., vertical handover, is
executed via tunnel change by the Policy Router, and such change is
based on the given policies regarding the Quality of Service and
user preferences, as well as performance measurement obtained by
the user equipment via new defined procedure for that purpose in
this paper, called Quality of Service Policy based ROuting
(QoSPRO).
The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be
implemented using components of the shelf (existing and
standardized Internet technologies) and its implementation is
transparent to the radio access technologies, which makes it very
likeable solution for the next generation mobile and wireless
networks.
16. ACRONYMS
1G:Old-fashioned analog mobile phone systems capable of handling
very limited or no data at all.
2G:Second generation voice-centric mobile phones and services
with limited data rates ranging from 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps.
2.5G:Interim hardware and software mobile solutions between 2G and
3G with voice and data capabilities and data rates ranging from 56
kbps to 170 kbps. 3G:A long awaited digital mobile systems with a
maximum data rate of 2 Mbps under stationary conditions and 384
kbps under mobile conditions. This technology is capable of
handling streaming video two way voice over IP and Internet
connectivity with support for high quality graphics. 3GPP:Third
Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is an industry body set up to
develop a 3G standard based upon wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
3GPP2:Third Generation Partnership Project 2. 3GPP2 is an
industry standard set up to develop a 3G standard based upon
CDMA-2000.
3.5G: Interim systems between 3G and 4G allowing a downlink data
rate up to 14 Mbps. Sometimes it is also called as High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).
4G: Planned evolution of 3G technology that is expected to
provide support for data rates up to 100 Mbps allowing high quality
and smooth video transmission.
5G: In evolutionary view it will be capable of supporting wwww
allowing highly flexible dynamic adhoc wireless networks. In
revolutionary view, this intelligent technology is capable of
interconnecting the entire world without limits.
Bluetooth: It is a wireless networking protocol designed to
replace cable network technology for devices within 30 feet. Like
IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth also operates in unlicensed 2.4GHz
spectrum, but it only supports data rates up to 1 Mbps.
CDMA-:Code Division Multiple Access, also known as CDMA-ONE or
IS-95 is a spread spectrum communication technology that allows
many users to communicate simultaneously using the same frequency
spectrum. Communication between users are differentiated by using a
unique code for each user. This method allows more users to share
the spectrum at the same time than alternative technologies.
CDMA-2000-: Sometimes also known as IS-136 and IMT-CDMA
multicarrier (1X/3X) is an evolution of narrowband radio
transmission technology known as CDMA-ONE (also called CDMA or
IS-95), to third generation. 1X refers to the use of 1.25 MHz
channel while 3X refers to 5 MHz channel.
EDGE-: Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution technology gives
GSM and TDMA the capability to handle 3rd generation mobile phone
services with speeds upto 384 kbps. Since it uses the TDMA
infrastructure, a smooth transition from TDMA based systems such as
GSM to EDGE is expected.
GPRS-:General Packet Radio Service provides data rates upto 115
kbps for wireless Internet and other types of data communications
using packet data services.
GSM: Global Systems for Mobile Communication is a world-wide
standard for digitalwireless mobile phone systems. The standard was
originated by the European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) who was responsible for
the creation of ETSI. Currently ETSI is responsible for the
development of GSM standard.
Mobile phones:Mobile communication systems that uses radio
communication and conventional telephone switching to allow
communication to and from mobile users.
PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice
telephone network.
Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which
the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately varied over
a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the signal than
the one without varied frequency.
TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a
medium by several users by dividing into different time slots
transmitting at the same frequency.
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third
generation mobile telephone standard in Europe that was proposed by
ETSI.
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and
web browsing for mobile systems.
WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio
communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding
applications. It is adopted by ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct
spread.
WWWW:A world wide wireless web is capable of supporting a
comprehensive wireless based web application that includes full
graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.