This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Chapter 7. Normative Leadership Theories
Transformational Leadership The term “transformational leader” was the product of
a book written by James MacGregor Burns, a former presidential advisor, political scientist, and historian
Moral commitments are at the heart of Burns’s definition of transforming leadership.
Transformational leaders focus on terminal values such as liberty, equality, and justice.
Transformational leaders are driven by duty, they are guided universal ethical principles
Bass found that transforming leadership uses both transactional and transformational elements.
The transformational leader uses the active elements of the transactional approach (contingent reward and management-by-exception) along with idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration.
Evidence from more than 100 empirical studies establishes that transforming leaders are more successful than their transactional counterparts.
Bass adopted the terms authentic and pseudo-transformational to distinguish between ethical and unethical transformational leaders
Authentic transformational leaders are motivated by altruism and marked by integrity; allow followers free choice, followers are viewed as ends in themselves
Pseudo-transformational leaders are self-centered; they manipulate followers for their own goals
Charismatic leaders are more person centered; followers have a strong connection to the leader, approaching idol worship; their success as leaders is based on their personal characteristics; and are result focused
Transformational leaders raise the morality of both the leaders and followers; transformational leaders prescribe how leaders should act; and they are much less prone to ethical abuses
Consultant and author Robert Kelley outlines 5 patterns for those who hope to become ideal servant followers: 1. Leading yourself: excellent followers know how to
lead themselves 2. Commit and focus: commit to ideas and causes
bigger than themselves 3. Develop competence and credibility: set high
personal standards; higher than the leader 4. Use your courageous conscience: serve as ethical
Proponents of Authentic Leadership Theory (ALT) identify authenticity as the “root construct” or principle underlying all forms of positive leadership.
The practice of authentic leadership leads to sustainable (long-term) and veritable (ethically sound) organizational performance.
Overstates the importance of authenticity Equates authenticity with morality Differing interpretations of authentic behavior Authenticity can be defined as a personal
University of Exeter leadership professor Donna Ladkin identifies three components that contribute to a beautiful leadership performance. The first is mastery. An ethical/beautiful leader is
competent and possesses the necessary skills and abilities to perform in a given moment.
The second component is coherence. The beautiful, ethical leader is authentic, acting in a way that is consistent with his/her message and purpose.
The third component is purpose. The beautiful leader serves the best interests of the community and improves the human condition.
Why did Kennedy decide to give the speech despite the warnings of police? What might have happened had he cancelled the rally or only given a brief formal statement announcing King’s death?
Why did Kennedy wait till this incident to talk publicly talk about the death of his brother?
European researchers Nicola Pless and Thomas Maak believe that leaders can help their corporations become a force for global good through exercising responsible leadership.
Maak and Pless define responsible leadership “as a values-based and principle driven relationship between leaders and stakeholders who are connected through a shared sense of meaning and purpose through which they raise to higher ethical levels of motivation and commitment for achieving sustainable value creation and responsible change.”
Responsible leadership then manifests itself in the following roles:
The leader as steward The leader as servant The leader as coach The leader as architect The leader as storyteller The leader as change agent The leader as citizen
Only responsible leadership incorporates globalization and stakeholder theory.
Responsible leadership theory is in the beginning stages of development, which accounts for many of its shortcomings.
Additional theoretical development may address what is perhaps the greatest concern about responsible leadership, which is whether this perspective can serve as a general theory of leadership ethics.
Images (Cont’d) Third image: Water provides an important insight into
how leaders ought to influence others by illustrating that there is great strength in weakness.
Fourth image: Valley: Taoists highlight the importance of the yin, or feminine side of leadership, which is represented by the valley metaphor. Leaders should seek to be valleys (which reflect the yin) rather than prominent peaks (which reflect the yang).
Fifth image: the clay pot, which celebrates emptiness by elevating nothing to higher status than something.
Taoist principles provide an ethical framework for such important trends or themes in leadership studies as empowerment, innovation, teamwork, spirituality, and collaboration.
Taoism speaks most directly to the leader’s use of power and privilege.
The Taoist perspective also addresses environmental issues.