58 1 English Cognates in Various Indo-European Languages By Don L. F. Nilsen And Alleen Pace Nilsen
Dec 21, 2015
58 2
Why English Speakers Don’t Learn Other Languages
• The English Channel separates England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland from mainland Europe.
• The Atlantic Ocean separates the United States and Canada from Europe.
• The Pacific Ocean separates Australia and New Zealand from Europe.
58 3
English as a Global Language
• As a result, English speakers tend not to learn other languages, but…
• The English Language borrows extensively from other languages, and that’s why there are so many English cognates in the other Indo-European languages.
58 4
English’s Linguistic Relatives:A Study in Family Resemblance
• Old English is the “mother” of English.
• The Germanic languages are closely related—let’s say “cousins.”
• The Romance languages are less-closely related—let’s say “second cousins.”
• The Celtic languages are more distantly related—let’s say second cousins once removed.”
• The Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages are more distantly related—let’s say “third cousins.”
58 5
Languages in Contact: Borrowings and Migrations
• English has been influenced by French– During the Middle Ages– During the 100-year Norman Occupation– From the Parisian French of “haut
couture.”– From the Canadian French of exploration.– From New Orleans French
58 6
• American English has been influenced by Mexican Spanish in the Southwest and by Puerto Rican, Canadian, and Caribbean Spanish in the Southeast.
• American English has been influenced by Dutch in Holland, Michigan and in New Amsterdam and Harlem, New York.
• American English has been influenced by German (Pennsylvania Dutch) in Pennsylvania.
58 7
English vs. Celtic Names
Anne
Brian
Catherine
Charles
Chloe
Gerard
Ian
James
Jane
John
Mary
Patrick
Peter
Ryan
Thomas
Áine
Brion
Catriona
Cathal
Clodagh
Gearóid
Eóin
Seamus
Soméad
Sean/Ian
Máire/Múire
Padhraig
Peádhar
Rian
Tomás
58 8
English vs. French Names
George
Henry
Jack
John
Paul
Peter
Robert Susan
William
-----
Stephen Colbert
David Cornwell
Georges
Henri
Jacques
Jean
Paul
Pierre,
Suzanne
Guillaume
-----
Stephen Colbert
John Le Carré
58 9
French Place Names in U.S.
Baton Rouge
Detroit
De Moines
Lafayette
Louisville
Louisiana
New Orleans
Sault Ste. Marie
58 10
English vs. German
English /sk/
Scaffold
Scale
Scholar
School
Scot
Scotch
Scribble
Scrub
German /šk/
Schafott
Schale
Schüler
Schule
Schotte
Schottish
Schreiber
Schrubben
English /sp/
Spaghetti
Spanish
Speak
Spectrum
Speech
Spin
Spinach
Spool
Sport
German /šp/
Spaghetti
Spanische
Sprechen
Spektrum
Sprache
Spinnen
Spinat
Spule
Sport
58 11
English vs. German Names
John
William
-----
Frederick Austerlitz
Bernard Schwartz
Gerald Silberman
Larry Ziegler
Johann
Wilhelm
-----
Fred Astaire
Tony Curtis
Gene Wilder
Larry King
58 12
English vs. German VerbsCook, Cooked
Drink, Drank, Drunk
Love, Loved
Swim, Swam, Swum
Write, Wrote, Written
NOTE: In all languages it is the most frequent verbs that are irregular. This is because a verb has to occur frequently for it to maintain its irregularity. If it doesn’t occur frequently enough, it will tend to become regularized.
Koch Kochte
Trink, Trank Getrunken
Lieb, Liebt
Schwim, Schwam, Geschwommen
Schreib, Schrieb, Geschrieben
(NOTE English “scribe, scribble, script, etc)
(Examples provided by Eric Kolb)
58 13
English vs. Italian
English fl-
Flask
Flower
Florence
Flame
Flat
Italian fi-
Fiasco
Fiore
Firenze
Fiamma
Piatto
English pl-
Plane
Plus
Plume
Planet
Plant
place
Italian pi-
Piano
Piu
Piuma
Pianeto
Pianta
piazza
58 14
English vs. Italian Names
Anthony
Catherine
Frank
James
John
Joseph
Leonard
Louis
Mary
Paul
Peter
Robert
-----
Louise Ciccone
Daniel Michaeli
Dino Crocetti
Antonio
Catarina
Francesco
Giacomo
Giovanni
Giuseppe
Leonardo
Luigi
Maria
Paulo
Pietro
Roberto
-----
Madonna
Danny DeVito
Dean Martin
58 15
English vs. Spanish & French
English sc- sp- st-
School
Space
Spain
Spanish
Special
Spinach
Spiral
Spirit
Stable
Stigma
State
Stake
Student
Spanish esc- esp- est-
Escuela
Espacio
España
Español
Especial
Espinacas
Espiral
Espiritu
Estable
Estigma
Estado
Estaca
Estudiante
French éc- é(s)p- ét-
Étudiant
École
Espace
Épinards
Esprit
Étable
État
58 16
English vs. Spanish Names
English:
Alfred
Alice
Arman
Arthur
Charles
Edward
Frances
Gerald
James
Jesus
John
Joseph
Spanish:
Alfredo
Alicia
Armando
Arturo
Carlos
Eduwado
Francesca
Geraldo
Jaime/Diego/Iago
Jesus
Juan
Jose
English:
Mark
Matthew
Michael
Paul
Peter
Robert
Rose
William
-----
Carlos Esteves
Jerry Rivers
Spanish:
Marco
Mateo
Miguel
Pablo
Pedro
Roberto
Rosa
Guillermo
-----
Chuck Norris
Geraldo Rivero
58 17
Spanish Place Names in U.S.
Alamgordo
Amarillo
Colorado
Corpus Christi
El Paso
Florida
Fresno
Laredo
Las Cruces
Las Vegas
Los Alamos
Los Angeles
Merced
Nevada
Rio Salado River
Sacramento
San Angelo
San Antonio
San Clemente
San Diego
San Francisco
San Juan
San Jose
San Louis Obispo
San Marcos
Santa Fe
Santa Maria
San Paulo
San Rafael
Santa Monica
San Rafael
Sierra Madre
Sierra Nevada
Tijuana
58 18
English vs. German
English /st/
Stadium
Stamp
Standard
Star
Stare
State
Steak
Steel
German /št/
Stadion
Stampfen
Standarte
Stern
Starren
Staat
Steak
Stahl
58 19
Grimm’s Law:Romance /b/ Germanic /p/
Bursa
Bursar
Bursitis
Labial
Purse
Purse (betting)
Purse one’s lips
Purse Seine
Purse Strings
Lip
58 20
Grimm’s Law:Romance /d/ Germanic /t/
Dandelion
Dent corn
Dented fender
Dental
Dentated leaves
Dentures
Indented paragraph
Orthodontist
Gear Tooth
Law with teeth
Saw Tooth
Sweet Tooth
Teeth
Tooth
Doubles (tennis)
Dozen
Dualistic thinking
Dual Personality
Dubbing
Duel
Duet
Duo
Duplex
Duplicate
Between
Twilight
Twin
Twine
Twist
Two
Two-faced
58 21
Grimm’s Law:Romance /g/ Germanic /k/
Agribusiness
Agriculture
Agronomy
Acre
Acreage
Acrefoot (of water)
58 22
Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/
Padres (baseball team)
Paternal
Paternity
Patternoster (patter)
Patrilinial
Patriot
Patriotism
Patron
Fatherly
Father
Pyracantha
Pyre
Pyrex Bowl
Pyromania
Pyrosis (heart burn)
Pyrotechnics
Bonfire
Cirfew (cover the fire)
Fire
Firefighter
Firefly
Firehouse
Fireman
Fireworks
58 23
Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/
Pentagon
Pentameter
Pentecost
Fifteen
Fifty
Five
Plate
Plateau
Platform
Plato
Platte River
Platypus
Flat
58 24
Grimm’s Law:Romance /p/ Germanic /f/
Centipede
Expedition
Impediment
Pawn
Pedal
Peddler
Pedestal
Pedestrian
Pedicab
Pedicure
Pedigree
Piedmont
Equal footing
Film footage
Foot
Foot soldier
Football
Foothills
Footlights
Footnote
Footpath
Feet
NOTE: /kw/
Headquarters
Latin Quarter
Living Quarters
Quad(rangle)
Quadraped
Quadraplegic
Quadruplets
Quaranteen
Quarter
Quarterhorse
Quarter pounder
Quartet
Four
Four-way stop
Four poster bed
58 25
Grimm’s Law:Romance /t/ Germanic /θ/
Triage
Triangle
Triathlon
Tricorn hat
Trident
Trinity
Trio
Triplets
Triplicate
Tripod
Three
Threesome
58 26
Grimm’s Law:Romance /k/ Germanic /x/ or /h/
Cardiac arrest
Cardiologist
Coeur d’Alene, Idaho
Cordial
Courage
Encourage
Discouraged
Record
Heart
Heart attack
Heart throb
Heartburn
Heartfelt
Hearts (cards)
Hearty
Disheartened
Learn by heart
Purple Heart
Sweetheart
Canine
-----
Capricorn
Corn
Corner
Coronet
Cornucopia
Tricorn hat
Unicorn
Hound
-----
Cape Horn
Car Horn
Horn
Horn in on someone
Hornet
Horne of Plenty
Toot your own horn
58 27
Celtic Cardinal Numbers
Irish:
Aon
Dó
Tri
Ceathair
Cúig
Sé
Seacht
Ocht
Naoi
Deich
Céad
Míle
Gaelic:
-----
Aon
Dhà/Dà/Dithis
Triùir
Ceithir
Cùig/Còig
Sè/sianar
Seichd(nar)
Ochd
Noa(i)dh/Naoi
Deich(near)
Ceud/Ciad
Mile/DeichCeud
Welsh:
Sero
Un
Dau/Dwy
Tiar/Tri
Pedair/Pedwar
Pum(p)
Chwech
Saith
Wyth
Naw
De(n)g
Can(tref)
Mil
58 28
Celtic Ordinal Numbers
Irish:
Triú
Gaelic:
Ceudamh
Cuidich/Cobhair
An Treas
Ceathramh
Cùigeadh
Sèathadh
Seachdamh
Ochdamh
AnNaodhamh
Deicheamh
An Ceudamh
----
Welsh:
Centaf/Unfed
Amrantiad/Eiliad
Trydydd
Pedwaredd
Pumed
Chweched
Seithfed
Wythfed
Nawfed
Degwm/Degfed
Canfed
-----
58 29
Celtic Days of the Week
Irish:
Dé Luain
Dé Máirt
Dé Céadaoin
Déardaoin
Dé hAoine
Dé Sathairn
Dé Domhnaigh
Gaelic:
Di-Laain
Di-Màirt
Di-Ciadain
Diar-Daoin
Di-h-Aoine
Di-Sathuirne
Di-Domhnaich
Welsh:
Dydd Llun
Dydd Mawrth
Dydd Mercher
Dydd Iao/Difiao
Dydd Gwener
(Dydd) Sadwrn
(Dydd) Sul
58 30
Celtic Months of the Year
Irish:
Eanair
Feabhra
Márta
Aibreán
Bealtaine
Meitheamh
Lúil
Lúnasa
Meán Fomhair
Deireadh Famhair
Samhain
Nollaig
Scots Gaelic:
Ceud Mhìos no bliadhna
Ceud Mhìos an earraich
Am Màrt
An Giblean
Am Màigh
An Òg Mhìos
An Seachd- Mhìos
Ceud Mhìos an FhoghairMios Meadhonach an Fhogahair
Mios Deareannach an Fhoghair
Ceud- Mhìos a’ GheamhraidhMios Meadhonach a’ Gheamhraidh
Welsh:
Ionawr/Ionor
Chwefror/Mis Bach
Mis Mawrth
Ebrill
Mei
Mehefin
Gorffennaf
Awst
Medi
Hydref
Tachwedd
Rhaqfyr
58 31
Celtic Relatives
Irish:
Athair
Máthair
Deartháir
Deirfiúr
Seánathair
Seánmháthair
Uncail
Aintin
Mac dearthár/Deirfiúr
Tuisti/Thuismitheoirí
(Parents)
Gaelic:
Athair
Màthair
Bràthair
Piuthar
Seanair
Seanamhair
Brathair-Athair/Màthar
Piuthar-Athair/Màthar
Mac Peathar/Bràthar
-----
Welsh:
Tad
Mam
Brawd
Chwaer
Tad-cu/Hendad
Mam-qu/Nain
Ewythr
Bopa/Modryb
Cefnder/Cyfyrder
Nai
58 32
Celtic Subject Pronouns
Irish:
Mé/Mise
Tú(sa)
Sé(sean)
Sí
----
Muid(e)
Thú(sa)
Siad/San
Gaelic:
Mì/Mise
Thu(sa)
È/Se/Esan
I/Ise/Si
-----
Sinn(e)
Sibh(se)
Iad(san)
Welsh:
I/Mi/Myfi
Ti
E(f)(e)/Efo
Hi/Hyhi
-----
Ni/Nyni
Ch(w)I
Hwy(nt)
58 33
Germanic Cardinal Numbers
Dutch:
Nul
Een
Twee
Drie
Vier
Vijf
Zes
Zeven
Acht
Negen
Tien
Honderd
Duizend
English: Old English:
Zero -----
One An
Two Twegen
Three ðrie
Four Feower
Five Fif
Six Siex
Seven Seofun
Eight Eahta
Nine Nigun
Ten Tien
Hundred Hund(red)
Thousand ðusend
German:
Null
Ein(s)
Zwei
Drei
Vier
Fünf
Sechs
Sieben
Acht
Neun
Zehn
Hundert
Tausend
Norwegian:
Null
En
To
Tre
Fire
Fem
Seks
Syv
Åtte
Ni
Ti
Hundre
Tusen
58 34
Germanic Ordinal Numbers
Dutch:
Eerste
Tweede
Derde
Vierde
Vujfde
Zesde
Zevende
Achtste
Negende
Tiende
Honderdste
Duizendste
English: Old English:
First Forma/Fyrmesta
Second Æfterrra/Oðer
Third ðridda
Fourth Feo(we)rða
Fifth Fifta
Sixth Siexta
Seventh Seoffoða
Eighth Eahta
Ninth Nigoða
Tenth -----
Hundredth -----
Thousandth -----
German:
Erste
Zweite
Drittens
Vierte
Fünfte
Sechst
Siebent
Acht
Neunt
Zehnt
Hundert
Tausent
Norwegian:
Fǿrste
Annen
Tredje
Fjerde
Femte
Sjette
Syvende
Åttende
Niende
Tiende
Hundrede
Tusende
58 35
Germanic Days of the Week
Dutch:
Maandag
Dinsdag
Woensdag
Donderdag
Vrijdag
Zaterdag
Zondag
English: Old English:
Monday Monandæg
Tuesday Tiwesdæg
Wednesday Wodnesdæg
Thursday Thursdæg
Friday Frigedæg
Saturday Sæterndæg
Sunday Sunnandæg
German:
Montag
Dienstag
Mittwoch
Donnerstag
Freitag
Samstag
Sonntag
Norwegian:
Mandag
Tirsdag
Onsdag
Torsdag
Fredag
Lǿrdag
Sǿndag
58 36
Germanic Months of the Year
Dutch:
Januari
Februari
Maart
April
Mei
Juni
Juli
Augustus
September
Oktober
November
December
English: Old English:
January -----
February -----
March -----
April -----
May -----
June -----
July -----
August -----
September -----
October -----
November -----
December -----
German:
Januar
Februar
März
April
Mai
Juni
Juli
August
September
Oktober
November
Dezember
Norwegian:
Januar
Februar
Mars
April
Mai
Juni
Juli
August
September
Oktober
November
Desember
58 37
Germanic Relatives
Dutch:
Vader/Pater
Moeder
Zoon
Dochter
Broer/Broeder
Zuster/Zus
Grootvader
Grootmoeder
Oom
Tante
Neef/Nicht
Neef/Nicht
English: Old English:
Father Fæder
Mother Modor
Son Byre
Daughter -----
Brother Broðor
Sister (Ge)Swoestor
Grandfather -----
Grandmother-----
Uncle Fædera/Eam
Aunt -----
Cousin Suhterga
Nephew/Niece Nefa
German:
Vater
Mutter
Sohn
Tochter
Bruder
Schwester
Grossvater
Grossmama
Onkel
Tante
Vetter
Neffe/Nichte
Norwegian:
Pater
Mor
Sønn
Datter
Bror
Sǿster
Farfar
Farmor
Onkel
Tante
Kuisine
Nevø/Niese
58 38
Germanic Signs of the Zodiac
Dutch:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
English: Old English:
Aries -----
Taurus -----
Gemini -----
Cancer -----
Leo -----
Virgo -----
Libra -----
Scorpio -----
Sagittarius -----
Capricorn -----
Aquarius -----
Pisces -----
German:
Widder
Stier
Zwillinge
Krebs
Löwe
Jungfrau
Waage
Scorpion
Schütze
Steinbock
Wassermann
Fische
Norwegian:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
58 39
Germanic Subject Pronouns
Dutch:
Ik
Jij/U
Hij
Zij
Het
Wij
Jullie
Zij
English: OE:
I Ic
You ðū
He Hē
She Hēo
It Hit
We Wē
You Ēow
They Hie
German:
Ich
Du
Er
Sie
Es/Das
Wir
Sie
Sie
Norwegian:
Jeg
Du
Han
Hun
Den/Det
Vi
Dere
De
58 40
Germanic Object Pronouns
Dutch:
Mij
Jou/U
Hem
Haar
Het
Ons
Julie
Hen
English: OE:
Me Mē
You ðē
Him Him
Her Hiere
It Hit
Us Ūs
You Ēow
Them Hie
German:
Mich/Mir
Dich/Ihr/Euch
Ihn/Im
Sie/Ihr
Es/Das
Uns
Sie
Ihnen
Norwegian:
Meg
Deg
Ham/Han
Henne
Den/Det
Oss
Dere
Dem
58 41
Indo-Iranian Cardinal Numbers
Hindi:
Sunya
Ek
Do
Tin
Cār
PāNc
Chah/Che
Sāt
Āţh
Nau
Das
Sau
Hazār
Pashto:
-----
Yo/Yak
Dwah/Dwe
Dre/Dri
Tsalor
Pīndza
Shpag
Owah
Atah
Nuh
Las
Sal/Sil
Zar
Persian/Farsi:
Sefr
Yek
Do
Se
Chahar
Panj
Shesh
Haft
Hasht
Noh
Dah
Sad
Hezar
Urdu:
Sifar
Ek
Do
Tin
Cār
Pāńc
Che
Sāt
Āţh
No
Das
Ek/So
Hazār
58 42
Indo-Iranian Ordinal Numbers
Hindi:
Pehalā
Dūsrā
Tīsrā
Cauthā
PāNcvāN
Chaţhā
SātvāN
ĀţhvāN
navāN
dasvāN
Pashto:
Annal
Dwayam
Driyam
Tsaloram
Pīndzam
Shpagam
Owam
Atam
Nuham
Lasam
Persian/Farsi:
Avvalin
Dovvom
Sevvom
Chaharom
Panjomi
Yeksheshomin
Haftomin
Yek-Hashtom
Nohom
Sadomin
Urdu:
Pehlā
Dūsrā
Tīsrā
Cauthā
Pāńcvāń
Chaţţā
Sātvān
Āţhvān
Navvān
Dasvāń
58 43
Indo-Iranian Days of the Week
Hindi:
Somvār
Mangalvār
Budhvār
Guruvār
Śukravār
Śanivār
Ravivār
Pashto:
Pir/Gul
Sih Shamba
Chār Shamba
Pān Shamba
Jum’a
Khāli Shamba
Yak Shamba
Persian/Farsi:
Doshanbe
Seshanbe
Chaharshanbe
Panjshanbe
Jomee
Shanbe
Yekshanbe
Urdu:
Pir
Mangal
Budh
Jumerāt
Jumā
Hafta
Itvār
58 44
Indo-Iranian Months of the Year
Hindi:
Janvarī
Farvarī
Mārc
Aprail
Maī
Jūn
Julāī
Agast
Sitambar
Aktūbar
Navambar
Disambar
Pashto:
Māh
Pāganr
Chetar
Baisāk
Jet
Hār
Pashakal
Bādro
Asū
Kātak
Magar
Po(h)
Persian/Farsi:
Zhanviye
Fevriye
Mars
Avril
Meh
Zhoan
Zhuiye
Aot
Septambr
Oktobr
Novambr
Desambr
Urdu:
Janvari
Farvari
Mārc
Aprel
Mā’ī
Jūn
Julā’ī
Sitambar
Aktūbar
Navambar
Disambar
58 45
Indo-Iranian Relatives
Hindi:
Pitā
Mātā
Bhāī
Behn
Dādā
Nānī
Phūphā
Bua
Phūpherā Bhāī
Bhanja/Bhanji
Pashto:
Plār
Mor
Wror
Khor
-----
-----
Kākā/Māmā
Tror/Tandor
Tarbūr/Dzoe
-----
Persian/Farsi:
Pedar
Mador
Baradar
Khahar
Pedar Bozorg
Madar Bozorg
Dayi
Ameh/Khale
-----
------
Urdu:
Abbā
Māń
Bhā’ī
Behen
Dādā
Dādī
Cacā/Māmūń
Phūpī/xālā
-----
-----
58 46
Indo-Iranian Subject Pronouns
Hindi:
MaiN
ĀpVoh/Yeh
Voh/Yeh
-----
Ham
Voh/Yeh
Ve/Ye
Pashto:
Mā
Tāsū
Haghah/Dā
Hagha/Dā
Haghah/Dā
Mūng/Mū(g)
Mo
-----
Persian/Farsi:
Man
Shoma
U
U
An
Ma
Shoma
Anha
Urdu:
MaińĀpVoVoVo
HamLogVo
58 47
Romance Cardinal Numbers
Latin:
Nihil
Unus
Duo
Tres
Quattour
Quinque
Sex
Septum
Octum
Novem
Decem
Centum
Mille
Romanian:
Zero
Unu/Una
Doi/Douǎ
Trei
Patru
Cinci
Şase
Şapte
Opt
Nouǎ
Zece
O sutǎ
I mie
Italian:
Zero
Uno
Due
Tre
Quattro
Cinque
Sei
Sette
Otto
Nove
Dieci
Cento
Mille
Spanish:
Cero
Uno
Dos
Tres
Cuatro
Cinco
Sies
Siete
Ocho
Nueve
Diez
Ciento
Mil
French:
Zéro
Un/une
Deux
Trois
Quatre
Cinq
Six
Sept
Huit
Neuf
Dix
Cent
Mille
Portuguese:
Zero/Cipher
Um
Dois
Tres
Quatro
Cinco
Seis
Sete
Oito
Nove
Dez
Cento
Milhar
58 48
Romance & Helenic Ordinal Numbers
Latin:
Primus
Secundus
Tertius
Quartus
Quintus
Sextus
Septimus
Octavus
Nonus
Decimus
Italian:
Primo
Secondo
Terzo
Quarto
Quinto
Sesto
Settimo
Ottavo
Nono
Decimo
Romanian:
Primul
Al doilea
Al treilea
Al patruela
Al cincielea
Al şaselea
Al şaptelea
Al Optulea
Al Nouǎlea
Al zecelea
Spanish:
Primero
Segundo
Tercer(ra)
Cuarto(ta)
Quinto(ta)
Sexto(ta)Septimo(ma)
Octavo(va)Noveno(na)
Decimo(ma)
French:
Premier
Deuxième
Troisième
Quatrième
Cinquième
Sixième
Septième
Huitième
Neuvième
Dizième
Portuguese:
Primeiro
Segundo
Terceiro
Quarto
Quinto
Sexto
Setimo
Oitavo
Nono
Decimo
58 49
Romance Days of the Week
Latin:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Dominica
Italian:
Lunedi
Martedi
Mercoledi
Giovedi
Venerdi
Sabato
Domenica
Romanian:
Luni
Marţi
-----
Joi
Vineri
-----
Dominicǎ
Spanish:
Lunes
Martes
Miercoles
Jeuves
Viernes
Sabado
Domingo
French:
Lundi
Mardi
Mercredi
Jeudi
Vendredi
Samedi
Dimanche
Portuguese:
Segunda-fiera
Terça-fieraQuarta-fiera
Quinta-fiera
Sexta-fiera
Sábado
Domingo
58 50
Romance Months of the Year
Latin:
Ianuarius
Februarius
Martius
Aprilis
Maius
Iunius
Iulius
Augustus
September
October
Novembris
December
Italian:
Gennaio
Febbraio
Marzo
Aprile
Maggio
Giugno
Iuglio
Agosto
Settembre
Ottobre
Novembre
Dicembre
Romanian:
Ianuarie
Februarie
Martie
Aprilie
-----
-----
-----
August
Septembrie
-----
-----
-----
Spanish:
Enero
Febrero
Marzo
Abril
Mayo
Junio
Julio
Agosto
Septiembre
Octubre
Noviembre
Diciembre
French:
Janvier
Février
Mars
Avril
Mai
Juin
Juillet
Aôut
Septembre
Octobre
Novembre
Décembre
Portuguese:
Janiero
Feveriero
Março
Abril
Maio
Junho
Julho
Agosto
Setembro
Outubro
Noviembro
Dezembro
58 51
Romance Relatives
Latin:
Pater
Mater
Frater
SororFiliolus/Filiola
Avus
Nepos
Patruus/Avunculus
Amita/Matertera
Patruelis/Sobrinus
Italian:
Padre
Madre
Fratello
Sorella
Figlio/a
Nonno
Nipote
Zio
Zia
Cugino/a
Romanian:
Tatǎ
Mamǎ
Frate
Sorǎ
Bunic
Bunicǎ
Unchi
Mǎtuşǎ
Verişourǎ
Spanish:
Padre
Madre
Hermano
Hermana
Hijo/Hija
Abuelo/a
Nieto
Tio
Tia
Primo/a
French:
Père
Mère
Frère
Soeur
Fils/FilleGrand-père
Petit-fils
Oncle
Tante
Cousin(e)
Neto/aPortuguese:
Pai
Mãi
Irmão
Freira
Filho/a
Neto/a
Tio
Tia
Primo/a
58 52
Romance Signs of the Zodiac
Latin:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Italian:
Ariete
Toro
Gemelli
Cancro
Leone
Vergine
Bilancia
Scorpione
SagittarioCapricorno
Acquario
Pesci
Romanian:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Spanish:
Aries
Tauro
Géminis
Cáncer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Escorpión
SagitarioCapricornio
Acuario
Piscis
French:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Portuguese:
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
58 53
Romance Subject Pronouns
Latin:
Ego
Tu/Te
Hic/Ille/Is(te)
Illa/Ea/Ista/Haec
Hic/Haec/Hoc
Nos
Vos
Is/Ea/Id
Italian:
Io
Tu
Lui
Lei
-----
Noi
Vui
Lo/La
Romanian:
-----
Tu
-----
Ea/dínsa
-----
Noi
Dumneata
Ei/Ele
Spanish:
Yo
Tu
Él
Ella
Él/Ella
Nosotros
Vos
Ellos/Ellas
French:
Je
Tu
Il
Elle
Il/Elle
Nous
Vous
Ils/Elles
Portuguese:
Eu
Tu/Te/Ti
Ele
Ela
Ele/Ela
Nós
Vos(e)(s)
Eles/Elas
58 54
Romance Object Pronouns
Latin:
-----
Tu/Te
Hic/ille/is(te)
Eius/Illius/Huis
-----
Vos
Illes/Illas/
Romanian:
-----
Tu
-----
-----
-----
-----
Dumneata
-----
Italian:
Mi
Ti
Lo/Lui
La/Lei
-----
Ce
Vi
Li/Le
Spanish:
Me
-----
Lo/Le
La/Elle
-----
Nos
-----
Los/Las
French:
Me
Te
Le
La
Le/La
Nous
Vous
Elles/Les/Leur
Portuguese:
Me/Mim
-----
Ihe/Ele
Ihe/Ela
-----
Nós
-----
Ihes/Eles
58 55
Slavic Cardinal NumbersBosnian:
Nula
Jedan
Dva
Tri
Četiri
Pet
Šest
Sedam
Osam
Devet
Deset
Stotinu
Hiljadu
Czech:
Nula
Jeden
Dvě/Dva
Tři
Čtyři
Pět
Šest
Sedm
Osm
Devět
Deset
Sto
Tisíc
Croation:
Nula
Jedan/Jedna
Dva/Dvije
Tri/Troje
Četiri
Pet-ero
Šest-ero
Sedam
Osam
Devet
Deset
Sto(tina)
Tisuća
Polish:
Zero
Jeden
Dwa/dwie
Trzy
Cztery
Pięć
Sześź
Siedem
Osiem
Dziewięć
Dziesięć
Sto
Tysiąc
Russian:
Nol’
Odin
Dva
Tri
Chyetyrye
Pyat’
Shyest’
Syem’
Vosyem’
Dyevyat’
Dyesyat’
Sto
Tysyacha
Serbian:
Nula
Jedan
Dva/Dve
Tri
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Sto
Hiljada
58 56
Slavic Ordinal NumbersBosnian:
Prvi
Drugi
Treći
Četvrti
Peti
Šesti
Sedmi
Osmi
Deveti
Deseti
Stoti
Hiljaditi
Czech:
První
Druhý
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
Croation:
Prvi/a/o
Drugi/a/o
TrećiČetvrtiPetiŠestiSedmiOsmiDevetiDesetiStotiTisući
Polish:
Pierwszy
Drugi
Trzeci
Czwarty
Piąty
Szósty
Siodmy
Ósmy
Dziewiąty
Dziesiąty
Setny
Tysięczny
Russian:
Pyervyj
Vtoroj
Tryetij
Chyetvyertyj
Pyatyj
Shyestoj
Syed’moj
Vos’moj
Dyevyatyj
Dyesyatyj
-----
-----
Serbian:
Prvi
Drugi
Treći---------------------------------------------
58 57
Slavic Days of the WeekBosnian:
Ponedeljak
Utorak
Srijeda
Četvrtak
Petak
Subota
Nedelja
Czech:
Pondělí
Úterý
Středa
Čtvrtek
Pátek
Sobota
Neděle
Croation:
Ponedjeljak
Utorak
Srijeda
Četvrtak
Petak
Subota
Nedjelja
Polish:
Pieniądze
Wtorek
Środa
Czwartek
Piątek
Sobota
Niedziela
Russian:
Ponyedyel’nik
Vtornik
Sryeda
Chyetvyerg
Pyatnitsa
Subbota
Voskryesyen’ye
Serbian:
Ponedeljak
Utorak
Sreda
Četvrtak
Petak
Subota
Nedelja
58 58
Slavic Months of the Year
Bosnian:
Januar
Februar
Marš
April
Maj
Juni
Juli
Avgust
Septembar
Oktobar
Novembar
Decembar
Czech:
Leden
Únor
Březen
Duben
Máj
Červen
Červenec
Srpen
Září
Říjen
Listopad
Prosinec
Croation:
Sječanj
Veljača
Ožujak
Travanj
Svibanj
Lipanj
Srpanj
Kolovoz
Rujan
Listopad
Studeni
Prosinac
Polish:
StyczeńLutyMarzecKwiecieńMajCzerwiecLipiecSierpieńWrzesieńPaździernikListopadGrudzień
Russian:
Yanvar’
Fyevral’
Mart
Apryel’
Maj
Iyun’
Iyul’
Avgust
Syentyabr’
Oktyabr’
Noyabr’
Dyekabr’
Serbian:
Januar
Februar
Mart
April
Maj
Jun
Jul
Avgust
Septembar
Oktobar
Novembar
Decembar
58 59
!Slavic RelativesBosnian:
Babo
Majka
Brat
Sestra
Djed/Deda
Baba/Baka
Ujak/Dajdja
Tetka
Rodjak/srodnik
Czech:
Otec
Matka
Bratr
Sestra
Grænmadzer
Grænfádzer
Strýc
Teta
Synovec/Neteř
Croation:
Mater/Majka
Otak
Brat
Sestra
Djed
Baka/Baba
Stric/Ujak
Tet(k)a
Rodak/Rodica
Polish:
Ojciec
Matka
Brat
Siostra
Dziadek
Babcia
Wuj(ek)
Ciotka
Kuzyn(ka)
Russian:
Otyets
Mat’
Brat
Syestra
Dyedushka
Babushka
Dyadya
Tyotya
Kuzyen(a)
Serbian:
Otac
Majka
Brat
-----
Deda
Baka/Baba
Stric/Teča/Ujak
-----
-----
58 60
!!Slavic Subject Pronouns
Bosnian:
Ja
Ti
On
Ona
Ono
Mi
Vi
Oni
Czech:
Já
Ty
On
Ona
Ono/To
My
Vy
Oni/Ony/Ona
Croation:
Ja
Ti
On
Ona
Ono
Mi
Vi
Oni
Polish:
Ja
Ty
On
Ona
Ono
My
Wy
Oni
Russian:
Ya
Ty
On
On
On
My
Vy
Oni
Serbian:
Ja
Ti
On
Ona
Ono
Mi
Vi
Oni
58 61
!!!Slavic Object PronounsBosnian:
Mene/Me
Ti
Njemu/Njega
Njen/Njezen
Ono
Mi
Vi
Oni
Czech:
Mne/Mě/Mně
Ty
Ho/Jemu
Její
Ono/To
Nás/Nám
Vy
Jim/Je
Croation:
Meni/Mi
Ti
On
Nju
Ono
Mi
Vi
Oni
Polish:
Mnie/mi
Ty
(Je)mu
Jej/Niej
Ono
Nas/Nam(i)
Wy
Ich
Russian:
Myenya
Tyebye
(N)Yemu
(N)Yemu
(N)Yemu
Nas
Vam
(N)ikh
Serbian:
-----
Ti
----
----
----
----
Vi
----
58 62
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