眼见为实？

眼见为实？

单摆运动变成圆锥摆运动

“ 戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第 24 卷

(a) 为左眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视顺时针方向，(b) 为右眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视逆时针方向

Structure of eyes and retina

Schematic diagram of the vertebrate eye

Section of retinaRods are most densely packed about 3mm away from fovea;Cones are located largely in fovea, where they are 150000mm-2

the structures of rod and cone

Rod and cone photoreceptors: Molecular basis of the difference in their physiology Satoru Kawamura , Shuji Tachibanaki ， Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 150 (2008) 369–377

In a normal eye, about 6 million cones and about 120 million rods.

Two types of vision mode

1.Scotopic vision: rods2.Photopic vision: cones

The characterization of rods and cones

Rods can respond for low intensity light—10-9lx, about 100 times more sensitive than cones but have long response time, about 100ms;

Cones have less sensitive than rods and shorter response time, about 20ms.

弱光下看物体的适当方法

此处视杆细胞密度最大

3mm

17.2mm

眼睛的生理结构和屈光系统 眼睛的屈光系统简化图

在黑暗中想要看清楚物体方法不是直接盯着物体看，而是大约偏离物体方向 10o 左右

The Senses, Horace Basil Barlow,J. D. Mollon

Human spectral sensitivity curves. (1) scotopic sensitivity;(2) photopic sensitibity; Circles: Absorption spectrum of human rod pigment.

Simplified human cone response curves, based on Dicklyon's PNG version, itself based on data from Stockman, MacLeod & Johnson (1993) Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2491-2521d

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Response curves of rods and conesThere are three types of cones, about 64% of the cones are red sensitive (L-type ones), about 32% are green sensitive (M-type ones), and about 2% are blue sensitive (S-type ones).

There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies:

1.monochromacy: monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension.

2.dichromacy: a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning.]

3.anomalous trichromacy: a common type of inherited color vision deficiency, occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity.

Color blindness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with no color vision deficiencies.

The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with protanopia

The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with deuteranopia.

The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with tritanopia.

Dichromacy

Night Blindness

1. A disorder in which the rod cells in the retina gradually lose their ability to respond to the light

2.Deficiency of retinol, or vitamin A, found in fish oils, liver and dairy products

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrots http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War

单摆运动变成圆锥摆运动的解释

(a) 单摆从 A 运动到 B ； (b) 单摆从 B 运动到 A “ 戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第 24 卷

Find a black dot

http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp

Blowing in the Wind

Are the long diagonal lines bending?

http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp

A snapshot of the "color dove illusion"