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Thursday, March 22, 2012Computer Fundamentals

A Computer is a device that allows you to input data, process data quickly and efficiently, receive outputs and store data.

Thus a computer consists of one or more input devices, output devices, store devices and processing unit.


Speed Accuracy Storage Capacity Consistency/Diligence


Can not think it self Task to be describe in detail Can not learn form experience Wrong information provided result also

wrong


First Generation (1940-1956)◦ Use of vacuum tubes◦ Big & Clumsy◦ High Electricity

Consumption◦ Programming in Mechanical

Language◦ Larger AC were needed◦ Lot of electricity failure

occurred


Continue…

Second Generation (1956-1963)◦ Transistors were used◦ Core Memory was

developed◦ Faster than First Generation

computers◦ First Operating System was

developed◦ Programming was in

Machine Language & Aseembly Language


Continue…

Second Generation (1956-1963)◦ Magnetic tapes & discs

were used◦ Computers became smaller

in size than the First Generation computers◦ Computers consumed less

heat & consumed less electricity


Continued…

Third Generation (1964-1971)◦ Integrated circuits

developed◦ Power consumption was

low◦ SSI & MSI Technology was

used◦ High level languages were

used


Fourth Generation (1971 onwards)◦ LSI & VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Technology used◦ Development of Portable Computers◦ RAID Technology of data storage◦ Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation◦ Computers started in use for Data Communication◦ Different types of memories with very high

accessing speed & storage capacity


Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond)◦ Used in parallel processing◦ Used superconductors◦ Used in speech recognition◦ Used in intelligent robots◦ Used in artificial intelligence


Microcomputer:◦ It is small in size but capable of handling large

tasks. Minicomputer:◦ It can very in size from a small desktop model to

the size of a small filling cabinet. Mainframe Computer:◦ It is more powerful & large in size.

Super Computer◦ It is largest, fastest and most expensive computer.


Hardware◦ The hardware consist of all devices of the computer that

you can see and touch. These include input, processing and output devices.

Software◦ The software is sets of instruction that control the

working of the computer’s operations Super Computer Data (text, Audio, Video, Graphics)◦ Data consists or raw facts and figures which manipulates

and processes into meaningful information. Users◦ A User is a person who uses the computer externally

with a specific objective.


Hardware

Input Device Output DeviceCPU (Central

Processing Unit)


Collect Date, Information Convert Into machine language Send to CPUE.g.

1. Keyboard2. Mouse3. Scanner4. Mic


Receive from CPU Convert into Human Language Send to UserE.g..

1. Monitor2. Printer3. Speaker


Traditional Keyboard Argonic Keyboard

Wireless Keyboard Flexible Keyboard


1. Alphabetic keys a-z2. Numeric keys 0-93. Alpha Numeric Keys !-)4. Navigation Keys Arrows, End, Home

Page Up, Page Dn5. Functional Keys F1-F126. Combination Keys Shift, Alt, Ctrl7. Toggle Keys Num Lock, Scroll

Lock, Caps Lock8. Special Keys


Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse

Wireless Mouse


CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

LCD (Liquid crystal Display) Monitor


SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array)◦ 800 X 600 Pixels 15” Monitor

XGA (Extended Graphic Array)◦ 1,024 X 768 Pixels 17” To 19”

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array)◦ 1,280 X 1,034 Pixels 19” To 21”

UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array)◦ 1,600 X 1,200 Pixels Above 21”


Impact Printer (printing with hammering)◦ Daze wheel printer◦ Dot Matrix Printer

Non Impact Printer (printing without hammering)◦ Ink-Jet Printer◦ Laser Printer


CPU

CU (Control Unit)ALU (Arithmetic &

Logical Unit)MU (Memory Unit)



Memory Type as per

Flexibility Period Preference

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Non-Removable

Permanent -

RAM (Random Access Memory

Non-Removable

Temporary Primary

Hard Disk Non-Removable

Permanent Secondary

Floppy Disk Removable Permanent Secondary

Compact Disk (CD)

Removable Permanent Secondary

Pen Drive Removable Permanent Secondary

ROM Floppy Disk

RAMCD

Hard DiskPen Drive



0/1 1 Bit 4 Bit 1 Nibble 8 Bit 1 Byte 1 Character 1 Byte 1 Space 1 Byte 1 Enter/Paragraph 2 Byte

Computer Fundamentals

Continue…


1024 Byte 1 Kilo Byte (KB) 1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB) 1024 MB 1 Giga Byte (GB) 1024 GB 1 Terabyte (TB)


…Continued


RAM 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB

Hard Disk 2 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB, 40 GB, 80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB,

Floppy 1.44 MBCD 700 MBDVD 4.7 GBPen Drive 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB



System Software◦ Operating System◦ Utility Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Uninstaller Antivirus◦ Device Driver

Application Software


DOS Windows

B/W Screen Color Screen

CUI (Character User Interface)

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Single Tasking Multiple Tasking

Single User Multiple User


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Documents

mainframe computer

expensive computer

generation computersfirst

generation computerscomputers

input devices

output devices

store devices

store data