TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL A technical seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the bachelor of engineering under BPUT SUBMITTED BY VIJAY KUMAR Regd no: 0701288308 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
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TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
ON
WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL
A technical seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of the bachelor of engineering under BPUT
SUBMITTED BY VIJAY KUMAR
Regd no: 0701288308
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NM INSTIUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
In the first decade of the 21st century, most people will access the Internet from wireless
handheld devices like personal digital assistants and mobile cellular telephones.
Decisions made today about the protocols that form the technical basis of wireless
Internet access markets are as important as the decisions made about the design of the
first Internet protocols in the 1960s.
This paper takes a closer look at the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), which is
emerging as the dominant standard in the wireless data transmission protocols market
segment. A policy analysis of WAP reveals that its network architecture inherently
results in tight vertical integration of content with conduit. WAP limits end-user choice of
access to Internet-based content and value-added services. This vertical integration and
consumer choice limitations caused by WAP will become important policy concerns in
the Internet and telecommunications convergence space.
By: VIJAY KUMAR Regd no: 0701288308
Branch: ECE .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am heartily thankful to the authority of my college and Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department for permitting me to undergo this Useful & interesting seminar
on the topic of “Wireless Application Protocol”. This topic mainly deals with the
effects of technology in each and every individual’s life.
I am graceful to H.O.D L. N. Sarangi, seminar guide S.K Biswal & all faculty members
of Electronics & communication who had given valuable guidance throughout the study
of this topic.
Vijay kumar
Regd.No:-0701288308
Branch:- ECE
B.Tech, 7th SEM
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BACKGROUND 2
3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WAP 4
4. WHY TO CHOOSE WAP 5
5. DEFINITION AND ABBRIVIATIONS 6
6. ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 8
6.1 Fig. World Wide Web Programming Model
6.2 Fig. WAP Programming Model
7. COMPONENTS OF WAP ARCHITECTURE 10
7.1 Fig. WAP Architecture
1. WIRELESS APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT
2. WIRELESS SESSION PROTOCOL
3. WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOL
4. WIRELESS TRNSPORT LAYER SECURITY
5. WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL
6. BEARERS
8. EXAMPLE OF WAP NETWORK 14
8.1 Fig. Example of WAP Network
9. WORKING OF WAP 15
9.1 Fig. WAP enabled devices
10.WAP MECHANISM 16
10.1 Fig. WAP Architecture
11. COMPETITORS OF WAP 18
12. FUTURE OF WAP 19
13. CONCLUSION 20
14. REFERENCES 21
INTRODUCTION
Wireless Application Protocol – Introduction
Wireless application protocol (WAP) is an application environment and set of
communication protocols for wireless devices designed to enable manufacturer-, vendor-,
and technology-independent access to the Internet and advanced telephony services.WAP
bridges the gap between the mobile world and the Internet as well as corporate Intranets
and offers the ability to deliver an unlimited range of mobile value-added services to
Subscribers independent of their network, bearer, and terminal. Mobile subscribers can
access the same wealth of information from a pocket-sized device as they can from the
desktop.
For end-users WAP allows easy, secure access to relevant Internet / Intranet information
and other services through mobile phones, pagers, or other wireless devices.
WAP is a global standard and is not controlled by any single company. Ericsson, Nokia,
Motorola, and Unwired Planet founded the WAP Forum in the summer of 1997 with the
initial purpose of defining an industry-wide specification for developing applications over
wireless communications networks. The WAP specifications define a set of protocols in
application, session, transaction, security, and transport layers, which enable operators,
manufacturers, and applications providers to meet the challenges in advanced wireless
service differentiation and fast/flexible service creation. WAP also defines a wireless
application environment (WAE) aimed at enabling operators, manufacturers, and content
developers to develop advanced differentiating services and applications including a
microbrowser, scripting facilities, e-mail, World Wide Web (WWW)–to-mobile-handset
messaging, and mobile-to-telefax access.
The WAP specifications continue to be developed by contributing members, who,
through interoperability testing, have brought WAP into the limelight of the mobile data
marketplace with fully functional WAP–enabled devices
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
WAP is positioned at the convergence of two rapidly evolving network technologies,
wireless data and the Internet. Both the wireless data market and the Internet are growing
very quickly and are continuously reaching new customers. The explosive growth of the
Internet has fuelled the creation of new and exciting information services. Most of the
technology developed for the Internet has been designed for desktop and larger
computers and medium to high bandwidth, generally reliable data networks. Mass-
market, hand-held wireless devices present a more constrained computing environment
compared to desktop computers. Because of fundamental limitations of power and form-
factor, mass-market handheld devices tend to have:
Less powerful CPUs,
Less memory (ROM and RAM),
Restricted power consumption,
Smaller displays, and
Different input devices (eg, a phone keypad).
Similarly, wireless data networks present a more constrained communication
environment compared to wired networks. Because of fundamental limitations of power,
available spectrum, and mobility, wireless data networks tend to have:
Less bandwidth,
More latency,
Less connection stability, and
Less predictable availability.
Mobile networks are growing in complexity and the cost of all aspects for provisioning of
more value added services is increasing. In order to meet the requirements of mobile
network operators, solutions must be:
Interoperable – terminals from different manufacturers communicate with services in
the mobile network;
BACKGROUNDScaleable – mobile network operators are able to scale services to customer needs;
Efficient – provides quality of service suited to the behavior and characteristics of the
mobile network;
Reliable – provides a consistent and predictable platform for deploying services; and
Secure – enables services to be extended over potentially unprotected mobile networks
while still preserving the integrity of user data; protects the devices and services from
security problems such as denial of service.
Many of the current mobile networks include advanced services that can be offered to
end-users. Mobile network operators strive to provide advanced services in a useable and
attractive way in order to promote increased usage of the mobile network services and to
decrease the turnover rate of subscribers. Standard features, like call control, can be
enhanced by using WAP technology to provide customized user interfaces.
For example, services such as call forwarding may provide a user interface that prompts
the user to make a choice between accepting a call, forwarding to another person,
forwarding it to voice mail, etc. The WAP specifications address mobile network
characteristics and operator needs by adapting existing network technology to the special
requirements of mass-market, hand-held wireless data devices and by introducing new
technology where appropriate.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WAP:
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WAP:
A complete wireless Internet solution must use:
Existing standards: WAP runs in all networks including IP networks and with W3C on
HTTP NG.
Provide air interface independence: This principle allows the largest number of service
providers, software developers and handset manufacturers to benefit from one unified
specification. Service providers can implement a common solution across their own
disparate networks so that every subscriber has the best possible user experience on each
network.
Provide device independence: Device independence offers similar benefits to bearer
independence. applications developed for one standard can operate on a wide variety of
devices that implement the specification; network operators gain a consistent user
interface for their services across multiple vendors' handsets; application developers do
not have to write separate versions of their code for different devices; and service
providers can choose any standard compliant device that meets their own
unique market requirements.
WHY TO CHOOSE WAP?
WHY TO CHOOSE WAP?
In the past, wireless Internet access has been limited by the capabilities of handheld devices and
wireless networks. WAP utilizes Internet standards such as XML, user datagram protocol (UDP),
and IP. Many of the protocols are based on Internet standards such as hypertext transfer protocol
(HTTP) and TLS but have been optimized for the unique constraints of the wireless environment:
low bandwidth, high latency, and less connection stability. Internet standards such as hypertext
markup language (HTML), HTTP, TLS and transmission control protocol (TCP) are inefficient
over mobile networks, requiring large amounts of mainly text-based data to be sent. Standard
HTML content cannot be effectively displayed on the small-size screens of pocketsized mobile
phones and pagers. WAP utilizes binary transmission for greater compression of data and is
optimized for long latency and low bandwidth. WAP sessions cope with intermittent coverage
and can operate over a wide variety of wireless transports.
WML and wireless markup language script (WML Script) are used to produce WAP content.
They make optimum use of small displays, and navigation may be performed with one hand.
WAP content is scalable from a two-line text display on a basic device to a full graphic screen on
the latest smart phones and communicators. The lightweight WAP protocol stack is designed to
minimize the required bandwidth and maximize the number of wireless network types that can
deliver WAP content. Multiple networks will be targeted, with the additional aim of targeting
multiple networks. These include global system for mobile, communications (GSM) 900, 1,800,
and 1,900 MHz; interim standard (IS)–136; digital European cordless communication (DECT);
time-division multiple access (TDMA), personal communications service (PCS), FLEX, and code
division multiple access (CDMA). All network technologies and bearers will also be supported,
including short message service (SMS), USSD, circuit-switched cellular data (CSD), cellular
digital packet data (CDPD), and GPRS. As WAP is based on a scalable layered architecture, each
layer can develop independently of the others. This makes it possible to introduce new bearers or
to use new transport protocols without major changes in the other layers.
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Author – an author is a person or program that writes or generates WML, WMLScript or
other content.
Client – a device (or application) that initiates a request for a connection with a server.
Content – subject matter (data) stored or generated at an origin server. Content is
typically displayed or interpreted by a user agent in response to a user request.
Content Encoding – when used as a verb, content encoding indicates the act of
converting content from one format to another. Typically the resulting format requires
less physical space than the original is easier to process or store and/or is encrypted.
When used as a noun, content encoding specifies a particular format or encoding
Standard or process.
Content Format – actual representation of content.
Device – a network entity that is capable of sending and receiving packets of information
and has a unique device Address. A device can act as both a client and a server within a
given context or across multiple contexts. For example, a device can service a number of
clients (as a server) while being a client to another server.
JavaScript – a de facto standard language that can be used to add dynamic behavior to
HTML documents. JavaScript is one of the originating technologies of ECMAScript.
Man-Machine Interface – a synonym for user interface.
Origin Server – the server on which a given resource resides or is to be created. Often
referred to as a web server or an HTTP server.
Resource – a network data object or service that can be identified by a URL. Resources
may be available in multiple representations (eg, multiple languages, data formats, size
and resolutions) or vary in other ways.
Server – a device (or application) that passively waits for connection requests from one
or more clients. A server may accept or reject a connection request from a client.
Terminal – a device providing the user with user agent capabilities, including the ability
to request and receive information. Also called a mobile terminal or mobile station.
User – a user is a person who interacts with a user agent to view, hear, or otherwise use a
resource.
User Agent – a user agent is any software or device that interprets WML, WMLScript,
WTAI or other resources.This may include textual browsers, voice browsers, search
engines, etc.
WMLScript – a scripting language used to program the mobile device. WMLScript is an
extended subset of the JavaScriptscripting language.
Abbreviations:-
For the purposes of this specification, the following abbreviations apply.