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Zhang, Xiangyang 1
Analytische Chemie für Biologie, Pharmazie, Bewegungs-
Inorganic chemists, organic chemists and biochemists develop analytical methods as part of their regular research. It is consequently natural that not many Nobel Prizes have been
awarded for contributions specifically in analytical chemistry. One such prize was, however, that to Fritz Pregl from Graz in 1923 for his development of organic microanalysis. The medical
biochemist from Uppsala, Olof Hammarsten, who gave the presentation speech as Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, stressed that Pregl's work constituted an improvement rather than a discovery, in accord with Nobel's will. Pregl modified existing methods for
quantitative elemental analysis of organic substances to handle very small quantities, which saved time, labor and expense. Another prize in analytical chemistry was given to Jaroslav
Heyrovsky from Prague in 1959 for his development of polarographic methods of analysis. In these a dropping mercury electrode is employed to determine current-voltage curves for electrolytes. A given ion reacts at a specific voltage, and the current is a measure of the
concentration of this ion. The analysis of macromolecular constituents in living organisms requires specialized methods of
separation. One such method is ultracentrifugation, developed by The Svedberg from Uppsala a few years before he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1926 "for his work on disperse systems". Svedberg's student, Arne Tiselius, studied the migration of protein
molecules in an electric field, and with this method, named electrophoresis, he demonstrated the complex nature of blood proteins. Tiselius also refined adsorption analysis, a method first
used by the Russian botanist, Michail Tswett, for the separation of plant pigments and named chromatography by him. In 1948 Tiselius was given the prize for these achievements. A few years later (1952) Archer J.P. Martin from London and Richard L.M. Synge from Bucksburn
(Scotland) shared the prize "for their invention of partition chromatography", and this method was a major tool in many biochemical investigations later awarded with Nobel Prizes.
Nobelpreis für Analytische Chemie?
DIE ANALYTISCHE CHEMIE HAT EINE SCHRITTMACHERFUNKTION IN
DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN UND MEDIZINISCHEN FORSCHUNG
Mikroanalyse, 1923 Fritz Pregl
Svedberg, 1926 Ultrazentrifugieren
Tiselius, 1948
Elektrophorese
Archer J.P. Martin Richard L.M. Synge
Chromatographie, 1952
Jaroslav Heyrovsky Polarographie, 1959
September 17, 2008 Zhang, Xiangyang 6
Nobelpreis Chemie in 2002
für seine Entwicklung der NMR zur Bestimmung der 3D Struktur von biologischen
Makromolekülen in Lösung
John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich
für ihre Entwicklung von weichen Desorption / Ionisation Methoden zur massenspektrometrischen Analyse von
biologischen Makromolekülen
Neue Analysenmethoden zum Studium von biologischen Makromolekülen
ESI–MS MALDI–MS NMR
September 17, 2008 Zhang, Xiangyang 7
Was ist Analytische Chemie? Die Art (qualitativ) und Anzahl (quantitativ) der Atome allein
(Elementanalytik) oder zusammen mit ihrer Anordnung oder
Verbindung untereinander als Molekül (Molekülanalytik) im 3
-dimensionalen Raum (Strukturanalytik), die alle die Eigenschaften
eines Stoffes bestimmen"
Was liegt vor?"
Wieviel davon liegt vor?"
Welche Anordnung oder Form liegt vor?"
Wo befindet sich der Analyt?" Verteilungs- oder "
Oberflächenanalyse"
Qualitative Analyse!
Quantitative Analyse!
Strukturanalyse"
September 17, 2008 Zhang, Xiangyang 8
Modern Instrumentelle Analytik
Frage-
stellung
Probe-
nahme
Probe-
Vorbe-
reitung
Aus-
wertung Statistik Report
Bewertung
Messung
Analysen-
technik
Analysenmethode
Analysenverfahren
!! Chromatographische Methoden
!! Spektroskopische Methoden
Analytischer Prozess
September 17, 2008 Zhang, Xiangyang 9
Trennverfahren
•! Filtration / Zentrifugieren
•! Kristallisieren
•! Destillation "! Rektifikation
"! Wasserdampfdestillation
"! Azotrope Destillation
•! Sublimation
•! Extraktion / Verteilung
•! Chromatographie (DC, Säulen, Papier-)
•! Adsorption
•! Gaschromatographie
•! Flüssigchromatographie "! Adsorptions-
"! Verteilungs-
"! Ionenaustausch-
"! Ionenpaar-
"! Gelpermeations
•! Electrophorese "! Kapillarzonenelektrophorese
"! Isoelektrische Fokussierung
"! Isotachophorese
Traditionell Instrumentell
September 17, 2008 Zhang, Xiangyang 10
In dieser Vorlesung •! Probenvorbereitung
•! Theorie Chromatographie
•! Gaschromatographie
•! Flüssigchromatographie
•! Elektrophorese
•! Zusammenfassung
Bücher !! K. Cammann, Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Verfahren, Anwendungen,