5/19/20151 French Monarchs: The Bourbon Dynasty. Religious War and Henry IV Soon after Protestant Reformation began in Germany, it spread to France 1560s,

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French Monarchs: The Bourbon DynastyFrench Monarchs: The Bourbon Dynasty

Religious War and Henry IV

Soon after Protestant Reformation began in Soon after Protestant Reformation began in Germany, it spread to France Germany, it spread to France

1560s, one in ten French was 1560s, one in ten French was HuguenotHuguenot, French , French Calvinist ProtestantCalvinist Protestant

Many noble families Huguenots Many noble families Huguenots

Large number of Protestants threatened Catholic Large number of Protestants threatened Catholic French monarchyFrench monarchy

– Monarchy thought all should share “one king, one law, Monarchy thought all should share “one king, one law, one religion”one religion”

– Religious conflict a challenge to absolute monarchy Religious conflict a challenge to absolute monarchy

• Henry of Navarre denied his religion, escaped death

• Later in line to be king, but as Huguenot had to fight Catholic troops to claim throne

• 1593, won acceptance by converting to Catholicism

• Crowned as Henry IV

• Explained conversion by saying, “Paris is well worth a mass.”

Henry IV• In France fighting broke out

between Catholics and Huguenots

• 1572, Catholic queen of France ordered Huguenots in Paris killed

• Assassins started with nobles in city for Henry of Navarre’s wedding

• Event became known as Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• Violence spread; final Huguenot death toll up to 70,000

Massacre

Conflict and a New King

Religious WarsReligious Wars St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

– Huguenots slaughtered by CatholicsHuguenots slaughtered by Catholics– Catherine de Medici’s daughter marring Catherine de Medici’s daughter marring

Huguenot prince – Henry of NavarreHuguenot prince – Henry of Navarre– Most nobles died, Henry survivesMost nobles died, Henry survives

Henry IV – Had to Rebuild FranceHenry IV – Had to Rebuild France– Pressured into converting to CatholicismPressured into converting to Catholicism– Tries to help France moreTries to help France more– Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes

““Declared Huguenots could live in peace in France”Declared Huguenots could live in peace in France”

– Some liked him (peace) some didn’t (religion)Some liked him (peace) some didn’t (religion)– Assassinated – Stabbed in a carriageAssassinated – Stabbed in a carriage

Henry IV of Navarre—1588 to 1610Henry IV of Navarre—1588 to 1610 Became King of France after King Henry III dies.Became King of France after King Henry III dies. Henry was part of a new royal family---House of BourbonHenry was part of a new royal family---House of Bourbon A Protestant, he changed religions twice. Once from A Protestant, he changed religions twice. Once from

Catholic to Protestant and then to become King of France Catholic to Protestant and then to become King of France from Protestant to Catholic.from Protestant to Catholic.

Passed the Edict of Nantes that made Catholicism the Passed the Edict of Nantes that made Catholicism the official religion of France, but allowed for toleration of official religion of France, but allowed for toleration of ProtestantsProtestants

Only no Protestant services were allowed in ParisOnly no Protestant services were allowed in Paris Strengthened and centralized the power of the monarchyStrengthened and centralized the power of the monarchy Introduced monopolies, the corvee-labor tax, and Introduced monopolies, the corvee-labor tax, and

expanded canalsexpanded canals Henry IV was assassinated in 1610 leaving his nine year Henry IV was assassinated in 1610 leaving his nine year

old son, Louis XIII, to become King of Franceold son, Louis XIII, to become King of France

Progress• Henry IV then focused on repairing war-torn country

• Improved financial situation, eliminated debt, built up surplus

• Created new industries, encouraged agriculture, stimulated trade, drained swamps, built canals, roads

• Became one of France’s most respected monarchs

Compromise • Henry knew compromise needed to restore peace

• Edict of Nantes in 1598; gave Huguenots limited freedom of worship

• Also, right to hold office, rule in 200 cities where in majority

• Subjects no longer had to follow religion of throne; for French Catholics, ended religious wars, but Catholicism official religion

Henry IV helped increase the power of the French Monarchy

1. He built a powerful national army

2. He improved the royal courts

3. He encouraged trade because it allowed him to collect more taxes

Henry IVHenry IV

The King is DeadThe King is Dead• Henry was assassinated in 1610 by a “crazed Henry was assassinated in 1610 by a “crazed

fanatic” (Francois Ravaillac)fanatic” (Francois Ravaillac)• Queen-regent Marie de Medici ruled for their Queen-regent Marie de Medici ruled for their

son Louis XIIIson Louis XIII• Feudal lords and princes began to assert controlFeudal lords and princes began to assert control• Marie appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the Marie appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the

council of ministers in 1624council of ministers in 1624

Louis XIIILouis XIII

The Foundation of Absolutism in The Foundation of Absolutism in FranceFrance

Absolutism in France began with Louis Absolutism in France began with Louis XIV’s father, Louis XIII and his chief XIV’s father, Louis XIII and his chief adviser, Cardinal Richelieu. adviser, Cardinal Richelieu.

Richelieu was the one who laid the Richelieu was the one who laid the foundation for absolutism while Louis foundation for absolutism while Louis XIII was still a child. XIII was still a child.

As his regent, Richelieu worked to As his regent, Richelieu worked to secularize the country. secularize the country.

Even though he was a Catholic priest, Even though he was a Catholic priest, Richelieu’s first loyalty was to the Richelieu’s first loyalty was to the crown of France.crown of France.

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu

Richelieu adhered to the maxim that "the Richelieu adhered to the maxim that "the ends justify the means." ends justify the means."

Although he devoutly believed in the Although he devoutly believed in the mission of the Roman Church, he sought mission of the Roman Church, he sought to assign the church a more practical to assign the church a more practical role.role.

Richelieu argued that the state is above Richelieu argued that the state is above everything, and that religion is a mere everything, and that religion is a mere instrument to promote the policies of the instrument to promote the policies of the state.state.

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu became the most Cardinal Richelieu became the most powerful person in France, in part because powerful person in France, in part because Louis was a weak king and in part because Louis was a weak king and in part because Richelieu was so strong.Richelieu was so strong.

He had control of almost every facet of He had control of almost every facet of French politics, from the daily activities of French politics, from the daily activities of the court to foreign policy and affairs.the court to foreign policy and affairs.

His dual role as head of the church in His dual role as head of the church in France and Prime Minister, allowed him to France and Prime Minister, allowed him to control the direction of the government.control the direction of the government.

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu The historian and philosopher John The historian and philosopher John

Ralston Saul has called the Cardinal, “ Ralston Saul has called the Cardinal, “ Father of the modern nation-state, Father of the modern nation-state, modern centralized power, and the modern centralized power, and the modern secret service”.modern secret service”.

Richelieu wrote: “Harshness towards Richelieu wrote: “Harshness towards individuals who flout the laws and individuals who flout the laws and commands of the state is for the public commands of the state is for the public good; no greater crime against the public good; no greater crime against the public interest is possible than to show leniency interest is possible than to show leniency to those who violate it.”to those who violate it.”

Things Richilieu did to create Things Richilieu did to create French AbsolutismFrench Absolutism

1.1. Challenged and alienated the French Challenged and alienated the French nobilitynobility

– Leveled castles, crushed conspiraciesLeveled castles, crushed conspiracies

2.2. Divided the country into 32 districts with Divided the country into 32 districts with controlling royal indentant in order to controlling royal indentant in order to weaken the power of the regional nobilityweaken the power of the regional nobility

• Indentants were: drawn from upper middle Indentants were: drawn from upper middle class and minor nobility; given extensive class and minor nobility; given extensive powers justice, police and finance; appointed powers justice, police and finance; appointed directly by the crown to ensure loyalty and directly by the crown to ensure loyalty and that royal orders were followedthat royal orders were followed

Richelieu’s Domestic Richelieu’s Domestic PoliciesPolicies

• Main Goal = total subordination to the Main Goal = total subordination to the monarchymonarchy

• Leveled castles (to put down feudal Leveled castles (to put down feudal symbols of independence)symbols of independence)

• Dealt with threats (duke of Dealt with threats (duke of Montmorency, Godson of Henry IV)Montmorency, Godson of Henry IV)

• Divided France into 32 generalites Divided France into 32 generalites (districts) (districts)

• Appointed royal commissioners Appointed royal commissioners (intendants) (intendants)

• Not locals from the districtNot locals from the district• Became the eyes and ears of the kingBecame the eyes and ears of the king

Strengthening the MonarchyStrengthening the Monarchy

• Louis XIII saw this as “a state within a Louis XIII saw this as “a state within a state” and called for a unification of faithstate” and called for a unification of faith

• Battle ensues- La Rochelle (1628)---Going Battle ensues- La Rochelle (1628)---Going After the Huguenot towns…After the Huguenot towns…• Protestant district with ties to the Protestant district with ties to the

English and DutchEnglish and Dutch• The city fell and the Catholic liturgy was The city fell and the Catholic liturgy was

reinstatedreinstated• First mass was celebrated by Cardinal First mass was celebrated by Cardinal Richelieu himselfRichelieu himself

The Siege of La RochelleThe Siege of La Rochelle

Like Henry IV, Richelieu sought to increase the power of the French Monarchy

1. He suspended the Huguenots rights to have armed towns

a. They were still free to worship

2. He had all fortified castles belonging to nobles destroyed

3. He supported mercantilism and encouraged entrepreneurs

4. He allowed merchants to purchase titles of nobility

• Richelieu and the king saw the nobles as a threat

• Cardinal Richelieu turned to suppressing them

• Richelieu’s spies uncovered series of planned revolts

• Punishments were severe

• Richelieu had three prominent nobles publicly executed for treason

Punishing Nobles• As chief minister, Richelieu

also directed foreign policy

• Thirty Years War pitted Catholics against Protestants in Central Europe

• Richelieu involved France on side of Protestants in attempt to bring down Hapsburgs

Fighting Catholics

Threat from Nobles

Death of Louis XIIIDeath of Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu died the year Cardinal Richelieu died the year

before Louis XIII died.before Louis XIII died. Louis XIV was only five years old, and Louis XIV was only five years old, and

not old enough to rule on his own.not old enough to rule on his own. He had not been taught how to rule He had not been taught how to rule

as an absolute monarch.as an absolute monarch. He would be taught this by Cardinal He would be taught this by Cardinal

Mazarin, who was also the lover of Mazarin, who was also the lover of Anne, Louis XIV’s mother.Anne, Louis XIV’s mother.

Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Mazarin’s policies were similar to Richelieu’s; he wanted to increase royal power

Many nobles and townspeople began to resent increasing absolutism

1. Their revolt in 1648 became known as the Fronde

2. The rebels were not united and were crushed by

Mazarin’s forces

Cardinal MazarinCardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Mazarin / Young Louis XIV

Louis’ mother, Anne of Austria, Louis’ mother, Anne of Austria, and Cardinal Mazarin (who had and Cardinal Mazarin (who had

succeeded Richelieu) did their best succeeded Richelieu) did their best to prepare Louis for his role.to prepare Louis for his role.

Louis XIV Rules AbsolutelyLouis XIV Rules Absolutely

Cardinal Mazarin was the true ruler Cardinal Mazarin was the true ruler b/c Louis was only 5b/c Louis was only 5

Mazarin made France strong: Mazarin made France strong: increased taxes and strengthened increased taxes and strengthened central governmentcentral government

Mazarin’s policies lead to riots led by Mazarin’s policies lead to riots led by nobles – Louis was freaked out and nobles – Louis was freaked out and decided to reduce the noble’s powerdecided to reduce the noble’s power

When the Parlement tried to When the Parlement tried to establish independence, Mazarin establish independence, Mazarin

had the members of the Paris had the members of the Paris Parlement arrested. The nobles Parlement arrested. The nobles

revolted against Mazarin’s power.revolted against Mazarin’s power.

This revolt was called the This revolt was called the “Fronde”:“Fronde”: The Fronde consisted of three The Fronde consisted of three revolts: revolts: **oneone by the lower and middle by the lower and middle classes against classes against heavy taxationheavy taxation, , *a *a secondsecond by the nobles to by the nobles to increase their political powerincrease their political power, , *and a *and a thirdthird by the officeholders by the officeholders to to protect their positionprotect their position..

““La Fronde”La Fronde”le Comtele Comte

Fronde: Challenge to Fronde: Challenge to AbsolutismAbsolutism

(1648-1653) – Civil Wars(1648-1653) – Civil Wars Frondeur was a street punk who threw mud at Frondeur was a street punk who threw mud at

passing carriagespassing carriages Mazarin not as good at controlling the nobility as Mazarin not as good at controlling the nobility as

RichelieuRichelieu Entire regions began to refuse to pay taxes – Entire regions began to refuse to pay taxes –

Intendants were unhappyIntendants were unhappy Starts with the Parlement of Paris and spreads to Starts with the Parlement of Paris and spreads to

the countrysidethe countryside Many rural Parlements (judicial courts) get involvedMany rural Parlements (judicial courts) get involved 1651 Mazarin and Louis XIV are forced to flee at 1651 Mazarin and Louis XIV are forced to flee at

one pointone point

The Fronde (1648 – 1653)The Fronde (1648 – 1653) ““Nobles of the sword” lash out Nobles of the sword” lash out

against royal authorityagainst royal authority

Ordinary people join in,demanding Ordinary people join in,demanding lower taxeslower taxes

Mazarin arrests members of Mazarin arrests members of Parlement, little use vs. mobParlement, little use vs. mob

Proves that rulers still have to be Proves that rulers still have to be strategic and subtlestrategic and subtle

Fronde EndsFronde Ends

Anarchy reigns as Nobles can’t run Anarchy reigns as Nobles can’t run the governmentthe government

1653 Louis XIV returns1653 Louis XIV returns French are convinced that a king is French are convinced that a king is

the way to gothe way to go Results:Results:

– Louis XIV realizes that heavy handed Louis XIV realizes that heavy handed policies won’t workpolicies won’t work

– Hurt the French economyHurt the French economy

La FrondeLa Fronde

This civil war was between the This civil war was between the monarchy and disgruntled nobles fed monarchy and disgruntled nobles fed up with their treatment under Louis up with their treatment under Louis XIII.XIII.

The Fronde lasted for 12 years and The Fronde lasted for 12 years and had a lasting impact on Louis XIV had a lasting impact on Louis XIV who determined that the only way to who determined that the only way to prevent chaos was absolute prevent chaos was absolute monarchy.monarchy.

Louis would always remember the Louis would always remember the nobles who threatened his mother nobles who threatened his mother

and him.and him.

IMPACT OF THE FRONDESIMPACT OF THE FRONDES

Strong king Strong king preferable to anarchypreferable to anarchy

Frightened a young Frightened a young Louis XIVLouis XIV

Caused him to fear Caused him to fear the nobles and look the nobles and look for ways to control for ways to control themthem

Louis after Louis after the defeat the defeat

of the of the Fronde, as Fronde, as the Roman the Roman god Jupitergod Jupiter

Louis’ Strategies Louis’ Strategies Establishes stability via peace with elite Establishes stability via peace with elite

nobilitynobility

Restores royal authority by ending rebellion Restores royal authority by ending rebellion and stamping out peasant tax uprisingand stamping out peasant tax uprising

Exiles resistant members of Parlement of ParisExiles resistant members of Parlement of Paris

Disbands private armies of noblesDisbands private armies of nobles

French rulers created absolutism French rulers created absolutism by by

1.1. reducing the excessive power of the reducing the excessive power of the nobility, nobility,

2.2. eliminating the Huguenots, andeliminating the Huguenots, and

3.3. increasing the esteem of the increasing the esteem of the monarchy monarchy

Taking away the excessive Taking away the excessive powers of the nobility.powers of the nobility. Took away duelingTook away dueling No more castlesNo more castles System of IntendantsSystem of Intendants Nobles must focus on venal officesNobles must focus on venal offices

Eliminating the Eliminating the HuguenotsHuguenots Edict of Nantes had created a “state Edict of Nantes had created a “state

within a state.”within a state.” 1627 - Richelieu defeated the 1627 - Richelieu defeated the

Huguenot stronghold of La RochelleHuguenot stronghold of La Rochelle Richelieu – 1629 Peace of Alias Richelieu – 1629 Peace of Alias

No walled cities, no separate public orgs., no No walled cities, no separate public orgs., no independent courts of lawindependent courts of law

Increasing the Increasing the esteem of the esteem of the MonarchyMonarchy Henry VI – Government monopolies, canal Henry VI – Government monopolies, canal

system, highway system - corvee (public system, highway system - corvee (public works force)works force)

Richelieu - Smart handling of the Thirty Richelieu - Smart handling of the Thirty Years War (Anti-Hapsburg despite being Years War (Anti-Hapsburg despite being Catholic)Catholic)

Richelieu–employed the arts and printing Richelieu–employed the arts and printing press to defend his actions. press to defend his actions.

Louis XIV – Louis XIV – Versailles Propaganda Versailles Propaganda he will be he will be the best at this.the best at this.