50 Year Souvenir - DU MCJ...mye Y©msev` evsjv‡`‡k mvsevw`KZv wkyvi 50 eQi m¤úv`Kxq Dc‡`óv AamvcK AvLZvi myjZvbv AamvcK W. †Mvjvg ingvb m¤úv`K dvnwg`yj nK m¤úv`Kxq m`m¨

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Subarana Sangbad(Golden News: 50 Years of Journalism Education in Bangladesh) A publication by the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh on the eve of 50 years celebration of the department; published by the chairperson ofthe department from University of Dhaka in May, 2013; price BDT 50.

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Expansion and Modernization of Journalism Education in BangladeshProfessor Dr. Sakhawat Ali Khan and Dr. Abul Mansur Ahmed 37-42

Press Ethics in Bangladesh: Concepts and PracticesDr. Sudhangshu Sekhar Roy 43-51

Media Ethics and Professionalism: Dynamics in a Developping CountryMd. Golam Rahman, PhD 53-65

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†Uwjwfk‡b msev` cwi‡ek‡bi †SuvK I cÖeYZv: evsjv‡`k cwi‡cÖw¶Z†ivev‡qZ †di‡`Šm 99-109

Broadcast Journalism in Bangladesh and Its FutureSamia Rahman 111-116

Bengali or Muslim?: Islam, Identity and Art Cinema inContemporary BangladeshZakir Hossain Raju 117-127

wgwWqvi Kv‡Q gvbyl Kx Pvqgxi gvmi“i Rvgvb 129-134

Connecting theories to practice: Humanitarian CommunicationMubashar Hasan 135-142

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d‡Uv A¨vjevg MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi AZxZ I 50 eQi c~wZ© Abyôvb 165

Message

My heartiest congratulations goes to the members of the MassCommunication and Journalism (MCJ) family for their wonderfulinitiative to publish a souvenir on the occasion of celebration of its50 years journey and its glorious history of excellence in the fieldsof academic and professional journalism.

Today we are facing unprecedented perils and challenges in ourmedia arena. Challenges like 'poverty in professionalism', 'poverty inintellectual upbringing' and 'ethical dialectics' are to be dealt withseriously. The task is enormous, it is a gigantic job no singleindividual, no single party can accomplish the job alone. Therefore,a collective effort is a must. the MCJ family has to take the lead inthis crucial phase.

the department of Mass Communication and Journalism is such afamily that finds above in the heart of each and every member.

I am proud of being a member of this MCJ family and the beautifulcaravan that started its journey 50 years ago.

I wish the upcoming programme a grand success.

Professor Dr. A A M S Arefin SiddiqueVice chancellor

Message

I am very much glad to hear that the department of MassCommunication and Journalism [MCJ], University of Dhaka iscelebrating the golden jubilee of their journey and media educationin Bangladesh.

I do believe, journalism is a privileged socio-cultural platform. It issuch a noble profession that carries noble values, bears duties andresponsibilities towards the people and society. The MCJ family isour pride. I believe the glorious history and achievements of last 50years would motivate the members' the family in the coming years.together we will build a successful nation.

I wish their efforts and missions will be of great success. ]

Dr. Farid Uddin AhmadDeanFaculty of Social Science

Message

This is the year of our Golden Jubilee celebration. As we celebratethe golden jubilee year I would like to look back to the achievementsaccomplished in the last five decades. Starting with only an eveningdiploma course with a handful of students, today we can proudlyboast of an excellent four-year undergraduate program and one-yearMaster's program with more than 300 students. As we scan themedia industry in our country, both electronic and print, our alumniare to be found everywhere. In the field of communication too, be itadvertising or public relations, our graduates have made a mark forthemselves. This feat has been accomplished by the combinedefforts of both academicians and students. We have worked togetherto make our department stand out in the field of communication andjournalism. We have visions for the future, too. Keeping up with themodern trends, we plan to develop our Department of MassCommunication and Journalism with the needs and requirements ofthe time so that our students can boldly face the challenges posed tothem. Our past has been bright but our future will be brighter.

I am confident that our graduates will be able to perpetuate the richtraditions that we have established and win laurels for themselves.

Long Live the Department of Mass Communication &Journalism!!!

Professor Akhtar SultanaChairperson

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1962 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvM‡÷ wk¶v Av‡›`vjb ivRc‡_ †b‡g Av‡m Ges ZvP~ovš— iƒc †bq 17 †mÞ¤î| i³v³ w`bwU evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi BwZnv‡mÔwk¶v wèmÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †mw`b Avn~Z niZv‡ji mg_©‡b Kjvfeb †_‡K GKwURw½ wgwQj †ei nq wmivRyj Avjg Lvb, gwnDwÏb Avng`, nvq`vi AvKei Lvbi‡bv, iv‡k` Lvb †gbb cÖgyL Qv‡Îi †bZ…‡Z¡| †kvfvhvÎvwU nvB‡KvU© AwZµg K‡i

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†m‡µUvwi‡qU †iv‡W cÖ‡ekKv‡j †cQb †_‡K cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| wbnZ nb eveyj,†Mvjvg †gv¯—dv Ges c‡i nvmcvZv‡j IqvwRDj�vn| †Rbv‡ij AvRg Lvb Mfb©iI XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨v‡Ýji wn‡m‡e Ges W. gvngy` †nv‡mb fvBm P¨v‡Ýjiwn‡m‡e RbwcÖq wQ‡jb| 1962 mv‡ji mgveZ©‡b ZrKvjxb DcvPvh© W. gvngy`†nv‡mb †`‡k Pjgvb mgwiK kvm‡bi cÖwZev‡` e‡jwQ‡jb Òmf¨Zv I ee©iZvi g‡a¨mxgv‡iLv UvbvB n‡”Q ¯^vaxbZvi D‡Ïk¨Ó| mvnmx DcvPv‡h©i ¯’jvwfwl³ nb W.Imgvb MwY| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki AwaKvsk mgq Ry‡o Mfb©i †gv‡bg Lvb XvKvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨v‡Ýji (26 A‡±vei 1962 †_‡K 22 gvP© 1969) Ges W. GgG Mwb fvBm P¨v‡Ýji (23 †deª“qvwi 1963 †_‡K 1 wW‡m¤î 1969) wQ‡jb, †hmg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv¸‡jv N‡UwQj|

1967 mvj †_‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi ¶gZvmxb mvgwiK-Avgjv-wkícwZ kvmK I†kvlK Pµ evOvwj RvwZi wei“‡× P~ovš— AvMÖvmb ïi“ K‡i| cvwK¯—vwbd¨vwm÷ Pµ GB evOvwj kv‡q¯—v Awfhvb ïi“ K‡iwQj †kL gywR‡ei 6-`dvwfwËK c~e©evsjv ¯^vwaKvi AR©‡bi b¨vqm½Z Av‡›`vj‡b fxZmš¿¯— n‡q| ¯§iYKiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †kl gywR‡ei 6 `dv `vwei DË‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi ˆ¯îvkmK wdìgvkv©j AvBqye Lvb ÔA‡¯¿i fvlvqÕ Reve †Ìqvi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| †mB A‡¯¿i fvlvicÖ_g ewntcÖKvk ÔAvMiZjv lohš— gvgjvÕ| †kL gywRe‡K Rwo‡q DbmË‡iiMYAv‡›`vjb MYwe‡ùvi‡Yi c_ iPbv K‡i w`‡q AvBqye Lvb wb‡Ri cZ‡bi c_wb‡RB wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|

AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e AvBqye-we‡ivax MYwe‡¶vf DËvjn‡q I‡V mgMÖ c~e© cvwK¯—vbe¨vcx| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`q 11-`dvi wfwË‡ZMwVZ Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ| QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡ì AvnŸvqK wQ‡jb WvKmymn-mfvcwZ †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g`| 1969 mv‡ji 20 Rvbyqvwi nvRvi nvRvi QvÎ-hyeK Avevi mg‡eZ nq Kjvfe‡bi mvg‡b †_‡K †kvfvhvÎv †ei K‡i| Gw`bQvÎ‡bZv Avmv`y¾vgvb‡K VvÊv gv_vq AZ¨š— KvQ †_‡K ¸wj K‡i b„ksmfv‡enZ¨v Kiv nq| 24 Rvbyqvwi cÖwZev` wèm †NvlYv Kiv nq; wKš‘ wèmwU cwiYZnq MYAfy¨Ìvb wè‡m| †`ke¨vcx niZvj, we‡¶vf Avi Rw½ wgwQj, RbZvi IciwbivcËv evwnbxi evievi ¸wjel©‡Yi d‡j XvKv‡ZB †mw`b Aš—Z 6 Rb QvÎ-RbZv wbnZ nq|

1969 mv‡ji 15 †deª“qvwi mKv‡j mv‡R©›U Rûi“j nK‡K XvKvK¨v›Uvb‡g‡›Ui ew›`kvjvq b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎivm‡½ m‡½ cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^cœ`ªóv Kwe Avj�vgv BKev‡ji bv‡g cÖwZwôZ QvÎvevmÔBKevj n‡jÕi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i ÔRûi“j nK njÕ bvgKiY K‡i| 18 †deª“qvwiW. kvgmy‡¾vnvi kvnv`ZeiY DbmËz‡ii MYAv‡›`vjb‡K Pig ch©v‡q DbœxZ K‡i;hvi d‡j ïay AvMiZvjv gvgjvB eÜ n‡q hvqwb, cvwK¯—v‡bi ˆ¯îkvmK wdìgvk©vj AvBqye Lv‡biI cZb Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| 22 †deª“qvwi Kvivgy³ nb †kLgywReyi ingvb| 23 †deª“qvwi igbvi Rbmgy‡`ª WvKmy wfwc †Zvd‡qj Avn‡g`†kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Zvi Rxe‡bi †kªô m¤§vb Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib|

lv‡Ui `k‡K AvBqye Lv‡bi Pxbcš’x ciivóªbxwZi Kvi‡Y wcwKscš’x evgcš’xivRbxwZKiv AvBqye Lv‡bi cÖwZ bgbxq Ges †kL gywR‡ei 6-`dvi we‡ivaxwQ‡jb| d‡j Pxbcš’x evgcš’x ivR‰bwZK †bZvKgx©iv †Rj †_‡K Qvov cvb| hv‡ìwei“‡× ûwjqv wQj †m¸‡jv Zz‡j †bIqv nq| Õ69-Gi MYAv‡›`vj‡bi d‡j c~e©evsjvi evgcš’x ivRbxwZ‡ZI cwieZ©b Av‡m| ¯§iYxq †h, wcwKscš’x QvÎ BDwbqb(†gbb), g‡¯‹vcš’x QvÎ BDwbqb (gwZqv) Dfq †Mvôx 19-`dvi wfwË‡Z MwVZme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡ì Aš—fy©³ Ges AvBqye-we‡ivax msMÖv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡mwµq wQj|

1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Kjvfeb cÖv½‡Y GK HwZnvwmK mfvqcÖ_g ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| mKvj †cŠ‡b `kUvqZrKvjxb WvKmy wfwc Av m g Ave`yi ie me©cÖ_g jvj-meyR Rwg‡bi cUf~wg‡Zjvj m~‡h©i e„‡Ëi †mvbvi evsjvi gvbwPÎ msewjZ evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvD‡Ëvjb K‡i| 3 gvP© we‡K‡j cëb gq`v‡bi GK wekvj Rbmfvq 7 gvP© ch©š—Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq| Gw`b cëb gq`v‡bi mgv‡e‡k ¯^vaxbevsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` KZ…©K cÖPvwiZ †NvlYvc‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔAvgvi†mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwmÕ MvbwU‡K ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ†NvlYv Kiv nq| cë‡bi Rbmfvq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi †NvlYvcÎwU cvVK‡ib QvÎjxM mvaviY m¤úv`K kvRvnvb wmivR| 7 gv‡P© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bRbmgy‡`ª e½eÜzi fvl‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mgMÖ evsjv‡`‡k ïi“ n‡q hvq m¤ú~Y©Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb| GB mfvq Zuvi D”PvwiZ ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg gyw³i msMÖvg-Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ Kvh©Z †hb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvwU‡KAbyiwbZ K‡i †Zv‡j|

Gici Av‡m 25 gv‡P©i fqvj Kv‡jvivZ| ïi“ nq †eCgvb cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì Acv‡ikb mvP© jvBU| iv‡Zi Avuav‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq K¨v¤úv‡m Xy‡KcvwK¯—vwb nvbv`viiv Pvjv‡jv ee©‡ivwPZ nvgjv| nv‡qbv‡ì Av‡µv‡ki †K›`ª¯’jGB K¨v¤úmwU ZLb g„Zz¨cyix| Gmgq nZ¨v Kiv nq wR wm †è, †R¨vwZg©q ¸nVvKziZvmn AviI A‡bK‡K| RMbœv_ nj, WvKmy †bZv‡ì AvLov BKevj n‡jPvjv‡bv nq bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ| H iv‡Z wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 14 Rb m¤§vwbZ wk¶K,Kg©KZ©v, 26 Kg©Pvixmn AmsL¨ †gavwe Qv‡Îi cÖvYcÖ`xc wb‡f hvq cvKnvbv`vi‡ì ey‡jU Avi †e‡qv‡b‡Ui AvNv‡Z| Gici 14 wW‡m¤î weR‡qi GKw`bAv‡M XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weL¨vZ K‡qKRb wk¶K‡K evwo †_‡K a‡i wb‡q wM‡qnZ¨v K‡i nv‡qbviv| wbwðZ civRq †R‡b †`k‡K †gavk~b¨ Ki‡ZB G nZ¨vKv |

1972 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g WvKmy wbe©vP‡b QvÎBDwbqb c~Y© c¨v‡b‡j Rqjvf K‡i| WvKmy †bZviv hy×weaŸ¯— †`k MV‡b GK‡hv‡MSuwc‡q c‡o| 10/12 Rb K‡i Qv‡Îi GKwU weª‡MW MVb Kiv nq| QvÎ weª‡MWwewfbœ MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Qwo‡q c‡o| WvKmy‡K XvKv wek¦we`¨v‡qi QvÎmgv‡Ri eûgyLxKg©Kv‡ i †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ Kiv nq| AvevwmK QvÎ‡ì AvmbmsKU †gvKvwejvq†¯^”Qvkª‡gi wfwË‡Z QvÎivB A¯’vqx wKQz wUb‡kW wbg©vY K‡i| †meQi eb¨v nq|


K…l‡Ki dmj hv‡Z cybivq N‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ †im‡Kvm© gq`vb I gnwmbnj †Ljvi gv‡V exRZjv ˆZwi K‡i QvÎ-QvÎxiv| c‡i Zv mivmwi K…lK‡ì gv‡SweZiY Kiv nq| wk¶v½b, wk¶vfvebv I QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì †jLv wb‡q wbqwgZcÖKvwkZ nq WvKmy evZ©v| gy³ ¯^‡`‡k mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©KvÊ‡K †eMevb Kivi Rb¨WvKmyi mn‡hvwMZvq M‡o †Zvjv nq bvU¨Pµ| K¨v¤úvm gyLwiZ n‡q I‡V bvbvmvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê| evwl©K mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, bvUK, gÂvqb Pj‡Z _v‡Kn‡j n‡j Ges †K›`ªxqfv‡e| WvKmyi ZLbKvi Av‡iKwU Abe`¨ Ae`vb n‡jvÔAciv‡Rq evsjvÕi wbg©vY|

cuPvËi-cieZx© mg‡q G‡`‡k cÖwZwµqvkxj †Mvôx, mvgwiKZš¿x I ˆ¯îZš¿x GesZv‡ì mg_©K I myweav‡fvMx †Mvôx bvbv †jev‡m bvbv Kvq`vq G †`‡ki ivóª¶gZvI ivRbxwZ‡Z Zv‡ì `Lj cÖwZôv K‡i iv‡L| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zviv Pvqwb †`‡kMYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi weKvk| Aïf kw³i n¯—‡¶‡ci d‡j QvÎivRbxwZ‡Z Xy‡Kc‡o A‡¯¿i gnov, `Lj-‡`ŠivZ¥¨, †UÛvievwR, A¯¿evwR| weivwk mv‡ji 24 gvP©mgwiK kvm‡bi gva¨‡g Gikv` ivóª¶gZv `L‡ji c‡i QvÎnZ¨v I wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ†NvlYv cÖvq wbqwgZ NUbv n‡q ùvovq| ˆ¯îvPvix Gikv` miKvi AvBqy‡eiGbGmGd Gi AbyKi‡Y bZzb evsjv QvÎ mgvR MVb K‡i| 1983 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡imvgvwiK miKv‡ii wei“‡× Av‡›`vj‡b gv‡V bv‡g WvKzm| 28 b‡f¤î mwPevjq†NivI Ki‡Z wM‡q cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z gviv hvq K‡qKRb QvÎ| 1987 mv‡ji GKeo Ask Ry‡o Rvm` QvÎjxM I QvÎ`‡ji g‡a¨ `dvq `dvq msNl© P‡j| msN‡l©iGK ch©v‡q †gavwe QvÎ gybœv ¸wjwe× n‡q cÖvY nvivq| gybœv wQj knx`yj�vn n‡jiAvevwmK QvÎ I Rvm` QvÎjxM Kgx©| msN‡l©i cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB MwVZ nq XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq cwi‡ek cwil`| mKj msMV‡bi mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K wQj Gim`m¨| cwi‡ek cwil‡ì gva¨‡g mk¯¿ mš¿vmx‡ì QvÎ msMVb †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi†Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| 1987 mv‡j cwi‡ek cwil` K¨v¤úvm‡K mš¿vmgy³ Kivi RbÄ‡bK¸‡jv wm×š— MÖnY K‡i| hwÌ wm×vš—¸‡jv ev¯—evqb nqwb| GKB eQicÖ_g w`‡K 22 QvÎ msMV‡bi HK¨ M‡o I‡V| RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡kœK¨v¤úv‡m i³¶qx msNl©, QvÎ BDwbqb †bZv Avmjv‡gi ¸wjwe× n‡q g„Zzëi‡YiNUbvi c‡i HKë× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv Am¤¢e wQj| ZLb Rvm` QvÎjxM IQvÎ`‡ji msNl© HKë× QvÎ Av‡›`vjb‡K Avevi wngvMv‡i †V‡j †`q| GB msN‡l©ici 22 `jxq HK¨ †f‡¯— hvq| Z‡e 10 b‡f¤î XvKv Ae‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b b~i†nv‡m‡bi AvZ¥`vb Av‡›`vj‡b bZzb gvÎ †hvM K‡i|

1988 mv‡j QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` Õ71-Gi hy×vcivax mv¤cÖ`vwqK kw³iwei“‡× GK Kvh©Ki Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| mviv‡`kRy‡o bwRiwenxb eb¨vq XvKvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv| AmvaviY fywgKv cvjb K‡i| eb¨vZ©‡ì gv‡S i“wUweZiY, †¯^”Qvkª‡g WvKmy K¨v‡d‡Uwiqvq m¨vjvBb ˆZwii KvR cwiPvjbvi ga¨ w`‡qQvÎiv mviv †`‡k mvov RvMvq| 1990 mv‡j ˆ¯îvPviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq AveviI cÖgvY K‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq dzwi‡q hvqwb| 6 wW‡m¤î RvwZAR©b K‡i Avi GKwU MYZvwš¿K weRq|

beŸB cieZx© mwnsmZvq A‡bK †gavwe wk¶v_x© cÖvY nvivb| 1991 mv‡ji30†k A‡±vei QvÎ`j-QvÎjxM msN‡l© wbnZ nq wgRvb| 1992 mv‡ji 10 gvP©XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q msN‡l© wbnZ nq QvÎ BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ ivRy| cieZx©‡Z Zvibv‡gB wUGmwm †gv‡o wbg©Z nq mš¿vmwe‡ivax ivRy fv¯‹h©| 1993 mv‡j wbnZ nqgwbi“¾vgvb ev`j, 1995 mv‡j wbnZ nq evàx, 1998 mv‡j m~h©‡mb n‡jimvg‡b QvÎjxM-QvÎ`j msN‡l©i mgq ¸wjwe× n‡q gviv hvq GK QvÎjxM †bZvMY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi QvÎ cv_© cÖZxg AvPvh©¨|

2002 mv‡ji 23 RyjvB kvmmybœvnvi n‡ji †fZ‡i Xy‡K QvÎx‡ì Iciee©‡ivwPZ nvgjv Pvjvq cywjk| cÖwZev‡` dzu‡m IVv QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡b c`Z¨v‡M eva¨nq wfwm W. Av‡bvqviDj�vn †PŠayix| 2004 mv‡j 11 †m‡Þ¤î mš¿vm Imv¤cÖ`vwqKZv we‡ivax QvÎ msMV‡bi wgwQ‡j AZwK©Z nvgjv Pvjvq QvÎ`j| †mw`bQvÎ`‡ji GK`j K¨vWvi †jKPvi w_‡qUv‡i ZrKvjxb wk¶K mwgwZi mfvcwZAa¨vcK W. Av Av g m Av‡iwdb wmwÏ‡Ki K¶ fOPzi K‡i|

90Õi ci †`‡k MYZš¿ wd‡i Avm‡jI evavMÖ¯— n‡q‡Q| cÖvY †d‡iwb WvKmy‡Z|gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv †`‡k hLb MYZš¿ wQjbv ZLb WvKmy wQj; wKš‘ MYZvwš¿Kcwi‡e‡k WvKmy wbe©vPb nqwb| wek¦we`¨vj‡q wbqgZvwš¿K ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqv we‡klK‡i QvÎ msm` wbe©vPb I Kvh©Ki QvÎmsm` Abycw¯’Z _vKvq, QvÎivRbx‡Z‡Z†bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki c_I i“× n‡q hvq|

BDGm wbDR A¨vÛ Iqvì© wi‡cvU©m Rwi‡c 2009 mv‡j we‡k¦i †miv 500wek¦we`¨vj‡i ZvwjKv cÖKvk K‡i| GB Rwi‡c XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vb 4nvRv‡ii c‡i| A_P GK mgq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vb wQj †miv 5kÕwek¦we`¨v‡jqi g‡a¨| GK hyM Av‡MI Gwkqvi †miv 50wU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZvwjKvXvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bvg wQj| wKš‘ KjywlZ I mwnsm QvÎivRbxZ, wk¶vi gvb,†mkbRU me wgwj‡q wewfbœ mgm¨vq Rwo‡q c‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Zvi Ae¯’vb†hb a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eo êwkó¨ n‡jv GB wk¶vqZbnvi‡Z Rv‡b bv; jo‡Z Rv‡b| RvwZi cÖ‡qvR‡b eyK †c‡Z j‡o hvq| 2007 mv‡j20 AMv÷ wRg‡bwkqvg gv‡V †mbv-QvÎ msN‡l©i ci dyu‡m D‡V QvÎ mgvR|mvivivZ a‡i P‡j msNl©| ciw`b mviv‡`‡k `veb‡ji gZ Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡i|†`‡ki mKj cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡q miKviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb mwµq nq| QvÎ‡ì`vwei m‡½ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i Av‡›`vj‡b gv‡V bv‡gb wk¶KivI| Awej‡¤^Ri“wi Ae¯’v cÖZ¨vnvi I wbe©vP‡bi `vwe‡Z we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b K‡i QvÎ-QvÎxiv|†mw`b iv‡Z K¨v¤úvm †_‡K †mbvK¨v¤ú cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq| weR‡qvj�vm ïi“ K‡iAv‡›`vjKvixiv|

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Avgv‡ì mg‡q ev †MvUv cvwK¯—vb Avg‡jB wek¦we`¨vj‡q wk¶vi gva¨g wQjBs‡iwR| mvsevw`KZvI ZvB Bs‡iwR gva¨‡gB cov‡bv n‡Zv| AvwZKz¾vgvb LvbBs‡iwR‡Z Lye `¶ e³v I †jLK wQ‡jb| G Qvov mg¯— cvwK¯—v‡b wZwbB wQ‡jbBs‡iwR fvlvq †U÷ wµ‡KU †Ljvi GKgvÎ evOvwj fvl¨Kvi| Zuvi PgrKvi Bs‡iwRavivfv‡lï A‡bK Ask wµ‡KU‡cÖgx‡ì A‡b‡Ki GLbI g‡b Av‡Q|

cÖ_g wW‡c�vgv e¨v‡Pi (1962) wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡ì bvg GB gyn~‡Z© g‡bKi‡Z cviwQ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb, K Av B g byi“DwÏb, kwdKzi ingvb,†R¨vwZcÖKvk `Ë, wbkvZ mv`vbx, byi“j Av‡e`xb cÖgyL| Avjfx bv‡g GKRbAevOvwj eq®‹ QvÎI wQj e‡j g‡b c‡o| m¤¢eZ 1963 mv‡j wKsev 1964 mv‡jiïi“‡Z Avgv‡ì dvBbvj cix¶v AbywôZ n‡qwQj| djcÖKv‡ki ci Avgiv †mBe¨v‡Pi wk¶v_©xiv cyi‡bv XvKvi bevecyi †iv‡W Aew¯’Z GKwU bvgKiv ÷zwWI‡ZwM‡q MÖ“c d‡UvI Zz‡jwQjvg| ÷zwWIwUi bvg wQj m¤¢eZ ÔWvmÕ| wKš‘ `yf©vMëkZ,1964 mv‡ji `v½vi mgq ÷zwWIwU cy‡o hvIqvq Avgiv Avi †mLvb †_‡K Qwei KwcmsMÖn Ki‡Z cvwiwb| welqwU mswk�ó Avgv‡ì GgbwK Avgv‡ì wk¶K‡ìI Lyegg©vnZ K‡iwQj| cieZx© mg‡q GB e¨v‡Pi QvÎ-QvÎxiv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ n‡q hvIqvqAvi Qwe †Zvjvi D‡`¨vMI †bIqv m¤¢e nqwb| Lye Kg †jv‡KiB ZLb e¨w³MZK¨v‡giv wQj| Qwe †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖavbZ d‡UvMÖvdvi wb‡qvM KivB wQj cÖPwjZixwZ| Av‡jvP¨ cÖ_g e¨v‡Pi QvÎ-QvÎxiv KvßvB-G wk¶v md‡i †M‡j †mLv‡bI m‡½_vKv d‡UvMÖvdviB Qwe Zz‡jwQ‡jb| †mB mg¯— Qwe ZrKvjxb wefvMxq cÖ¨vKwUmRvb©vj wfmZv‡Z (VISTA) QvcvI n‡qwQj| Avgvi Rvbv g‡Z, cÖ_g e¨v‡PiD‡`¨v‡M m¤¢eZ AvU cvZvi GB mwPÎ cwÎKvwU cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci cieZx©eQi¸‡jv‡ZI cwÎKvwUi GKvwaK Bmy¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì `yf©vM¨,†mB cwÎKv GLb `y®cÖvc¨| hw` KviI Kv‡Q cwÎKvwUi †Kv‡bv Kwc †_‡K _v‡K,Z‡e Zv GB wefv‡Mi cÖvgvY¨ BwZnvm †jLvq AZ¨š— cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wn‡m‡ewe‡ewPZ n‡e| ZvB GB cwÎKvi Kwc KviI Kv‡Q _vK‡j Aš—Z Zvi d‡UvKwcwefvMxq Awd‡m †Ìqvi Rb¨ wefv‡Mi c¶ †_‡K Av‡e`b Rvbvw”Q| Avgvi Kv‡Q_vKv GKwU Kwc Avwg GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i mgq nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ|

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myeY© msev`/18 †hb fy‡j bv hvB/19

wW‡c�vgv AR©bKvix‡ì g‡a¨ †ek wKQz msL¨K Wv³vi-BwÄwbqviI wQ‡jb|GgbwK mvgwiK AwdmviI G‡mwQ‡jb mvsevw`KZvq wW‡c�vgv Ki‡Z| Ab¨ †ckvigvby‡liv cÖavbZ k‡Li e‡k wW‡c�vgv Ki‡Z G‡jI, cvk K‡i hvIqvi cimvsevw`KZv we‡kl K‡i †hvMv‡hvM wel‡q ÁvbvR©b Zv‡ì wbR wbR †ckvq `vwqZ¡cvj‡b LyeB mnvqK n‡q‡Q e‡j cieZx© mg‡q A‡b‡KB Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

GK eQie¨vcx ivwÎKvjxb GB wW‡c�vgv †Kv‡m© A‡bK †ckv`vi mvsevw`KGes wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi wk¶‡Kiv LÊKvjxb wk¶KZv K‡i‡Qb|wefv‡M Bs‡iwR, evsjv A_ev D`©y Aek¨cvV¨ wQj| hZ`~i g‡b c‡o cÖ_gw`‡KLÊKvjxb wk¶K wQ‡jb, mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ mvjvnDwÏb †gvnv¤§`, gvneye RvgvjRv‡q`x, gvneye Avjg †PŠayix (†ewe fvB wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ) cÖgyL Ges †mB m‡½wQ‡jb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjvi wk¶K W. Avng` kixd, Bs‡iwRi wk¶K †K Gg Ggywbg Ges W. wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix cÖgyL| cÖ_‡g c~Y©Kvjxb GKgvÎ wk¶K wQ‡jbwefvMxq cÖavb AvwZKz¾vgvb Lvb Ges c‡i †hvM †`b wefvM †_‡K m`¨wW‡c�vgvcÖvß K Av B g byiDwÏb| 1968 mv‡j wW‡c�vgv †Kv‡m©i m‡½ †hvM nqmvsevw`KZvq `yB eQi †gqv`x GgG †Kvm©| GgG †Kvm© `yB fv‡M wef³ wQj| GKeQi †gqv`x GgG (cÖ_g ce©) Ges GK eQi †gqv`x GgG (†kl ce©)| hv‡ìwW‡c�vgv Kiv wQj Zviv mivmwi GgG‡Z (†kl ce©) fwZ© n‡Z cviZ| 1969mv‡j fwZ© n‡q GgG-Gi (†kl ce©) QvÎ-QvÎxiv 1970 mv‡j c~Y©v½ GgG wWwMÖAR©b K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Z_v evsjv‡`‡k (ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b) ZuvivBcÖ_g mvsevw`KZvq GgG| ZZw`‡b †ckv`vi mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e PvKwiiZ _vK‡jIAvwgI GB cÖ_g e¨v‡Pi QvÎ nIqvi †mŠfvM¨ AR©b K‡iwQjvg|

Gici gyw³hy×, evsjv‡`‡ki †MŠiegq Rb¥| A‡bK wKQzB cv‡ë hvw”Qj|wefvMxq cÖavb AvwZKz¾vgvb Lvb GKvË‡i cvwK¯—vwb KZ©„c‡¶i m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvi`v‡q Awfhy³ n‡j wZwb c`Z¨vM K‡ib| AvwZKz¾vgvb Qvov ZLb wefv‡M wk¶KwQ‡jb gvÎ `yÕRb| byiDwÏb I b~i“j †nv‡mb| †mUv 1972 mvj| Avwg 1972mv‡jiB AvM÷ gv‡m wefv‡M †hvM`vb Kwi| Gi Av‡M Avwg GKwU RvZxqmvsev`c‡Î Kg©iZ wQjvg| Avgvi mvsevw`KZvi AwfÁZv we‡ePbv K‡i PvKwi‡ZAvgv‡K wKQz evowZ myweav †Ìqv n‡qwQj| Gi wKQz w`b ciB b~i“j †nv‡mbhy³iv‡óª P‡j hvb| wZwb Avi wd‡i Av‡mbwb, d‡j wefv‡M wk¶‡Ki msL¨v K‡gùvovq gvÎ `yBR‡b|

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cÖkœcÎI `yB fvlvqB cÖYxZ nq| 1973 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i wZbRb bZzb c~Y©Kvjxbwk¶K wefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib| Guiv n‡jb †gvkZvK Bjvnx, Gm Gg nvi“b GesIqvwRi †nvmvBb| Aek¨ wKQzw`b ci †gvkZvK Bjvnx hy³iv‡óª P‡j hvb| GiBg‡a¨ 1974 mv‡j †ZŠwn`yj Av‡bvqvi Ges KvRx Ave`yj gvbœvb wk¶K wn‡m‡ewefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib| wmwbqi wk¶K byiDwÏbB wefvMxq cÖav‡bi `vwq‡Z¡wQ‡jb| wefv‡M ZLb †gvU wk¶‡Ki msL¨v mvZ-G DbœxZ n‡j wk¶K‡ì Dci PvcA‡bKUvB n«vm cvq| Gi Av‡MB XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©b¨vÝ, 1973 Rvwi Kiv nq|GB AwW©b¨vÝ cÖwZ wZb eQi Aš—i wmwbqwiwU Abyhvqx wefvMxq †Pqvig¨vbcwieZ©‡bi weavb ivLv nq| Aek¨ Zv‡Z †Pqvig¨vb n‡Z n‡j Kgc‡¶ mnKvwiAa¨vcK c‡` AwawôZ _vKvi kZ© wQj| gvSLv‡b g~j AwW©b¨v‡Ýi wewa cv‡ë AíwKQzw`‡bi Rb¨ mn‡hvMx Aa¨vc‡Ki c`gh©v`vi wb‡P KvD‡K †Pqvig¨vb bv Kiviwbqg Kiv n‡jI cybivq Zv cwieZ©b K‡i g~j AwW©b¨v‡Ýi wewaB envj ivLv nq|GLbI ch©š— †mB wbqgB Pj‡Q|

1973 mv‡ji XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©b¨vÝ Abyhvqx 1976 mv‡j me©cÖ_g†Pqvig¨vb cwiewZ©Z nq| 1977 mv‡j wefv‡Mi †Kv‡m© eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b m~wPZnq| wefv‡M wZb eQi †gqv`x weG (Abvm©) †Kvm© Pvjy Kiv nq| (1997-98 mvj†_‡K GB †Kvm© Pvi eQi †gqv`x nq, hv GLbI Pj‡Q) Abvm© †Kv‡m© QvÎ-QvÎx‡ìRb¨ GK eQi †gqv`x GgG †Kvm© wba©vwiZ nq| mvsevw`KZv Qvov Ab¨ wel‡qMÖvRy‡qU‡ì Rb¨ GgG (cÖ_g ce©) Ges GgG (†kl ce©) A_©vr `yÕeQi †gqv`x GgG†Kvm©I Pvjy _v‡K| GQvov AZ¨š— Zvrch©c~Y© cwieZ©b wQj GB †h, wefvM ïi“n‡qwQj †h GK eQi †gqv`x wW‡c�vgv †Kvm© w`‡q Zv wejyß Kiv nq Ges wefv‡MimKj GKv‡WwgK I cÖkvmwbK Kvh©µg iv‡Zi cwie‡Z© w`‡b wb‡q Avmv nq| GQvovwefvMwUi bv‡gi m‡½ ÔMY‡hvMv‡hvMÕ hy³ n‡q wefv‡Mi bvg nq MY‡hvMv‡hvM Imvsevw`KZv wefvM| GK K_vq, wefvMwU GKwU cwic~Y© wefv‡Mi gh©v`vq Awfwl³nq|

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m¤úK©‡K wKfv‡e Av‡iv my`„p Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q fveevi mgq A‡bKLvwb †cwi‡q†M‡Q BwZg‡a¨B| GLb ìKvi `ª“Z D‡`¨vM MÖnY I KvR ïi“ Kiv|

†gvnv¤§` mvBdzj Avjg †PŠayix: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM, XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq| Expansion and Modernization of Journalism

Education in Bangladesh

Professor Dr. Sakhawat Ali Khanand

Dr. Abul Mansur Ahmed

The journalism education started in Bangladesh in 1962 with theestablishment of the Department of Journalism at the University ofDhaka with a one-year Post-Graduate Diploma Programme. In 1968,a Masters course was added in the department. So, it can be said thatthe history of journalism education is not that much old inBangladesh. But the growing importance of journalism in themodern world led the journalism educators to introduce a three-yearB.A. Honours programme in 1977 and the department was renamedas the Department of Mass Communication and Journalism.

With the introduction of Honours course, the diploma course wasdiscontinued. Few years back the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB)with the approval of National University has introduced a post-graduate diploma course in Journalism. The curriculum of the courseis almost the same as that of previous Dhaka University course. PIBis also at the last stage of their preparation for introducing a Masterscourse in Journalism under National University. It may be mentionedhere that in journalism education, Dhaka University is still playing avital role in producing more market oriented graduates as well asconducting media related research programmes. The strength of thisdepartment is that many faculty members of the department areenlightened with western and regional curriculum through theirhigher studies and academic experiences abroad. Some of them havepractical experience in journalism as well. The department offered a

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regional Masters programme on Media, Communication andJournalism which ended in 2012. The programme was funded by theNorwegian government. Students from Bangladesh and Nepalparticipated in this programme. This programme has shown thestrong leadership and scholarly approach of the department inenhancing journalism education at regional level.

This paper traces out the paradigm shifts in journalism educationin this changing world. Technological advancement has made theworld closer than ever before. It has become a dire need to cope withthe emerging global development in the areas of journalism andmedia and communication education and practices. The changingscenario in the landscape of journalism education all over the worldhas created a new paradigm shift in journalism education inBangladesh. Since 1990s, the expansion of journalism educationspread to other public universities. The Department of MassCommunication at the University of Rajshahi was opened in 1992and renamed as the Department of Mass Communication andJournalism in 2007. Chittagong University opened a journalismdepartment in 1995 and later renamed it as the Department ofCommunication and Journalism. The Jagannath University startedthe Department of Mass Communication and Journalism in 2009while Jahangirnagar University and Begum Rokeya Universityopened the same department in 2011 respectively. These trendsindicate the popularity of journalism education in other publicuniversities. All the same time efforts are going on to modernizecourse curriculum and pedagogic in public universities. In thisregard, Dhaka University can claim itself as the pioneer in fosteringjournalism education in Bangladesh. The Department of MassCommunication and Journalism at Dhaka University is continuingtechnology-driven desk top publishing, video communication,photojournalism and cyber journalism to cope with the fast emergingnew journalism and media. In this regard, Asia Foundation andDANIDA provided significant financial support. The journalismdepartment at Rajshahi University offered a Post-Graduate DiplomaProgramme on Civic Journalism in 1995 and received technologicalfacilities also with the financial assistance of DANIDA.

Unfortunately some management problems led the programme stopwithout getting further extension from the donors.

The private universities in Bangladesh started offeringprogrammes on mass communication and journalism since late1990s. There are at least eight private universities who have startedsuch programmes. They are, Independent University of Bangladesh(IUB), University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), University ofDevelopment Alternatives (UODA), Stamford UniversityBangladesh, Daffodil International University (DIU), AmericanInternational University Bangladesh (AIUB), Manarat InternationalUniversity (MIU) and Green University of Bangladesh (GUB). BothState University of Bangladesh and ASA University are planning toopen the department. Quite a good number of other privateuniversities are also contemplating to open such departments indifferent names. These programmes have created the scope forgetting journalism education although some programmes may nothave enough permanent faculty members and resources to ensurequality education. Due to high tuition fees in the private universities,most of the students are from affluent families capable of bearingexpenses throughout the programme. In spite of many shortcomingsit is evident that the journalism education has expanded in public andprivate universities over the years in Bangladesh.

We can see paradigm shifts from monodisciplinary tointerdisciplinary and humanities to social sciences in the areas ofjournalism education. For example, the Mass Communication andJournalism department of Dhaka University shifted from ArtsFaculty to Social Sciences. Even in public and private universities,technology-friendly approaches are gradually getting upper hand.

Both the media, print and electronic, have been undergoingmoderate modernization with the support of computers andadvanced technology. With more emphasis on market economy,private enterprises are venturing into new products and services,resulting into more advertisements from them to the media. The printand electronic media-especially television-have actually beenenjoying very rapid growth over the last eight years. Most of theprivate television channels are trying to use advanced technology to

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provide the audience a better service. Some channels havesophisticated technological support to bring live coverage to theaudience. Due to technological advancement, the Bangladeshidiasporas around the world are getting access to the programmes ofa good number of Bangladeshi private television channels.Moreover, the government-owned Bangladesh Television has alsointroduced a satellite channel known as BTV World.

Media industries are growing but some sort of oligopoly isevident in media ownership pattern. Quite a good number of themare owned by rich political personalities. Big business houses arealso getting interested in the sector. Following the expansion of themedia market, the job opportunities in the media industriesparticularly in electronic ones are increasing significantly. Thenumber of journalism graduates is higher in many media houses everthan before. The leading dailies and private television channels areappointing increasing number of journalism graduates and quite agood number of them are now placed in the policy making positions.These young graduates, in most cases, are taking their jobs seriouslywith a sense of professionalism. The problem is that theprofessionalism cannot thrive much due to political parallelism orpartisan media. The journalists’ bodies are so much dividedpolitically that they hardly could come to one platform todemonstrate their professional strength, unity and integrity. Anotherunfortunate problem is that, often an uneasy relationship existsbetween the journalists with formal institutional degrees and thosewho do not have it. It is important to bring the change in the mind-set of some of the most efficient and senior journalists havingdegrees in other disciplines other than journalism and working atpolicy making level with regard to entry of journalism graduates inthe profession. The media houses failed to introduce proper searchcommittee over the decades in the process of hiring journalists atentry level. This situation has sometime resulted in making theprofession a dumping ground for rather unfit persons.

The ultimate journalism requires providing students with real-world experience, concentrating on developing their critical,analytical and linguistic skills, fostering their sense of journalism

ethics and social responsibility and teaching them how to transforminformation into knowledge. The journalism departmentsparticularly that of Dhaka University, are moderately successful inproducing graduates with quality journalism education despite somelimitations of resources.

We must mention here the role of institutions who are relentlesslyarranging training for the in-service journalists and personsinterested to join media. Training courses are of different durationsand the sponsoring agencies generally give certificates to theparticipants.

Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) which is a governmentorganization is perhaps the oldest and most active amongst suchagencies. Few private training institutions are also regularlyarranging such courses. Some of the NGOs occasionally conducttraining courses mainly with the help of guest resource persons.

Last but not the least, ever increasing interest among the studentsof new generation about the discipline is one of the main factorsbehind the expansion of journalism education in Bangladesh. But sofar as the modernization is concerned, we must admit the lack ofadequate facilities. For example, the pioneer institution in the field,i.e., the Mass Communication and Journalism Department of DhakaUniversity do not even have facilities to bring out a practice journal,which is essential for the practical orientation of the students of printmedia. Campus radio and Campus TV are used in advancedcountries of the world to train up students of electronic media.Establishment of such facilities has remained a dream of the facultymembers of our universities. With the establishment of a newpopular democratic government in the country, it is expected that anew era of journalism education will usher in at the publicuniversities. And who knows, even the affluent private universitiestaking into cognizance the ever-growing popularity of the subject,may bring in most modern equipments to attract more students totheir journalism departments.

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Lastly, we hope that with a proper mix of theoretical and practicaltraining, journalism education in Bangladesh will produce requirednumber of skilled newsmen and researchers in the field.

Sources ConsultedAhmed, Mansur A. (1995). Media and Journalism education in Bnagladesh:

Seminar Paper, Presented at the seminar in Bogra.Journalism Education in International Perspective. International

Communication Bulletin (Fall 2007).AEJMC Publications, Vol. 42,No.3-4.

Rahman, G. (2007) ‘The Role and Impact of Alternative Media inBangladesh’ in Media Pluralism in Asia: the Role and Impact ofAlternative Media, edited by Seneviratne, K. AMIC, Singapore.

Rhaman, M. (2008). ‘Paradigm Shift in Journalism Education inBangladesh’. Seminar Paper presented at the seminar in Stockholm.

Sultana, A. (1997) ‘Journalism Educators and Media Professionals inBangladesh: Academy-Industry Relations’, The Dhaka UniversityStudies, Faculty of Arts, 54(2): 159-69

Ullah, M. S (2007) ‘Scholarly Turn of Journalism Education: RedesigningCurricula at University Level in Bangladesh’, paper presented at the16th AMIC Annual Conference titled Media, Education andDevelopment: The quest for new Paradigms held on 25-28 June 2007 inSingapore.

Press Ethics in Bangladesh: Concepts and Practices

Dr. Sudhangshu Sekhar Roy

PreludeThe ethical philosophy of Bangladeshi media is seemingly not sostrong through which all the journalists would be able to work underit with a very homogenous approach. The age of media industry inBangladesh, especially the print media is not little as the firstnewspaper of this land (sovereign Bangladesh) was appeared in 1847from Rangpur. However, the television medium is crossing througha crucial period as its functional age is more or less fifteen years interms of open competition era; even then a uniformed and concretephilosophy of the media is not yet conceived and developed.Although there was a slim chance for media in seventies and eightiesof last century to develop a concrete and uniformed policy but thathope was simply dashed as most of the houses and their journalistshad been opted to go for individually. They generally feel the ethicalphilosophy of any media house is solely of their own. Most of thejournalists do not have their professional mentality to follow theavailable guidelines or ethics either written or hidden. However, theavailable written codes in Bangladesh is not significant and effectivein print media, and in the electronic media, this is flatly missing.Despite that, they generally do not in favor of government-endorsedpolicies for being feared of governmental intervention of freedom ofpress. But, irony, most of the media houses do not have their ownformal ethical policies except a very few, rather they dependent oncertain ‘situation’ to handle any emerging crises or issues like BDRmutiny in 2009. This is virtually a dilemma of ethics. As a whole, the

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ethical scenario of Bangladeshi media environment is not quitetransparent. But, it is generally perceived, journalists have to followand maintain universally and widely accepted ethical philosophy thatwould led them to formulate their own appropriate policies. Due tothe dearth of good ethical philosophy as well as the practices, thejournalists are always seen arrogant and maintaining an ignoringtendency.

What We Mean EthicsEthics is a set of moral principles or rules of behavior that govern orinfluence a person’s behavior. Ethics in other way is thecharacteristic spirit, moral values, ideas or beliefs or guidelines of agroup, a community or a culture. The term ethics comes of a termethos – meaning for character of what a good person is or does tohave a good character. The other version says: the word ethicsderives from the Greek word ethos, meaning the traditions or guidingspirit that governs a culture.

Ethics deals with philosophical foundations of decision-making,of choosing among the good and bad options that one faces, andmorality on the other hand, comes from the Latin mores – way of lifeor customs. It refers to the way or manner in which people behave.So ethics – philosophical foundations while morality – way ormanner or the process in which people to act or behave. So moralityhas come to mean – socially approved customs or the practice orapplication of ethics

Ethics and ResponsibilitySocial responsibility and ethics are almost interchangeable, becausewe believe that members of institutions have societal obligation tofunction responsibly, and ethics are the manifestations of thatsocietal consciousness. More you are ethically strong more you areresponsible. Fields related to ethical issues are Advertising, Publicrelations, and all typical mass media like newspaper, radio,television, film etc. Besides, the social media is hugely the centre ofinterest now to have the inherent tendency of committing the ethical

lapses. And in every field, there is huge obligation to maintainresponsibility.But reckless pursuit of presenting ethically deviatednews/ information has been destroying the spirit of responsibilityand creating an ill- psyche of the readers and viewers

Some Issues for DebateTV programs, both bulletins and entertainments, have too muchviolent and are socially destructive!

Rap music is obscene and misogynistic!News reporting is biased by commercial or cultural influences

and impositions!Ever rising public relations or advertising campaign unfairly

manipulates public opinion!Film is too obscene, projecting mainly the fantasy and exporting

alien theme and culture unsuitable for one country’s ethical standardand stimulating the violence.

Action and Limitations of Ethics/ LawsIn maintaining ethics, nobody imposes any restrictions. It isspontaneous. You need to learn the lesson of maintaining it. You needto learn it from family first, then the academic institutions, and forthose professionals who are working in their respective mediahouses.

They should learn and learn the habit of respect from the set ofethics. Ethics is the set of principles to abide by. Customs or valuesare to be adopted by a delegated committee of a culture orcommunity for regulating the behavior of members of a communityor a country. You have to respect it. It not, then you are to be scoldedand to be motivated to respect it but there is no gross provision ofpunishment.

And Laws are bottom line, if you violate then you are to bepunished. All the rules and regulation formulated, established andintroduced by an appropriate authority. Laws should usually beformulated and ratified by legislature of any form in any civilizedand democratic society. Any traditional (sometimes primitive)

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society’s elderly people can create a set of regulations which have tobe respected; otherwise, an appropriate punishment can be awardedto anyone who breaks those rules and regulations.

Law is simply the imposition. You must to respect, if not, thenyou would be forced to respect. If it is not forced, then formulationof laws is useless and becoming funny.

It is good for a community to maintain the values, norms, whichonce created spontaneously, or at least said in any document; in thatcase we do not need any law.

Laws to be forced or imposed. Ethics are to be followed. Whenwe do not follow the ethics then the law should be imposed.

But problem is, some journalists are insensitive to ethics, someothers are very hypersensitive. So we have to strike a balancebetween the two. We should not remain blind to ethics, or we shouldnot be over reactive.

Constitutional GuidelineJournalists are very sensitive for not to be restricted by any laws.This is the spirit of freedom, but freedom does not have anyunlimited boundary. Newsmakers obviously enjoy the freedom butthey would be held responsible for any kind of misdeeds. For thatthey need to respect the ethics. Constitution is said to be the motherlaws of other laws, but it mainly provides guiding principles. Thearticle 39 of Bangladesh Constitution ensures freedom of press whilesuggesting maintaining respects to morality and decency. It says,

39 (1). Freedom of thought and conscience is guaranteed. 39 (2). Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in

the interests of the security of the State, friendly relation with foreignstates, public order, decency or morality, or in relations tocontempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence-

(a) the right of every citizen to freedom of speech and expression;and

(b) freedom of the press are guaranteed.The spirit of article 39 is similar to the Aristotelian view of

moderation and compromises. It reflects the check and balancebetween the freedom and violation. The philosophy of article 39 of

the Constitution is to restrain the newsmakers from committingethical lapses imposing some lawful conditions even after givinglavish freedom. But, constitution is virtually a guideline, not a law.Thus it cannot penalize the journalists who are to commit thewrongdoings. However, the laws relating to press available inBangladesh is almost adequate and those laws act as deterrentbringing the press people under the court of justice whenever theycommit any kind of slips. But, the practice of enforcing deterrentlegal actions is not evident enough as the people, who fall prey to thewrongdoings of the press, usually do not go to the door of justiceseeking redresses of any kind of their grievances. People ofBangladesh are generally very generous and liberal who do not takeethical issues seriously, and the process and procedure of legalsystem is so lengthy and complicated that people always feel de-motivated to go to the court for any kind of action. This state ofinertia actually has given the press a kind of upper hand, and for that,sometimes they advance further of committing more lapses as thereis no virtual application of defense against the ethical degradation.

Besides, constitutional restrictions, we have a few typical writtenguidelines for the journalists of print media. Journalists’ communityhas a watchdog to watch their activities i.e., the Bangladesh PressCouncil. However, this watchdog is so weak in terms of its area ofacts and strength that it always needs government-pumped oxygen tolive. It has a very limited magistracy power and institutionally not sostrong enough to go for any action against any newspaper that is tocommit any kind of violation of ethics. It is just like big brother, whoscolds newspapers time to time whenever necessary, but thenewspapers mostly overpower the Press Council as their corporatestrength is much more powerful than the power vested on PressCouncil.

As per The Press council Act 1974, the council has introduced 25codes of conduct to be followed by the journalists of print mediummainly as TV medium did not flourish then. Out of 25 codes, not lessthan 15 are at all effective to properly guide the journalists of thenewspapers. Huge overlapping is there and the inner meaning of thecodes is so weak that it does not work effectively. Most of the codes


are not useful, rather a hollow emotional rhetoric. Some of them areso emotional, ambiguous and vague that some people would raiseserious objections about their merits as codes. Very few of them arereally applicable for the journalists whenever they are at work.Without very slim exceptions, the most of the newspapers andjournalists, however, do not bother the codes of conduct and someother do not have even any idea at all. This is the result of no majorpunitive actions being taken from the watchdog of the watchdogs inone end and the journalists are not being well familiar with the codeson the other. Nevertheless, it is a satisfactory note that Bangladeshhas at least a set of written codes for the journalists of print media,but this one is flatly missing for the broadcasting media. Despiteefforts for last fifteen years we are yet to formulate and incorporatea broadcasting policy.

State of Ethical PracticesThe ethical standard of journalism in Bangladesh, television mediain particular, has been remarkably degraded. The trailers of this fieldare very much aware in this issue, but not at all careful regardingappropriate content and tasteful presentation. And all these things arebeing happened as the policy makers of this media are not yetprofessionally or ethically matured or respectful. So, we need abroad-based media policy applicable for all kinds of media involvingthe media associates, the government, the civil society, the mediaacademics and the judiciary. The policy should not be only forprotecting the media from the onslaught of the government forpolitical reasons; it would work just like an umbrella of thewatchdogs (media). Media should not talk about othersaccountability they should take the burden of being monitored. Afull-fledged representative body would get a monitoring power asper this policy which would look after all the goods and bads of themedia; by the side they can have their own alternative training houseto provide a unified, not necessarily universal, training for the

journalists especially ethical issues. In spite of huge criticism duringBDR mutiny issue earned by the television media, it still has beensuffering from an unhealthy and distasteful showmanship. They aregenuinely prejudiced to show sensational objects.

Showing dead bodies of army people wrapped in gunny bagsduring BDR carnage in February, 2009 was simply the manifestationof poor taste by the electronic media. The process of recovering thedead body of a student of Rajshahi University, who was killed by theopponent students’ wing of his organization he belonged anddumped into a manhole couple of years back, was shown in TVscreen spending more than couple of minutes in almost all thetelevision channels. Very recently we have seen in all televisionscreens how one Biswajeet was being murdered. Is it simply forobjectivity?

Instead of being active in bringing the dead man’s burning bodyon our television screen, the television crew should have ratherinitiated the humane effort to put off the blaze from the body and thatwould have been more civilized.

In the UK, the television newscasters caution the viewers of evenflash photography on any news coverage of superstars and we stilloften falter to care for basic human norms in Bangladeshi newschannels.

I do not wish to shudder while watching Bangladeshi channelsany more and would hope that the respected news moderators ofthese television channels would abide by basic internationalstandards of news coverage.

The sudden influx of cable television channels have recruitedmany enthusiastic and sometimes challenging and brave newsreporters but we should also be attentive to training the crew withcode of conduct relating to news coverage (The Daily Star, 2009:13)

On the other day on June 7, 2010 a TV channel of Bangladesh atleast showed a severed head of an unfortunate guy, which oneholding in his lap a hoodlum just went to a hotel demanding hugelump sum otherwise his fate would be like that individual. Not only


the severed head but the dead man’s headless body was also shown.Are these for objectivity or simply showmanship or unethicalcompetition? This is the result of the ‘lust for the first’. You cannotrush only for juicy news and sensational presentation. But, whocares? Journalist himself or gatekeepers like news editors, chiefreporters or policy makers themselves? Nobody knows.

Wrong NourishmentJournalism in Bangladesh right now especially in TV media issimply a glamorous and lucrative job for the to-be-journalists. Theywant to create a glamorous image in the market, and by the side theywant to become financially solvent within very few years after theirentrance in the profession. Very interestingly, the present trendprevailing among the young people is - the boys want to be reportersand the girls either want to be the newscasters or the anchor-person.The face value of a TV reporter or anchor-person pulls financialbenefit from the other side besides journalism field. As soon as theywere hired, they are being asked to jump to the fighting field ofbringing more than one items everyday without providingappropriate enough ethical training and professional integrityAutomatically the editing side has been facing a dearth of goodquality people now, and it has been reflected in the wrongly selectedcontent and treatment, bizarre translation and improperpronunciation, biased and ill-motivated opinion, and lastly alwaysnegative and sensational presentation.

I am completing my write up with a statement, ‘There can be nofreedom unless the Press has the right to be irresponsible’. Would wethink it twice?

ReferenceBiagi, Shirley (1992): Media Impact (An Introduction to Mass Media) 2nd

edition; WadsWorth Publishing Co. CaliforniaBlack, Jay, Bryant, Jennings and Thompson, Susan (1998): Introduction to

Media Communication, 5th edition, McGraw Hill Companies Inc.

Ghosh, Subir (1996): Mass communication Today (In the Indian Context);Profile Publishers,

Calcutta.Meyer, Philip (1987): Ethical Journalism; University Press of AmericaThe Constitution of the people’s Republic of Bangladesh (As modified up

to 2003)Islam, Mufassil (2009). News and ethics (Letter published in the Editorial

page); The Daily Star.

Dr. Sudhangshu Sekhar Roy: Associate Professor, Dept. of MassCommunication and Journalism, University of Dhaka


Experience as Press OmbudspersonMedia Ethics and Professionalism: Dynamics in a

Developing Country

Md. Golam Rahman, PhD

Press in Bangladesh is pursuing its activities to uphold thedemocratic interest of people and is committed to socialresponsibility that springs from the spirit of liberation struggle in1971. Amader Shomoy, a new trend in Bangladesh newspaper arena,introduced an Office of Press Ombudsperson for the first of its kindin Bangladesh on January 01, 2011. Amader Shomoy is a Bengalilanguage daily newspaper published from Dhaka, Bangladesh since2004 by Nayeemul Islam Khan as Editor. The daily hit the market asa small newspaper, comparatively fewer pages and low price. Whenusual daily newspaper used to cost around Tk 8 - 10 (10 cents) whereas Amader Shomoy was priced at Tk 2. The daily became a popularpaper, especially among the commuters, office-goers, shop-keepersand commoners. Initially the paper contained small advertisementsand most of the news presented in a concise format in four pages.Gradually the paper increased its contents and pages and increasedits price to Tk 3 and Tk 4 and added advertisements too.

Press OmbudspersonThe Press Council of Bangladesh, a quasi judicial body, wasestablished in August 1979 under the Press Council Act 1974, with aview to preserve the freedom of the press and to maintain andimprove the standard of newspapers and news agencies inBangladesh. In its capacity, the Press Council as an adjudicatingbody, sitting as a court to inquire into the complaints by the

myeY© msev`/52

aggrieved. The Council has been handling of complaints againstabuses of the press during its existence of more than three decades.The media scenario has expanded in Bangladesh as about 470newspapers are being published of which about 294 are dailynewspapers. Some 98 papers are published from Dhaka, the capitalof Bangladesh and there are weekly and other periodicals. (ABCReport, 12 June 2011). More than one dozen of private televisionchannels are in operation and another dozen of TV channels arewaiting with formal licenses from the government for transmission.So there is still a lot to do in this line.

In general it has been seen that most aggrieved people do not liketo file petition against a newspaper to the courts and often they arereluctant to go to the Press Council, because of lengthy proceduresinvolved in getting remedies, although they feel, they are deprived ofexercising their rights. At the same time the body of the Council getrestructured by the government with a political twist. Often the postof Chairman of the Council became a political appointee. Prevailingthe situation the newspapers and other media never thought ofthemselves to address and mediate the professional grievances, butthe editor of Amader Shomoy stepped in to an environment tointroduce the position of Press Ombudsman. After some consultativemeeting with journalists and media professionals the name has beenconceptualized avoiding gender sensitive word and it became PressOmbudsperson.

With an over-all objective the Office of Ombudsperson wouldlook at to improve the quality of reporting and presentation of newsof Amader Shomoy. With this motto, the Office of the PressOmbudsperson has been established and the functions of the officewould be drafted to discharge accordingly. It has been apparent thatthis office might play pivotal role in providing adjudication to theaggrieved maintaining the freedom of the press.

The Office of Ombudsperson at Amader Shomoy may beconsidered as a buffer between the press and people. Theestablishment of the Office of Press Ombudsperson followed therealization of the requirement for an independent authority for

safeguarding the freedom of the press and protecting individuals andinstitutions from excess by the journalists.

In general, an ombudsperson would handle complaints andattempts to find mutually satisfactory solutions. A pressombudsperson receives and investigates complaints from readers ofthe newspaper Amader Shomoy of accuracy, fairness, balance andgood taste in news coverage. S/he would recommend appropriateremedies or responses to correct or clarify news reports. PressOmbudsperson of Amader Shomoy will also keep an eye to take suomottu decision to ask for explanation to a reporter/journalist/writerof any news that seems objectionable to good journalistic practice orpublic taste.

Functions of OmbudspersonThe Office of Ombudsperson will perform the following functionsfor Amader Shomoy:

1.To facilitate the newspaper to maintain freedom of expressionguaranteed in the Constitution.2.To provide the public with fair, free and quick method ofresolving any complaints they may have pertaining to thenewspaper.3.To develop a professional code of ethics for the journalists.4.To activate the Office of Press Ombudsperson to provideremedies to the aggrieved.

Goal to Achieve Good Journalistic PracticeBy doing so the Office of Press Ombudsperson (OPO) will achievethe following:

a) Facilitate the profession of journalism by achieving highethical standards in reporting and presentation of news, views,pictures, advertisements and other contents.b) Create a credible news environment and make the pressaccountable to the society.c) Make a forum for exchanging experiences, opinions,information among the internal public as well as external publicof the newspaper.

myeY© msev`/54 Media Ethics and Professionalism/55

d) Develop the perception of ventilating public participation onmedia contents.e) Keep contacts with editors, professional organizations, PressCouncils and other media houses to enhance the standard ofjournalism.

ModalitiesThe Office of Press Ombudsperson (OPO) at Amader Shomoy willoperate by the spirit of Code of ethics [appendix-A] that has beenadopted for Amader Shomoy or any addition and/or alterationthereof time to time with the following outlines:

When a person feels that s/he is affected by a report/ reportspublished in the newspaper because of breaching the code ofethicsthen s/he can lodge a complaint against the paper to the editormentioning her/his grievances. If s/he does not get any remedy fromthe editor then s/he can complain to the Office of PressOmbudsperson.

Complaint must be filed within one month of the publication oforiginal item.

The plaintiff/applicant should explain why and how s/he is beingaffected by the printed report/picture/write-up.

The plaintiff/applicant should state if a report/picture/write-uppublished is not true or not based on facts that affect her/him ordamages her/his reputation or defamatory in nature.

To file a complaint to OPO is free of charge.Any interested members of the public can lodge a complaint with

the OPO against newspaper items they regard as a violation of goodjournalistic practice. But the person to whom the article relates mustprovide written consent if the complaint is to result in formalcriticism of the newspaper.

The newspaper that has been found to violate good journalisticpractice is expected to publish the written decision of the PressOmbudsperson. Press Ombudsperson (PO) will scrutiny theapplication filed and will judge the allegation against the paper.

The PO has reason to believe that the newspaper has offendedagainst code of ethics, the PO, after giving the reporter, chief

reporter, sub-editor, news editor, or a journalist, or editorial staff, oreditor concerned with the publication of the report an opportunity ofbeing heard, hold an inquiry. Thereafter, if the PO is satisfied s/hecan in writing warn, admonish or censure the reporter or/and thejournalist involved, as the case may be. S/he may also instruct thenewspaper to publish the decision or the notice of reprimand toreporter/journalist concerned on the case when deemed necessary.

If the PO is of opinion that it is necessary in the public interest,so to do, it may require any staff of the newspaper to be summonedor asked to explain on the publication of an item or on an issue ortreatment of any news or item.

Experiences as Press Ombudsperson Journalists at Amader Shomoy at its house meeting informed theirlimitation of professional knowledge. The Ombudsperson reviewedthe prevailing practices at the house and felt to prepare a set ofjournalistic code. Newspapers in Bangladesh inherited traditionallaws, rules, and some norms to run their profession and business andwith few exceptions no newspaper has a written code of ethics.Many of them follow the traditions and precedents as well as seniors'experiences. On the appointment of Press Ombudsperson, the editorof the paper invited some editors and senior journalists to exchangeviews and opinions on the activities and terms of reference of newlyappointed Ombudsperson and its office since it was for the first timein this country.

On understanding and reviewing the press codes and activities ofPress Ombudsman in several countries and also activities of PressCouncils in different parts of the world this Press Ombudspersoncompiled and drafted a set of code of ethics to be followed by thejournalists of Amader Shomoy. The draft code was discussed withthe journalists of the paper in several sessions and latter the draft-code was circulated and discussed with journalism teachers of theuniversity and foreign experts. Opinion provided by them wereincorporated in the code and a spirit of fair journalism infused in thedocument. On the basis of the draft-code of ethics the reports of


journalists were reviewed and directions given to them. Theombudsperson usually marks published items which does notmaintain the code of ethics and the person(s) involved in writing orediting had been served a notice from the Office of Ombudspersonto appear before the office and defense themselves. After the hearingor written statement by a journalist the ombudsperson issue ajudgment. Often the incumbent journalist gets warning or censuredon the act and sometimes instructions were given to printcorrections. Many of those cases were undertaken as suo motto bythe Ombudsperson. It started with an announcement made in thepaper on 9th July 2011 (appendix-B). Later, an analytical articlefrom the Office of Press Ombudsperson mentioning several caseswas also published (appendix - C).

In some cases it has been observed that the lapses werecommitted by journalists by ignorance of ethics and some timepolicy of the paper was responsible where editorial decision playedimportant role. Some news items had been adjudged as product ofshabby and slap-dash writing, which suffered from journalisticstandard. Some items got published without verification of facts andhappenings by reporters, although they were not challenged by anyparty, but the Office of Ombudsperson scrutinized them and theconcerned reporters were admonished and warned in future this sortof report should not appear any more. On publication of indecentadvertisement, the Office of Ombudsperson issued direction infuture to look at advertisements contain illicit texts and illustrationsbefore publication and take steps not publish them.

When there was a written complaint by an aggrieved personagainst any published news the Office of Ombudsperson issued aformal notice to the concerned reporter to appear at the Office. Onhearing of the reporter and after a conversation with him about thefactual integrity, the Office come to a decision whether s/he shouldbe served with notice of a caution in future/ a warning, or s/he shouldbe admonished/ censured, or any other punishment. The wordpunishment has been used as action of professional discipline.

It has been observed that some news item published in oneedition of the day became shortened in another edition, but lost itsoriginality and suffered from factual integrity. Sometimes news waswritten very loosely without following basic structure of news by thenews practitioners, resulting denial of readers' rights as consumers ofinformation. It has also been observed that there was news itempublished with pseudo name and the newspaper hold theresponsibility of the published item, although the person could not beheld responsible and accountable when the factual integrity was inquestion (News published on 26 April 2011, page 8). For one suchpublished item the editor apologized unconditionally.

ConclusionIn this brief period of the Office of Ombudsperson in AmaderShomoy in a country like Bangladesh, I understand a job that hadbeen created which showed spectrum of expectations and enormousresponsibilities, at the same time it would require big deal of newculture to be nurtured. The journalists in the newspaper initially felttensed and fear on the emergence of the Office of Ombudsperson andmany felt hidden pressure on their less-cared activities. On the otherhand the over-all standard of the newspaper is in question, especiallythe publication of unethical advertisements in some editions. Theactivities of the Office of Ombudsperson alone may not bring aqualitative change in the profession unless economic emancipationof the journalists and employees take place. It seems, the journalistsand staff in general are low paid resulting their motivation in theprofession is partially hampered. There is a problem with theownership of the paper which recently put it to the court. At the sametime the Office of Ombudsperson faces a reality of uneasy workingsituation, hopefully, for the time being.

The Office of the Press Ombudsperson will prevail above aperson's activity rather than it should grow as an institution of mediaprofessionalism. Ombudsperson has written several columns in thepaper mentioning the contribution of Press Ombudsman in differentcountries journalism and desired a historic role of Amader Shomoy


in the healthy journalism of the nation. Many newspapers in thecountry will initiate the process of establishing Office ofOmbudsman, a few have already looking for appropriate persons forthe job. But future is not that bright, a lot of hurdles to be crossedsuccessfully by the press authorities - the editors, the managers, theowners, and above all, the press people.

The paper was presented by Professor M. Golam Rahman, PressOmbudsperson of Daily Amader Shomoy (January - August, 2011) atthe Annual Conference of Organization of News Ombudsmen (ONO)held in Copenhagen, May 22, 2012.

Appendix

Office of the Press Ombudsperson (OPO)Code of Ethics for Amader Shomoy

Ethics for journalists working in Amader Shomoy:1. Journalist will expose the truth and present incident objectively.2. Journalist will not publish anything which is indecent. Journalist willavoid indecent and crude words.3. Journalist will bring to light truth with utmost honesty and impartiality.4. It is responsibility of reporter to mention source of news. Reporter mustmention source for the sake of credibility of the news. It is also ethical dutyof the reporter to maintain confidentiality of the source if the source prefersnot to be named for security. In such case reporter will not break promisegiven to source.5. Any mistake be it unintentional or intentional goes against principles ofjournalism. Corrigendum must be published as soon as mistake is detected.Corrigendum must get same treatment in terms of importance andplacement as the original news.6. Reporter can seek information from any individual, authority ororganization but can not force them to get it.7. In case of any allegation against any person in a report, the person mustget chance for self defence.8. Journalist or newspaper can not interfere in personal life of a person.Personal life has a boundary. If activities of a person affect general people,

harms the country or hamper public interests, report can be published on theperson's activities.9. While filing a negative report about a person, personal life, religion,gender, cloths, physical or mental disabilities, sex habit etc. must beavoided.10. Making defamatory and objectionable comments against an accusedperson before conviction go against principles of journalism. A personunder trial can be termed accused, not criminal.11. Newspaper must not make comment on a convicted person that mayhumiliate parents, relatives in the society.12. Newspaper should not run negative report or make mockery of mentallyand physically challenged persons. Journalist must keep it in mind that theyare integral part of the society.13. There should not be any negative reporting or effort belittling anyreligion, ethnic group, gender or life style, food habit, culture etc.14. Journalist must maintain restraint and patience in dealing with sensitiveor sensational issues. Journalist must not file a write-up which will worsenthe situation.15. Journalist must be respectful to different ethnic groups, religion, colorand nation. It is moral obligation of reporters to show respect to their lifestyle and characteristics.16. Journalist will not write to serve special class. Reporter can not feel tobelong to special class. Reporter will expose news to public with utmostneutrality. Nurturing own like, dislikes or aligning with a particular quarteris against norms of journalism.17. Newspaper cannot reprint other's writeup or publication withoutpermission. Source must be mentioned while quoting information from anybook and newspaper.18. Reporter will not file report in favor or against a person in exchange ofmoney or benefits.19. Reporter will not take money, gift or bribe from a source. Reporter willnot give in to temptation which may influence professional duties. Reportercan though receive a courtesy gift presented to all reporters in a program.Reporter should not accept a travel offer proposed by an organization forown interest. In special circumstances reporter can accept travel offer butshould not divert from his/her responsibilities.20. Journalist must perform duty going beyond narrow political mindset.Newspaper can carry report on politics. But newspaper will not play such a


role that will give impression to readers that it is aligning with a particularpolitical party.21. While filing report on crime, journalist must keep in mind that reportingshould not spread criminal incidents. Rather it should focus on bad thingsabout crime and point to reason to criminal incidents.22. Journalist must be watchful that any advertisement cannot be presentedin disguise of news.23. Journalist has to be careful in writing report on women so that a reportmay not dishonor women community.24. Journalist must consider human right issue in reporting on women,children and human trafficking. If photograph needs to be published, facehas to be covered or filter can be used so that they are not dishonored.Reporter must refrain from mentioning name of victim. Fictitious name canbe used.25. Indecent, vulgar or gruesome photograph should not be published.Journalist must refrains from publishing any photograph which may hurtssocial values.

Appendix - B

Avgv‡ì mgqmsev` b¨vqcvj `ßi

Kvh©Ki c`‡¶‡ci ïi“‡Z...

W. †Mvjvg ingvb

Avgv‡ì mgq evsjv‡`‡k msev` b¨vqcvj cÖeZ©b K‡i AvaywbK mvsevw`KZv †ckvq GKwU bZzb gvÎv‡hvM Kij| evsjv‡`‡k mvsevw`KZvq msev` b¨vqcvj Gi cÖeZ©b GB cÖ_g, ¯^vfvweKfv‡e msev`b¨vqcv‡ji `ßi‡K Kvh©Ki iƒc †`qvI GKwU bZzb D‡`¨vM I bZzb P¨v‡jÄ|

msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg‡K msMwVZ Kivi j‡¶¨ ïi“‡ZB we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡”Q Gi AvIZvwKsev cwiwa Ges iƒc‡iLv| iƒc‡iLv wba©vi‡Yi †cÖ¶vcU we‡ePbvq wewfbœ †`‡ki msev` b¨vqcv‡jiKvh©µg M‡elYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z g‡b n‡q‡Q, cÖwZwU msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg I `vq`vwqZ¡ wfbœGes GK †`‡ki wKsev GKwU cwÎKvi msev` b¨vqcv‡ji m‡½ Aci msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg I`vq`vwq‡Z¡i wgj †bB| Z‡e Kvh©cwiwai aib Ges eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqvq h‡_ó wgj i‡q‡Q| GBaviYv (perception) †_‡K msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg I Kvh©cwiwa wbav©i‡Yi †¶‡Î GBmsev`c‡Îi Rb¨ GKwU bxwZgvjv (code of ethics) cÖYxZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

hwÌ cÖwZwU msev`cÎ KwZcq bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K cwiPvwjZ I cwi‡ewkZ n‡q _v‡K wKš‘

Avgv‡ì †`‡k †ewkifvM msev`c‡Îi †¶‡Î wjwLZfv‡e msev`c‡Îi bxwZgvjv cÖYxZ nqwb|evsjv‡`k †cÖm KvDwÝ‡ji B‡Zvc~‡e© 21 aviv m¤^wjZ GKwU bxwZgvjv wb‡q mvsevw`K gnj mš‘ón‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv e‡jwQ‡jb bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡b Zuv‡ì m¤ú„³ Kiv nqwb| †WBwj ÷vi-GicÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K Gm. Gg. Avjx cÖm½Z D‡j�L K‡iwQ‡jb †h Avgiv cwi¯‹vi cUf‚wg †_‡K†Kv‡bv KvR ïi“ Ki‡Z cvwibv ("We are unable to start on a clean state." Ñ DailyStar, July 20, 1993)|

G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡ì mgq-Gi msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg‡K djcÖmyfv‡e GwM‡q †bqvi Rb¨ GKwUbxwZgvjvi Lmov wb‡q Bb-nvDm mvsevw`K‡ì mv‡_ K‡qK `dv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AZtciK‡qKRb wmwbqi mvsevw`K I mvsevw`KZvi †`wk-we‡`wk wk¶K‡ì m‡½ G wel‡q gZwewbgq Kivn‡q‡Q Ges GwU P~ovš— Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q| mvsevw`KZvi GB bxwZgvjv bv †g‡b †Kv‡bvmsev` cwi‡ewkZ n‡j †mwUi e¨vcv‡i †ckvMZ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB †ckvMZ eë¯’vMÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î m¤úv`Kxq wm×vš— A‡bK‡¶‡Î h_v_©fv‡e †bqv nqbv; A‡bKmgq Gwo‡q hvIqv nq|bxwZgvjv bv gvbvi Kvi‡Y cÖKvwkZ msev‡ì cwiYwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôvb cÖwZev` Ki‡Zcv‡ib; cÖwZKvi PvB‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZKvi weav‡b msev`b¨vqcvj m‡Pó _vK‡eb| msev` b¨vqcv‡jiKvh©vjq G‡¶‡Î Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|

msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kv‡Ri cwiwai Ab¨Zg GKwU n‡”Q ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q Avgv‡ì mg‡q cÖKvwkZbxwZgvjv jswNZ n‡q‡Q Ggb msev` m¤ú‡K© eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv| GB j‡¶¨ KwZcq cÖKvwkZ msev`msev` b¨vqcv‡ji `„wó AvKwl©Z n‡q‡Q Ges mswk�ó mvsevw`K‡ì Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v wKsev ˆKwdq‡Zi†cÖ¶vc‡U †ckvMZ eë¯’v †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mvsevw`KZvi gv‡bvbœq‡b I Revew`wnZvg~jKmvsevw`KZvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡iB msev`b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg Pvjy n‡q‡Q| GB Kvh©µg djcÖmyKi‡Z cÖKvwkZ msev` Gi wel‡q hw` †KD †Kv‡bv cÖwZKvi wKsev cÖwZweavb Pvb, wZwbmsev`b¨vqcv‡ji `ß‡i Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib:

Avgv‡ì mgq msev` b¨vqcvj `ßi ˆ`wbK Avgv‡ì mgq, 65 gqgbwmsn †ivW, evsjvgUi, XvKv -1000 †dvb: 9666401B‡gBj: [email protected]

Appendix – C

Avgv‡ì mgqmsev`b¨vqcvj `ßi

mvsevw`K‡K Revew`wn n‡Z n‡e

W. †Mvjvg ingvb

evsjv‡`‡k msev` b¨vqcvj welqK aviYvwU GKev‡i bZzb, hwÌ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k GwU Pvjyi‡q‡Q| Rvcv‡b 1922 mv‡j msev`cÎ cvVK‡ì Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU KwgwU MwVZn‡qwQj| †UvwKI‡Z Avkvwn wm¤^yb cwÎKv G D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQj Zvi cÖvq 26 eQi c‡i w` BDwgDwiwkLyb Zv‡ì ÷vd‡ì wb‡q †m KvM‡Ri gvb ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡i| 1951 mv‡j


GB KwgwU IgeyWmg¨vb KwgwU wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq Ges hv bvwK eZ©gv‡b cvVK‡ì Awf‡hvM †kv‡bGes cwÎKvi m¤úv`K‡ì m‡½ Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|

msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg B`vwbs DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq, BD‡iv‡c, Avwd«Kvq Ges Gwkqvqwewfbœ †`‡k Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ †`‡k Gi Kvh©µg wfbœ gvÎvq cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| miKv‡iikvmb eë¯’vq Ôb¨vqcvjÕ mvaviYZ cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wb®úwË K‡i _v‡Kb| myB‡W‡b1809 mv‡j me©cÖ_g †m‡`‡ki miKv‡i wei“‡× bvMwiK‡ì Awf‡hvM †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ b¨vqcvjwbhy³ Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î K‡c©v‡ikb, nvmcvZvj, wek¦we`¨vjq Ges Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vqb¨vqcvj wb‡qv‡Mi weavb i‡q‡Q|

msev` b¨vqcvj mvaviYZ Kx fzwgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K? †`Lv hvq, cvVK/`k©K †kÖvZvi Awf‡hvMwb®úwË KivB msev` b¨vqcv‡jb cÖavb KvR| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Î wZwb cvV‡Ki cÖwZwbwa; evÔcvV‡Ki A¨vW‡fv‡KUÕ KL‡bv cvewjK GwWUi| wfbœ †`‡ki wfbœ cwiw¯’wZ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvmsev`c‡Î wZwb ms‡kvab cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib; KL‡bv †Kv‡bv msev`c‡Îi wbDR‡jUv‡ii Rb¨cvVK Awf‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z Kjvg †j‡Lb; KL‡bv Rb¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmy¨‡Z wZwb e¨vL¨v we‡k�lY IweZK© Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb| Z‡e cvV‡Ki ¯^v_©‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv ZviAb¨Zg `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq|

Avqvij¨v‡Û msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg mKj msev`cÎ, g¨vMvwRb I gyw`ªZ gva¨g hviv †cÖmKvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ Zv‡ì wb‡q cwiMwYZ n‡q _v‡K| myB‡W‡b msev` b¨vqcv‡ji Kvh©µg Pvjy nq1969 mv‡j| †h‡Kv‡bv e¨w³i mvsevw`KZvq my¯’ †ckvi e¨Z¨q †`L‡j Awf‡hvM Avb‡Z cv‡ibmsev`b¨vqcv‡ji Kv‡Q| `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq RbMY I msev`c‡Îi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ eRvq ivLvi j‡¶¨†cÖm KvDwÝj, †cÖm IgeyWmg¨vb, †cÖm A¨vwcj c¨v‡bjm we`¨gvb| fvi‡Zi Ôw` wn›`yÕ msev`c‡ÎicvVK‡ì cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ÔcvewjK GwWUiÕ i‡q‡Qb|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i w` jyBwf‡j UvBgm 1967 mv‡ji Ry‡b †cÖm IgeyWmg¨vb wbhy³ K‡i AviKvbvWvq wbhy³ K‡i w` U‡i‡›Uv ÷vi 1972 mv‡j|

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Lmov bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Kiv nq Ges †m¸‡jv BbnvDm mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨ `yÕ`dvq Av‡jvPbvAbywôZ nq| Zvici GB bxwZgvjv wb‡q wmwbqi mvsevw`K I mvsevw`KZvi wk¶K‡ì g‡a¨gZwewbgq nq| Lmov bxwZgvjvwU P‚ovš—fv‡e MÖn‡Yi A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q| GB bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡Kmsev` b¨vqcv‡ji `ß‡ii Kvh©vewj cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cvi‡e| GB bxwZgvjv f‡½i Kvi‡Y msev`c‡Îimswk�ó mvsevw`K‡K Revew`wn n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡i †ckvi DbœwZ n‡e; cvVK‡ì AwaKvi wbwðZn‡e; Ges m‡e©vcwi Avgv‡ì mgq-G Revew`wnZvg~jK mvsevw`KZv eRvq _vK‡e| G‡Z K‡i†`‡ki mvwe©K mvsevw`KZvi bZzb gvÎv hy³ n‡e|

Z‡e msk‡qi †h my‡hvM †bB Zv bq| hw` msev` b¨vqcvj Zuvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© nb Zv n‡jKx n‡e? wKsev msev`c‡Îi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix ev m¤úv`K A_ev Aci msev`c‡Îi m‡½ GB msev`c‡Îim¤úK© hw` Ø›`g~jK †Kvb Ae¯’vq (conflict of interest) †cuŠQvq, Zv n‡j Kx n‡e? G mKjcÖ‡kœi cvkvcvwk Avkvi K_v n‡”Q, msev`c‡Îi G mKj Av‡jvPbv-chv©‡jvPbv MYgva¨‡gi †ckvqbZzb cÖZK© (discourse) AeZviYv Ki‡e| msev` b¨vqcv‡ji BwZevPK f‚wgKv †ckvq †g›Uwis(mentoring) Gi f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| msev` b¨vqcv‡ji `ßi e¨w³i D‡a© †_‡K cÖvwZôvwbKiƒc cv‡e|

Avgiv Avkvq euvP‡Z PvB| D¾¡j-†cÖv¾¡j †nvK Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv|

Md. Golam Rahman, PhD: Professor, Dept. of Mass Communication,University of Dhaka


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Kv‡eix Mv‡qb

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2011 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i `¨ weªwUk †cÖm Kgc�v‡q›Um Kwgkb †di GB †KvW‡KSvjvB K‡i‡Q| GB †Kv‡Wi 10 b¤î Dc-avivq K¬v‡ÛmUvBb wWfvB‡mmmveUviwdDR Dcwk‡ivbv‡g ejv n‡q‡Q:

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Z_¨m~ÎDatta, Polash. 2012. “The Economist violates the British press codes.” E-Bangladesh. http://www.ebangladesh.com/2012/12/10/the-economist-violates-the-british-press-code/Editors’ Code of Practice. Press Complaints Commission.http://www.pcc.org.uk/cop/practice.htmlcÖ_g Av‡jv| 2012| ÔÔevsjv‡`k cÖwZw`b-Gi wbtkZ© ¶gv cÖv_©bvÓ| http://prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-12-19/news/314497

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myeY© msev`/96 ÔBwWqU e·Õ/97

evsjv µgk cwiYZ n‡”Q GKwU evw›` (evsjv+wnw›`) fvlvq| A_P evOvwj evevsjv‡`wk †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi RvZxqZvev`x‡ìB G wb‡q we‡kl gv_v e¨_v Av‡Q e‡j g‡bnqwb KLbI| Avi Ab¨w`‡K M½v, wZ¯—v Avi mxgvš— Bmyï g‡Zv Amgvß, AKvh©KiAvi Aby”PvwiZ i‡q †M‡Q fvi‡Z evsjv‡`wk wUwf m¤cÖPv‡ii welqwUI| Dfq †`‡kiKZ©ve¨w³iv gv‡S gv‡S gyL †Lv‡jb e‡U, nq‡Zv evwK cy‡iv mgqUv Kzjyc Gu‡U ivLviRb¨| cÖPvi Av‡Q, cwðge‡½i †Kej Avcv‡iUiiv evsjv‡`wk P¨v‡bj gvwjK‡ì KvQ†_‡K †gvUv As‡Ki UvKv `vwe Ki‡Q bq‡Zv m¤cÖPvi Ki‡e bv e‡j mvd Rvwb‡q‡Q|Avi evsjv‡`‡ki P¨v‡bj gvwjKiv g‡b Ki‡Qb, IUv K÷-B‡dKwUf n‡e bv|mgv‡jvPKiv Aek¨ ej‡Qb, cwðge‡½ evsjv‡`wk c‡Yï evRvi we¯—vi †VKv‡ZB †è-w`w”Q e‡j Icvi evsjvi G jy‡KvPzwi|

gvIev`x I fviZ miKv‡ii GKRb ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e Ai“ÜZx ivq 2010mv‡j ïi“i w`‡K fvi‡Zi QwËkM‡oi `v‡š—k¦ix gw›`‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| mgm¨vmgvavbK‡í ¯’vbxq cywjk mycvi Ai“ÜZx ivq‡K GKwU cÖ¯—ve †`b| cÖ¯—veUzKz cywjkmycv‡ii gy‡LB †kvbv hvK, Ô†`Lyb g¨vg, †LvjvLywj ewj, GB mgm¨vi mgvavb cywjk ev†mbvevwnbx w`‡q n‡e bv| Gme DcRvZxq‡ì mgm¨v n‡jv, Zviv †jvf †ev‡S bv|Zv‡ì †jvfx K‡i Zzj‡Z bv cvi‡j Avgv‡ì †Kv‡bv Avkv †bB| Avwg Avgvi em‡Ke‡jwQ, evwnbx¸‡jv mwi‡q wbb Avi cÖ‡Z¨K Avwèvmxi evwo‡Z GKwU K‡i †Uwjwfkbw`‡q w`b| †`L‡eb, mewKQz wVK n‡q hv‡eÕ| d‡j †jvfx K‡i Zzj‡Z †h †Uwjwfk‡biweKí †bB †mUv eyS‡Z cviv †Lv` QwËkM‡oi cywjk mycv‡ii Kv‡QI Rjer-Zijmg|

Z‡e wK G Kvi‡YB wUwf‡K ÔBwWqU e·Õ ejv nq? cvVK Avcbv‡ì g‡a¨ Avgvig‡Zv hviv A-Ávbx wKsev AÁvbx i‡q‡Qb Zviv nq‡Zv GgbwUB fve‡eb| nq‡Zvfve‡eb, Avgviv wb‡Riv BwWqU e‡j wUwf †`wL, bq‡Zv wUwf †`L‡Z †`L‡Z GK mgqwb‡RivB BwWqU e‡b hvB? auvauv e‡U! Z‡e BwWqU e·wU mwZ¨B †MvUv gvbe RvwZ‡K†h Gš—vi msK‡Ui gy‡L ‡V‡j w`‡q‡Q Zv LvwbKUv D‡b¥vwPZ nq m¤¢eZ GB K_vq ÑÔThe human race is faced with a cruel choice: work or television’|

L. Avjg: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

†Uwjwfk‡b msev` cwi‡ek‡bi †SuvK I cÖeYZv: evsjv‡`kcwi‡cÖw¶Z

†ivev‡qZ †di‡`Šm

“If there’s anything that’s important to a reporter, it is integrity. Itis credibility.”– Mike Wallace

“If I had my choice I would kill every reporter in the world, but Iam sure we would be getting reports from Hell before breakfast.”– William Tecumseh Sherman

evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi-†emiKvwi wgwj‡q GLb `yÕWR‡biI †ewk †Uwjwfkb Zv‡ìmsev` I Abyôvb m¤úªPvi Ki‡Q; wewUwf hvÎv ïi“ K‡iwQj 1964 mv‡j,ZrKvjxb c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b; Z‡e Gi PwiÎ Kx ùvov‡e Zvi Rvbvb †Ìqv n‡qwQjD‡Øvabx w`‡bB; mvgwiK kvmK AvBqye Lvb hLb XvKv †K‡›`ªi D‡Øvab KiwQ‡jbwVK †mB mg‡q cë‡b we‡ivax`jxq †bÎx dv‡Zgv wRbœvi mgv‡e‡k PjwQj AvBqyeLvb Gi wei“‡× MY-Am‡š—vl I we‡¶vf| wUwf‡Z †mw`‡bi msev` cwi‡ekbvqmiKviwe‡ivax IB Kg©m~wPi wQ‡U‡duvUvI cÖPvi nqwb| AvR Pvi hyM c‡i G‡m hw`wewUwfi msev` cwi‡ek‡bi aib I Av‡aq g~j¨vqb Kwi, Zvn‡j ej‡Z nq, †mBRvqMv †_‡K wewUwf GK BwÂI †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| Ab¨w`‡K 1997 mv‡jAuvZzo Ni †_‡K ïi“ nIqv †emiKvwi MYgva¨‡gi †ek K‡qKwU, GLb ejv hvq,†ek k³ wf‡Zi Ici wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’vb ùvo Kiv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q; K‡qKwU P¨v‡bjwb‡R‡ì Ae¯’vb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †Rvi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q; K‡qKwU Pj‡Q Luywo‡qLuywo‡q; K‡qKwUi Kvh©µg †`‡L GB mskq Rv‡M †h, Av‡`Š Zviv wUwfmvsevw`KZvi †ckv`vwi g‡bvfve wb‡q `xN©‡gqvw` wPš—v Ki‡Q wKbv| Kb‡U›U,†UK‡bvjwR I †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Ñ GB wZbwUB n‡”Q wUwf mvsevw`KZvi cÖavb w`K|GKwU P¨v‡bj Ab¨wUi †P‡q cÖwZ‡hvvwMZvq KZUv GwM‡q _vK‡e ev wcwQ‡q co‡eZv wbf©i K‡i GB wZbwU wel‡qi jvMmB eënv‡ii Dci| GB †jLvq Avgv‡ì wUwfwgwWqvq msev` cwi‡ek‡bi cÖavb wKQz †SuvK I cÖeYZv mbv³ Kivi †Póv Kivn‡q‡Q, wKQy `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv KvwU‡q D‡V Kxfv‡e `vwqZ¡kxjmvsevw`KZv‡K Av‡iv `~i Aewa GwM‡q †bIqv hvq Zvi wKQy mycvwikI D‡j�L Kivn‡q‡Q|

myeY© msev`/98

BwZevPK w`Kwelq-êwPÎ¨: msev` cwi‡ek‡b B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi welq-êwPÎ¨ wbtm‡›`‡ncÖksmvi `vwe iv‡L| P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡Z Av‡Mi †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡qi PvB‡Z GLb eûgyLx,eûgvwÎK I wewPÎ me wel‡q msev` cwi‡ewkZ n‡”Q| †kqvievRvi †_‡K †mwjweªwUÑ RbAvMÖ‡ni cÖwZwU welqB GLb msev‡ì Dcv`vb; RbwbivcËv †_‡K Rb`y‡fv©MwbDR fwjqy¨‡g Aš—f©y³ n‡”Q meB; K…wl †_‡K K…wó Ñ wbDR Kvfv‡iR †_‡K ev`hv‡”Q bv †Kv‡bv wKQzB; msev‡ì fwjqy¨gI A‡bK †e‡o‡Q; msL¨v †e‡o‡QK‡qK¸Y, gvby‡li A¨vK‡mm, Ackbm I P‡q‡mm †e‡o‡Q| wgwWqvi ÔIqvPWMÕ evÔmvi‡fB‡jÝÕ dvskb †Rvi`vi n‡q‡Q| wUwf wgwWqv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B ÔAvB AbMfb©‡g›UÕ n‡q D‡V‡Q; †Kv‡bv welqB GLb †Mvcb _vK‡Q bv; miKv‡ii cvkvcvwkRbm¤ú„³ Av‡Q Ggb cÖwZôv‡bi Ici wgwWqvi bRi`vwi K‡qK¸Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q|Gi ga¨ w`‡q Kv‡Ri Ô¯^”QZvÕ I ÔRevew`wnZvi KvVv‡gvÕ ˆZwii m¤¢vebv ˆZwin‡q‡Q| ejv nq mgq GLb †¯úkvjvB‡Rk‡bi; Gi m‡½ Zvj †i‡L msev‡ìI cÖPziwelqwfwËK †¯úkvjvB‡Rkb N‡U‡Q; Gi mgvš—iv‡j AwW‡qÝI Ô†mM‡g‡›UWÕ n‡q†M‡Q; †KD †KejB †¯úvU©m †KD-ev ïayB †kqvi gv‡K©U ev d¨vkb msev‡` AvMÖnxI Avm³ n‡q DV‡Q| msev` cwi‡ek‡b K…wl, A_©bxwZ, eëmvq, AvBwU Iwk¶vg~jK welqvw` †hŠw³Kfv‡eB evowZ ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q| wRwWwc‡Z weivU Ae`vbivL‡Q K…wl, cÖvq 20%, Ges cÖZ¨¶fv‡e K…wli m‡½ †`‡ki 45-48 fvM gvby‡liRxeb-RxweKv RwoZ, Zey evsjv‡`‡ki g~j avivi mvsevw`KZvq K…wl wQjAe‡nwjZ| †Mj GK `k‡K Zv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, K…wl GLb mvsevw`KZvi Ab¨Zg¸i“Z¡c~Y© weU wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GB K…wZ‡Z¡i wmsnfvM Aek¨B kvBLwmivR `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Dc¯’vcbv I ˆkjx: msev` Dc¯’vcbv I ˆkjx‡Z ¸YMZ cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q;MÖvwd·, dz‡UR, A¨vwb‡gkb, fvi‡Kv, wfwWI UvBjm, BGbwcGm, B›Uv‡iw±wfwUI bvbvwea cÖhyw&³i eënv‡i bZzbZ¡ G‡m‡Q| NUbv NUvgvÎ AKz¯’j †_‡K wi‡qjUvB‡g Pj‡Q msev‡ì jvBf m¤úªPvi| msev` cwi‡ekb GLb Avi BDwbwjwbqvi evGKgyLx †Kv‡bv welq bq; Av‡Mi †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡qi PvB‡Z GLb Zv A‡bK †ewkB›Uv‡iw±f| †Kej wØgyLx bq, AwW‡qÝ Avi MYgva¨‡gi m¤úK© GLb wewPÎ IeûgyLx; msev‡ì m‡½ wbqZ AwW‡q‡Ýi wg_w¯Œqv Pj‡Q|

Dbœqb msev`: cwigvY I ¸i“‡Z¡i wePv‡i wUwf P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡Z ivRbxwZiLeiB mevi †_‡K GwM‡q, Gic‡i Av‡Q Aciva, µxov msev`; wKš‘ wUwf

P¨v‡bj¸‡jvi M‡elYv ev AwW‡qÝ Rwic Kiv DwPZ †h, Av‡`Š AwW‡qÝ `yB †bÎxiwKsev `yB `‡ji †bZv‡ì ci¯ú‡ii w`‡K Quy‡o †Ìqv GKB K_vi Zzewo w`‡bici w`b ïb‡Z Pvq wKbv? Gme msev` RvwZi ¯^v‡_©, RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y †Kv‡bv Kv‡Rjv‡M wKbv? gvby‡li Kv‡Q ivR‰bwZK SMov, evK-weZ v, msNvZ-gvivgvwii Lei†ewk ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q Zz‡j a‡i AwW‡qÝ‡K nZvkvMÖ¯— Kiv n‡e, bv wK gvby‡li fvM¨cvëv‡bvi msMÖvg, cwi‡ek, weKí Rxeb-RxweKv Z_v Dbœq‡bi Lei w`‡qZv‡ì‡K †`k MV‡b D¾xweZ Kiv n‡e Ñ cÖPvwiZ msev` I Abyôv‡bi Av‡aq†`L‡jB wgwWqvi m¤úv`Kxq †SuvKwU †Kvb w`‡K Zv ¯úó n‡e| Ô†W_-wWRv÷viÕ-Gi e„Ëve× KvVv‡gv‡K cvëv‡bv ìKvi wKbv Ñ wUwf¸‡jvi mgq G‡m‡Q Zv †f‡e†`Lvi| Ôe¨vW wbDR BR ¸W wbDRÕ GB cyi‡bv Avßev‡Kï wecix‡Z Ô¸W wbDRBR ¸W wbDRÕ Ñ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ †`‡k mvsevw`KZvi GB PP©vwUB†Rv‡i‡kv‡i ïi“ Kiv Ri“wi wKbv †m cÖkœ Kievi mgq †evanq G‡m‡Q| Z‡eGUv wVK †h, Dbœqb msev` Av‡Mi PvB‡Z †ewk cwigv‡Y cwi‡ewkZ n‡”Q; Z‡eDbœqb wi‡cv‡U©i mwZ¨Kvi †h `k©b Ñ Mwie, cÖvwš—K, mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb I`vwi`ª wb‡q m‡iRwgb wi‡cvU© Ñ †mLv‡b GL‡bv NvUwZ Av‡Q| msev` cwi‡ek‡bZ‡_ï Ici weËnxb-ewÂZ gvby‡li AwfMg¨Zv I ¯^Z¡vwaKvi GLbI cÖvwš—K ch©v‡qi‡q‡Q|

Zi“Y cÖwZfv: msev` msMÖn, wjLb, ˆZwi I cwi‡ek‡bi m‡½ A‡bK Zi“Yhy³ n‡”Qb, Zv‡ì cÖwZfv I m„RbkxjZvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Qb; msev`wfwËK bZzbKg©ms¯’vb ˆZwi n‡”Q; Av‡iv BwZevPK †h, A‡bK bvix Zv‡ì †ckvi cÖavb DcRxe¨wn‡m‡e msev`‡K †e‡Q wb‡”Qb Ges K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡”Qb|

cÖwZwµqv I cÖfve: evsjv‡`‡ki wUwf gva¨gmg~n Ggb m¶gZv AR©b K‡i‡Q †hKvi‡Y `ª“Z Lei Qwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i; NUbv NUv gvÎ gyn~‡Z©B Zv cy‡iv evsjv‡`kgqn‡q hv‡”Q; wUwf wbDR ev UK †kvi †Kv‡bv gš—e¨ UK Ae `¨ Kvw›Uª n‡q hv‡”Q,AwW‡q‡Ýi g‡a¨ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi n‡”Q, gvbyl GUv wb‡q cÖZ¨š— MÖvg ev kn‡iZK©-Av‡jvPbvq wjß n‡”Q; ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b Bmy¨ Zz‡j w`‡”QwUwfi msev`| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib wUwf‡Z cÖPvi nIqvq ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wPi LeiGLb `ª“Z I e¨vcKfv‡e Rvbv‡bv m¤¢e n‡”Q; d‡j RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK mv¶iZvinvi evov‡ZI wUwf f~wgKv ivL‡Q; wKQy ivR‰bwZK `j wU‡K Av‡Q †mªd wUwf‡KDcRxe¨ K‡i| wUwf‡Z bvMwiK mgv‡Ri A‡bK Abyôvb ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q cÖPvi Kivqwewfbœ mvgvwRK Bmy¨‡Z wmwfj mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡ì KvR Kivi AvMÖnI ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|

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myeY© msev`/100 †Uwjwfk‡b msev` cwi‡ek‡bi †SuvK/101

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`vwqZ¡kxjZv I ˆbwZKZv: msev` cwi‡ek‡b me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K`vwqZ¡kxjZv I ˆbwZKZv; Gi Ici wfwË K‡iB mvsevw`KZvi ÔcÖ‡dkbvj wWMwbwUÕˆZwi nq; wKš‘ Avgv‡ì wUwf mvsevw`KZvq Ô†dqvi‡bmÕ I ÔGw_KmÕ-Gi wmwiqvmNvUwZ i‡q‡Q; †hgb, Kv‡iv wei“‡× hZ eo Aciv‡ai Awf‡hvM †nvK bv †Kb,wi‡cv‡U© Awfhy‡³i e³e¨ _vK‡ZB n‡e; al©‡Yi wkKvi †Kv‡bv bvix ev Zvi wbKUAvZ¥xq‡ì K¨v‡givq †`Lv‡bv hv‡e bv, †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a wkï RwoZ _vK‡j Zvibvg-Qwe cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv, wi‡cv‡U© cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki wbR¯^ gZvgZ †Ìqv Pj‡e bv,†e`bv`vqK NUbv hv †m g‡b Ki‡Z Pvq bv wKsev mvgvwRKfv‡e †nq cÖwZcbœ n‡Zcv‡i Ggb NUbvq wkïi bvg-Qwe-K_v cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv, exfrm Qwe, Szjš—jv‡ki mivmwi Qwe, weK…Z Qwe, jv‡ki †K¬vR Qwe †`Lv‡bv hv‡e bv; msev` I Qwecwi‡ek‡b Kv‡iv cÖvB‡fwmi mxgv AwZµg Kiv hv‡e bv, KvD‡K ûgwK-avgwK evfq †`wL‡q Z_¨ †ei Kivi †Póv Kiv hv‡e bv; msev‡` megqB GKvwaK †mvm© †_‡KZ_¨ msMÖ‡ni †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw`| mvsevw`‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b hv-Lywk Zv ejv-†`Lv‡bv- cÖPvi Kiv bq; fz‡j †M‡j fzj n‡e †h, Ôwd«Wg BR bvw_s DB`vDU†imcbwmwewjwUÕ|

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A¨vÛ †MvÕ ai‡bi msev` cwi‡ekb K‡iB P¨v‡bj¸‡jv `vqmvivfv‡e Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡cvjb Ki‡Q| wKQz †mwgbvi, KZK Kbdv‡iÝ, wKQz moK `yN©Ubv, gš¿x-cÖwZgš¿xi†`ŠoSuvc, `y-wZbwU gvbe eÜb, AvIqvgx jxM-weGbwci cvëvcvwë K_vi e¯¿niYÑ GB me wb‡qB wUwf msev‡ì w`bivwÎ| Pj‡Q wmwÛ‡K‡UW wi‡cvU© Ñ GKR‡biwi‡cvU© Abïv fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡q cÖPvi Ki‡Q| wi‡cvU©vi eyg ai‡Qb we‡kl‡ÁiKv‡Q Avi ÔwZwb e‡jbÕ, ÔwZwb Av‡iv e‡jbÕ, ÔG cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jbÕ, ÔwZwb †Rviw`‡q e‡jbÕ Ñ GB KvVv‡gvq msev` cwi‡ewkZ n‡”Q| ÔwKQy GKUv e‡jbÕ Ñwi‡cvU©v‡ii GB Aby‡iv‡a Z_vKw_Z we‡klÁ wKQy GKUv e‡jb Avi cÖwZw`b GUvBmsev` n‡q hv‡”Q| †cÖmK¬ve, wi‡cvU©vi BDwbwUmn wewfbœ fuyB‡dvo msMVb wewfbœA™¢~Z e¨vbv‡i cÖwZw`b Abyôvb K‡i hv‡”Qb, GK `yRb gš¿x †bZv‡ì Avgš¿YKi‡Qb Avi wUwf‡Z GUv msev` wn‡m‡e cÖPvwiZ n‡”Q, Av‡qvRKiv Ôgš¿x †bZv‡ìcv‡k e‡m Av‡Qb Ggb `„k¨ wUwf‡Z †`‡LÕ wb‡R‡ì Z…ß Ki‡Qb wKsev cwiwPwZcvIqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b wi‡cvU©v‡ii K…wZZ¡ †Kv_vq? A_P Avgiv Rvwb cÖwZwUwi‡cv‡U© wi‡cvU©v‡ii Nv‡gi MÜ _vK‡Z n‡e, _vK‡Z n‡e cwikª‡gi bgybv Avim„RbkxjZvi †Quvqv| ivóª‡K bvwo‡q †Ìqvi g‡Zv, ¶gZvevb ivRbxwZwe`-eëmvqx-K‡cv©v‡iU‡ì P¨v‡jÄ K‡i Pg‡K IVvi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv wi‡cvU© †bB; hv RvwbZv‡KB †nwf †gK-Avc w`‡q cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡”Q| wd-w`b †Uwjwfkb¸‡jvqwng‰kjxi Dc‡i `„k¨gvb ev‡iv fv‡Mi GK fvMB †Kej Avgv‡ì‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q,wKš‘ Avgiv hviv AvBmev‡M©i wb‡Pi ev‡iv fv‡Mi GMvi fvM A_©vr wb‡P jy‡Kv‡bv eoAskUv †`L‡Z PvB Zv‡ì Z_¨¶zav wKš‘ c~iY n‡”Q bv G‡Kev‡iB| †Kv‡bv wUwf‡Z†K‡bv µmdvqvi wb‡q GKwUI AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b G‡jv bv? †K‡bv wgwWqv i¨v‡eiGK‡c‡k e³e¨B w`‡bi w`b cÖKvk Ki‡Q? mvMi-i“wbÕi NUbv wb‡q †Kb Bb-†Wc_ wi‡cvU© n‡”Q bv? `y`‡Ki Kv‡Q wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wPwV †Kb mvsevw`Kiv wjKKi‡Z cvi‡jb bv? myiwÄZ †m‡bi NUbvi †mB WªvBfvi AvRg GLb †Kv_vq?Bwjqv‡mi ¸g n‡q hvIqvi Z_¨ †Kv_vq? Avgv‡ì AbymÜvbx mvsevw`KZv †h KZ`ye©j Gme D`vniY ZviB cÖgvY!

Avmj Bmy¨ nvwi‡q hv‡”Q: A‡bK mgq wewfbœ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq wb‡q †mwgbvi evAv‡jvPbvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq; wKš‘ †m¸‡jv welq wUwf‡Z wi‡cvU© bv n‡q gš¿x evwe‡ivax `‡ji †Kv‡bv †bZvi ivR‰bwZK Dw³, †hUv †mwgbv‡ii duv‡K ev †k‡lwi‡cvU©viiv cÖkœ K‡i †ei K‡i Av‡bb, hv †mwgbv‡ii wel‡qi m‡½ G‡Kev‡iBAcÖvmw½K, Zv w`‡qB msev` Kiv nq; G‡Z †h ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmy¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv evM‡elYv cÖeÜ Dc¯’vwcZ wUwf msev‡ì e‡`Šj‡Z nq Zv-B nvwi‡q hvq|

RwUj Bmyï mnR e¨vL¨v: wewfbœ RwUj Bmyï fv‡jv e¨vL¨v mvaviY AwW‡qÝcv‡”Q bv; fz‡j †M‡j fzj n‡e †h, wk¶vewÂZ ev ¯^íwkw¶Z wecyj msL¨K gvbyl,hv‡ì c‡¶ msev`c‡Îi fvlv †evSv m¤¢e bv, Zviv wKš‘ wUwfi AwW‡qÝ; Zv‡ìRb¨ A_©bxwZ, cv‡Ui †R‡bvg M‡elYv ev K¬vB‡gU †P‡Äi g‡Zv RwUj Avi†UKwbK¨vj welq¸‡jv mnR K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi ìKvi Av‡Q ê wK|

eo NUbv Kvfv‡i AcÖ¯‘Z wgwWqv: eo †Kv‡bv NUbv ev `yNU©bv Kvfvi Ki‡ZAvgv‡ì wUwf wgwWqv GLbI wVK cÖ¯‘Z bv; NUbvi AvKw¯§KZvq mvsevw`Kivwb‡RivB wenŸj n‡q c‡ob, †LB nvwi‡q †d‡jb Ges `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡Ze¨_© nb| Gi eo D`vniY wewWAvi-Gi NUbv| ïi“ †_‡KB GK‡c‡k Leicwi‡ekb Kivq Le‡ii e¯‘wbôZv ¶zYœ n‡q‡Q, c‡i Ab¨ c‡¶i Z_¨ Rvbvi c‡iAv‡M cÖKvwkZ Le‡ii wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| wKQz msev` wQjÔD¯‹vwbg~jKÕ hv NUbv‡K eis Av‡iv ev‡R I Ki“Y w`‡K wb‡q †M‡Q| GK ai‡biûhy‡M mvsevw`KZvi bgybv †m-mgq Avgiv †Lqvj K‡iwQ| AwaKš‘ wewWAvi-GiNUbvq exfrm I weK…Z jv‡ki †K¬vR Qwe †hfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q ZvImvsevw`KZvi ˆbwZKZvi gvb`‡Ê DËxY© bq| wewWAvi Kvfvi Kievi †¶‡Î Kv‡ivKv‡iv m¤ú‡K© ÔGg‡e‡WW mvsevw`KZvÕ Kivi K_vI DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q| mvMi-i“wbi NUbv‡ZI wKQz wgwWqv m~Î D‡j�L bv K‡i wewfbœ ev‡bvqvU I wg_¨v Z_¨cwi‡ekb K‡i evowZ †mb‡mkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q, wkï †gN‡K †hfv‡ewgwWqv‡Z Avbv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z mvsevw`KZvi bxwZgvjvq Ôwmwiqvm Gw_K¨vj weªPÕn‡q‡Q; GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨ wbnZ Pjw”PÎKvi Zv‡iK gvmy‡ì 18 gv‡mi Ny‡giwkï‡K †U‡b Zz‡j K¨v‡givi mvg‡b wb‡q Avmvi welqwU‡ZI|

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†ivev‡qZ †di‡`Šm: mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|B‡gBj: [email protected]


Broadcast Journalism in Bangladesh and Its Future

Samia Rahman

Journalism in Bangladesh is lively with newspapers, broadcastingand new media operations in both private and public sectors.Although printing media in western world has declined recently,newspapers in Bangladesh are still thriving and playing a strong rolein politics and society. There are hundreds of dailies in Bangladeshout of which few dozen are substantial and significant publications.This indicates that newspapers remain an important element ofjournalism in Bangladesh. However, the pre and post Y2K mediaboom in Bangladesh along with the growing expansion, availabilityand price drop of technology and internet has initiated extended useof new media among mass population of the country. Intensely newTV channels are in the business which made participation ofaudience both active and passive way in many discussions throughnew media and internet. What is happening in today's daily life interms of news broadcasting, sharing of content and participation indiscussion for decision making and understanding the credibility ofnews content was not even close to imagination a decade back inBangladesh. It is thus apparent now that the traditional concept ofjournalism is far beyond the printing media or even the broadcastingmedia. Rather, since journalism is taking a new shift globally and fora mass populated country like Bangladesh, where journalismpractice is rapid and demanding by the mass audience, it is clear thatany major global shift in journalism will leave swift and positiveimpact on the way journalism is practiced in Bangladesh in thecoming future. So an interesting question to ask now will be whattrends are going to be effecting our media culture these days and howwill journalism look like in 10 years? I would say smart printpublications will realize that their online strategies are seriouslytanking. Ad-relevance and revenues aren't significant or targeted

myeY© msev`/110

enough. Journalism online not only isn't creating the necessaryaffinity, So it is not surprising then, that citizen journalism has it beathands down for three pretty compelling reasons: captures the longtail of content (instead of one-sized fits all journalism) it is emotionaland personal, and speaks in a human language and user interfaceswhich reflect individuality and personalization. This is sometimesreflected by a new keyword and concept as ''Journalism 3.0''- whichaccording to me means an improvement of user centered design,interface and different social functions. Mobility and modularity aregoing to be two major trends of this kind of journalism. Of coursemobile is making its way into, but I think this need to go way beyondthe information delivery function. Recent trend in smart phone andtablet device in Bangladesh has rooted and initiated a big prospect ofcontent delivery and sharing. New devices coming to market withintwo years' time period will show the concept of ''Phablet'' that is adevice capable of working as phone or tablet will introduce morepowerful mobile opportunities to mass population.

The ability to create custom feeds from other sources is animportant issue that will be used more by journalists in comingyears. An online publication can't be everything to everyone, but itcan allow users to create their own experience. Those interfaces andcommunities which do the best job on the usability-helping usersthrough the process via suggestions-personalization equation willwin. Imagine use of such function on present prothom-alo.comwebsite and compare with the existing prothom-alo.com website.Which one will be a winner and accepted more by the reader? Masscustomization in the form of dashboards which reflect particularniches and geographies will be the next best thing happening tojournalism world. Since the world is going global news from acrossthe pond and the land of the rising sun are equally important andrelevant. The proliferation of small video pods that are easilyaccessible and stream smoothly on numerous platforms (even oldmachines) is critical to creating micro-content that interests users.Crowd sourcing the creation of newspaper content, particularly inthe area of video is an option and there are even several platformswhich will edit video for a moderate price, rather than having to hire

a ton of videographers on staff. With the competitive price of ITlabor in Bangladesh, this is just a matter of time to happen. Whileuser generated content will soon play a large role in Bangladeshjournalism field this will apparently decrease the duplication instories so networks can cover a diversity of interesting and relevantlocal and human interest stories. Use of smart TV will be verypopular in this decade in Bangladesh since their prices are droppingquickly in global market. These TVs are connected directly in tointernet with the ability to browse directly which will create a bigshift in how people will read news on TV. Journalism in Bangladeshwill thus focus into creating more application to let mass populationaccess towards these smart devices. It is clear that when the devicesare changing, people are learning to use new design quickly and theprices of these devices are dropping it will affect the way we produceand deliver contents. Journalists produce contents and delivers themin a different manner not. With the mass population driving in to thisbig paradigm shift, journalism will be forced to take a shift with thehelp of these technologies that are more appreciated by the massiveusers in populated Bangladesh.

However there has been enough talk about the cancer spreadingthrough modern journalism- the cutting of jobs and money, theshedding of audiences and disappearance of time for journalists to dosome proper journalism. Regardless of these factors the new trend ofjournalism will create new opportunity for journalists. So how willthe journalists of future be? Although journalism is a field wheretechnology is definitely needed, efficiency of journalists is still moreimportant for journalism. That is, his news sense, investigative mind,capability of investigation, getting proper information and visuals fornews, his knowledge, his capability of control over language,situation, his interpretative attitude, his ethics and values are moreessentials in doing journalism. My assumption is that these factorswill highly boost up with the power of integrated technology andexperienced personal knowledge to enhance the effect towards betterjournalism.Let's get the obvious ones out of the way first: thejournalist of the future is a reporter, a video journalist, a photo-journalist, audio journalist and interactive designer, all-in-one. They

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will shoot and edit films, audio slideshows, podcasts, vodcasts,blogs, and longer articles. They may have one specialism out ofthose, but can go somewhere and cover a story in a multitude ofplatforms. They don't just do it because it potentially means morerevenue; they do it because they love telling stories in different ways.And let's get another thing straight: they still live and breathe the keyqualities of journalism: curiosity, accuracy and a desire to root outgood stories and tell the truth. The internet has shown we're just notprepared to pay for general news, especially when someone else isgiving it away for free. The decline in newsrooms killed off manycorrespondents and specialists, but the journalist of the future shouldknow there are more money and more audiences in a niche. So theywill become more of a specialist in some areas, or use a currentspecialism to build an audience around what they do. The journalistswho will be practicing the new trend of journalism thus will notbelong to the world of "fortress journalism". They will not sit at theirdesk in a newsroom all day - in fact, they will work from home. Theywill use nodded working techniques to find collaborators fordifferent digital projects; picking the most talented people fromaround the world. There are no office politics or long meetings. Theymarket their work well enough to get chosen to take part in otherprojects. They will embrace new technologies, rather than view themas a threat. When a new social media tool will come along, they willask themselves how I can use it. New trend of journalism willtherefore create journalists who will do the thing all journalists haveever done: tell stories, but they will do it better that traditionaljournalists practicing traditional journalism because they are not soconstrained by time or formulas. They will not be afraid to breaksome rules to make a good story. So the result of this new trend inreporting and journalism practice is therefore, more truthful,accurate and responsible journalists which Bangladesh needs badlyall the time. In conclusion, we should not forget that even though future is not thefield for many of us, we still do not make plans for the past rather wealways try to make plans for the future. And we tend to think futurein a way which is informed by the past. The digital revolution which

is still unfolding in Bangladesh has already had a number of impactsin our media and journalism. With some fancy use of social media,video conferencing in limited way, an advance trend of journalism isvisible now and then in Bangladesh. The shift from traditionaljournalism to this type of journalism took a long time for our society.But the shift from present journalism practice to the new global trendof journalism is simply a matter of time only. We can already see thatit has started happening. In the age of this mass participation thus thenews making will be easier to make together with audiences. In theage of huge data available for us to use, easier tools to visualize thedata will be required. And in the age of this mass information we willneed to find and share investigative reporting easier. These factorsare serious for Bangladesh in this rush hour of globalization andglocalization. But we should also not forget that, as long as ourjournalists will maintain and act like professionals with globalcompetence, they will get more chances to survive in this field in thecoming time. Technology will be supporting our journalists for betterand improved journalism or reporting, but technology itself cannotreplace a good journalist. Proper use of technology is a key factor inBangladesh. Several incidents can be exemplified to explain howpeople use technology negatively which is not going to beappreciated at all in the coming trend of journalism. So do not letmachine take over your place and for that we the journalists need tobe efficient and professional minded with the help of technologies.And this is for the sake of our own survival, for our complicatedfuture job market. Thus the next best major factors that will leaveforemost influences in the way people will be create, deliver andperceive news and media content and this is what I wanted to lookinto and describe through this article. These factors will take thepresent trend of journalism that is going on in Bangladesh, towardsa fluency in the new media across different platforms. I, therefore,am optimistic and see a more nimble, flexible entrepreneurial futurefor journalism in Bangladesh.

Samia Rahman: Associate Professor, Dept of Mass Communication andJournalism, University of Dhaka.

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Bengali or Muslim?: Islam, Identity and ArtCinema in Contemporary Bangladesh

Zakir Hossain Raju

This essay is an effort of deconstructing how Bangladeshi artcinema, a national-cultural institution developed in a postcolonialnation-space in South Asia and addressed to a global audience,represents and interacts with Islam and Muslim identity. A glimpseat the colonial and postcolonial trajectory of Bangladesh and itspeople demonstrate that the identity formation of Bengali Muslimswas never a linear process. Along side the indigenization of Islamand continuous transformations of local cultural practices, the Britishand Pakistani colonialism as well as the postcolonial State ofBangladesh played crucial role in constructing community identitiesin East Bengal/Pakistan and in Bangladesh. Sociologist Tazeen M.Murshid states,The history of the region demonstrates that the process of identityselection was not constant; the cultural markers adopted were notfixed. ... Here, nationhood has been defined and re-defined threetimes within a quarter of a century (Murshid, 1997: 7).

In this way, the Bengali Muslims of Bangladesh are alwaysformulating new, emerging and conflicting versions of Bengali-nessand Muslim-ness, which are not pure concepts, rather are always onthe move. Within this framework, this article demonstrates how thecinematic texts produced and circulated as/under art cinema modeare engaged in constructing and reconstructing different identities forBengali Muslims in contemporary Bangladesh. I argue in this paperthat Bangladeshi art cinema, to a large extent, locates Islam as analien culture, a ‘foreign’ religion that entered Bangladesh throughpolitical-military aggression. Following the cultural-nationalist pro-Bengali approach, the major tendency of Bangladeshi art cinema isto be anti-Islamic. Believing in an ‘authentic’ and anti-colonial butmodern version of Bengali culture, they complain that Islam poses

certain threats to the development and dissemination of suchpreferred notion of Bengali-ness. In other words, most art cinemafilms are committed to a definitive national-cultural modernity, amodernity that normalizes the ‘Bengali’ identity as modern andsecular, and locates the ‘Muslim’ identity only as a religious categorythat cannot be placed as/within everyday cultural lives of BengaliMuslims. The dominant thrust of Bangladeshi art cinema is then torepresent Islamic practices as out-of-date and stereotypical rituals.

I find such tendency most visible in some well-known films ofMorshedul Islam and Tanvir Mokammel, two major art cinemaauthors in contemporary Bangladesh. One can argue that asrepresentatives of western-educated urban Bengali Muslims whoproduce, watch and critique the Bangladeshi art films, these twofilmmakers utilized the discourse of art cinema to form a contrastbetween Islam and Bengali culture. Their films, produced andcirculated during the 1980s-2000s and targeted to both national andglobal viewership, repeatedly show Islam as a singular andmonolithic orthodoxy. These films theatracalize and exoticizeIslamic practices as something ancient in/for contemporaryBangladesh, a rapidly modernizing and commercializing nation-statein the face of globalization. These cinematic texts thus create andmaintain a clear-cut dichotomy between Islam and Bengali culture.

Bengali or Muslim?: The Conflict of Identities inBangladeshThough large-scale conversion to Islam started in Bengal since thethirteenth century, the conflict between Islam and Bengali identitystarted only in the late nineteenth century. This dichotomy gotstronger because of the success of Islamic reform movements inrural Bengal as well as the subsidies provided by the British toIndian Muslims in order to turn them into a ‘community’. HistorianAsim Roy argues that the comprehensive outcome of the Islamicreform movements in nineteenth century Bengal was to create achasm between Muslim’s “Islamic” and “Bengali” identities… thepersistent and vigorous insistence on a revitalized Islamic

consciousness and identity, with its corresponding denigration ofIslam’s local roots and associations in Bengal, sapped the very basisof the syncretistic tradition and of the Bengali identity in general(Roy, 1993: xvi-xvii).

The proponents of a pro-British, anti-Bengali and anti-Hinduversion of ‘Muslim’ identity in colonial Bengal promoted theincompatibility of Bengali-ness and Muslim-ness and enforced pan-Indian Islamic brotherhood upon Bengali Muslims. The upper-class,non-Bengali and Urdu-speaking Muslim leaders of Calcutta likeNawab Abdul Latif and Amir Ali led this process of identityformation of Bengali Muslims in the late-nineteenth century. Geo-ethnic and cultural identity of Bengali Muslims that is Bengali-nessbecame negligible in this process, especially in a bid to get rid of thehegemonic umbrella of Bengali-Hindu identity. In a way, this pro-Arab notion of Muslim identity for Bengali Muslims strengthenedthe hegemonic notion that Bengali identity can accommodateBengali-Hindus only, a notion established by modernist BengaliHindus in colonial Bengal.

However, the emergent middle-class Bengali Muslims in the latenineteenth century were linked not only with the agricultural lands,but also with the indigenized version of Islam in rural East Bengal.The Arab-looking, Urdu-speaking elite Muslims with a pan-IndianIslamic view did not accept these Bengali-speaking rural Muslims astheir ‘real’ brothers, though they wanted to accommodate them underthe umbrella of Muslim identity. Opposing the Bengali-Hinducultural modernity and the pro-Arab pan-Indian Muslim identity, themiddle-class Bengali Muslims worked towards defining a moderncultural identity of/for Bengali Muslims. They felt strong affinitywith their cultural root, that is Bengali-ness principally and visiblyexpressed through Bengali language as well as with their religiousaffiliation that is the indigenized Islam. In this way, by the beginningof the twentieth century a category called ‘Bengali Muslim’ identitycame into discussion.

However, the Muslim-ness and Bengali-ness, the two conflictingidentity discourses continued to serve as crucial incompatibilitytowards forming a viable identity for Bengali Muslims in different

myeY© msev`/118 Islam, Identity and Art Cinema/119

historical junctures of the twentieth century. In the search of amodern identity for Bengali Muslims, middle class Bengali Muslimsthen used the Bengali/Muslim dichotomy differently in differenttimes. This conflict inherent in Bengali Muslim identity served asconstituent to the Pakistan State in 1947 and, in a different form, italso acted as the driving force for establishing the State calledBangladesh in 1971. In a similar manner, as I outline below, the keyart cinema films in contemporary Bangladesh promote and advocatefor a fixed notion of Bengali identity by putting it against Muslimidentity.

Islam and Bangladeshi art cinema: Bengali/Muslim conflicton screenThe art cinema as a national-cultural institution rigorouslyparticipated in the identity debate of Bengali Muslims during lastfew decades. Drawing on certain realist idioms the modernistBengali Muslims shaped the discourses around Bangladeshi artcinema, an art cinema that is quite different than what normallyconsidered as art cinema in the West. However, by recording andrepresenting the cultural-nationalist essence of Bangladesh throughEuro-American cinematic narration, the Bangladeshi art cinemaaddresses the art-house audiences and critics in the West (the‘global’ audience) and the westernized middle-class BengaliMuslims in Bangladesh. This art cinema, thus, is not (expected tobe) appreciated by the ordinary, average cine-goers in Bangladesh,some (if not most) of whom are strong Islamic believers and live insmall towns and rural areas where indigenized Islam is very muchpart and parcel of their everyday lives.

The genealogy of Bangladeshi art cinema as a cultural institutionclosely linked to western modernity confirms that this cinematicdiscourse mainly reconstructs and reinforces the Bengali/Islamdichotomy on cinema screens. Most of these films represent Islam asanti-modern and arcane using the unresolved identity question of/forBengali Muslims as the basis. By discussing a number of globally-circulated films of two major authors of Bangladeshi art cinema:

Morshedul Islam and Tanvir Mokammel, below I demonstrate thetendency of this cinematic mode in negating Islamic practices.

Both Islam and Mokammel entered filmmaking in the mid-1980sthrough what has been marked as ‘short film movement’ inBangladesh. This discourse comprises short features anddocumentaries on 16 mm and video, produced in artisanal mode withlow budget outside the popular film industry. Amid rapidglobalization and the strengthening of Muslim identity through Statemechanism, the film club activists fostered this cultural-nationaliststream of visual culture in 1980s-90s Bangladesh. The short filmswere shown outside cinema theatres: among the friends, localgroups, especially among the college-students and cultural activists.Two short features on the failed expectations of the 1971 liberationwar: Agami (Toward, 1984) by Morshedul Islam and Hulyia(Wanted, 1984) by Tanvir Mokammel started the ‘short filmmovement’ in Bangladesh. The cultural-modernist leaders of thisfilm movement like Islam and Mokammel received their educationon film appreciation and production through watching European andAmerican film classics. In an informal setting such as within the filmclubs, they watched and discussed classic films from Europe and theUS as well as the Indian art films following Euro-American methodof cinematic narration. Therefore the films they produced during1980s-2000s followed the textual forms of these foreign cinemas,especially of the Indian art cinema and Italian Neorealism. Usingthese western(-dervied) cinematic-textual norms, the films of Islamand Mokammel severely criticized the pro-Islam move of thepostcolonial State in Bangladesh.

The 1971 liberation war and its cultural-nationalist idealsopposing pro-Pakistan discourse of Muslim identity come as arecurring theme in the films of these two authors. The first of thesefilms, Towards started this trend. Morshedul Islam here visualizesthe agonies of a liberation war veteran in 1980s Bangladesh usingflash-back scenes. He juxtaposes how the Bengali-Muslim guerillasforgave and let the captive Razakars (pro-Islam Bengali Muslimsupporters of Pakistani army) flee during 1971 war and how theRazakars punish the liberation war veterans in the 1980s. Morshedul


Islam’s later films: The Beginning (Suchona, 1988), The Wheel(Chaka, 1993) and The Rain (Bristi, 1999) continued such cultural-modernist rewriting of the contested history of nation and identity inBangladesh.

Morshedul Islam’s The Rain can be read as a key text tounderstand how he positions Islam in contemporary Bangladesh.The story centres around a reverent Muslim old man in ruralBangladesh, his young bride and a young man he adopted as ‘son’.The old man, Hajishaheb has considerable holdings of land and hisreligious and economic achievements made him powerful in thevillage. So nobody questions when he married for the fourth timeand brought a young bride. However a clandestine love affairdevelops between the young bride and Hajishaheb’s adopted son, ayoung man who also follows Islamic learnings like his father. Healso wears beards, Muslim cap and long punjabi with pyjamasunderstood as Islamic attire in Bangladesh. There is a drought in thevillage and Hajishaheb concludes that Batashi, a poor divorcedwoman who recently became pregnant is responsible for the longlasting drought in the area. He presides over a village court on thematter and as per the ‘Islamic learning,’ he puts forth the verdict thatBatashi should be stoned to death for her extra-marital relationship.When the village meeting adjourns, the rain comes and Hajishahebtakes it as Allah’s quick appraisal and returns home happily. He findsthat his young bride is happily taking a shower under the rain. Hecannot realize that she just had a sexual encounter with her lover, theadopted son of Hajishaheb, a message the viewers received throughparallel editing during the scene of the village court.

The Rain reminds the viewers Morshedul Islam’s first filmicendeavor: Toward. Though Islam made that film in 1984 almostfifteen years before he made The Rain in 1999, his portrayal of Islamand its opposite, the Bengali culture, are identical in both films. Theappearance, attire and mannerism of Hajishaheb and the leader ofRazakars (the pro-Islam supporters of Pakistani junta duringliberation war) in Toward almost same. Actually the same actor (AlyZaker) was cast for both the roles. More importantly, we also findsimilar village court in Toward where the Razakar-leader imposes

cruel verdicts on poor women accused for adultery using the rhetoricof Islam. Similar to the suggestion of sexual intercourse between theyoung bride and the son of Hajishaheb in The Rain, Morshedul Islamalso presented a playful love-making scene between a Bengaliguerilla and his wife in a jungle in Toward.

Similar to films by Morshedul Islam, Tanvir Mokammel’s filmstoo contributed to sharpen the Bengali/Muslim dichotomy on screen.These films also portrayed, using different plots and narrativestrategies, the conflict between the secular-modern and communal-Islamic forces in rural Bangladesh. Mokammel’s Modhumati, theName of a River (Modhumati, 1995) reveals this conflict in the formof a familial conflict between a hardcore Islamic father andmodernist son while his In the Bank of Chitra (Chitra Nadir Pare,1999) portrays the migration of bitterly disillusioned Bengali Hindusof East Pakistan to West Bengal in India in the 1960s amid theincreasing Islamicization attempt of the Pakistan State.

In 2001 Mokammel made A Tree without Roots (Lal Shalu), afeature film based on the highly-respected Bengali novel of the sametitle, a novel that is in the syllabus of the secondary and highersecondary schools in Bangladesh for many years. This film depictsthe rise and fall of Majid, a hypocrite Mullah (Islamic priest) whocreates a false mazar (shrine) of an imagined Pir (Muslim saint) inorder to collect money and gifts from the villagers. Jamila, hissecond wife, a playful rural girl rejects his authority imposed in thename of Islamic wisdom. Her rebellious acts make Majiid unsettledand display his vulnerability and powerlessness that he covered upby preaching Islam to the ordinary rural Muslims. Mokammel usedmany symbols in A Tree without Roots that show Islamic practicesas of mediaeval practices. For example we see the shalu, that is thered coverings on the top of the false burial site of the so-called Pir(Muslim Saint) in many shots (including some close shots) in thisfilm. Like The Rain, here also we see the marriage between agedIslamic practitioner man (Majid) and young playful woman (Jamila)unwilling to receive Islamic pedagogy. The Islamic ‘court’ at villagelevel (for punishing unruly villagers) is also present in A Treewithout Roots that we saw both in The Rain and Wanted.


Conclusion: ‘Bengali-ness’ as Battered but Brave Women?The above glimpse at the major representational tendency ofBangladeshi art cinema discourse through the works of two majorauthors proves that middle class Bengali Muslims utilized art cinemato repeatedly stage and screen Islam as an orthodoxy that opposes the‘modern’ identity of Bengali Muslims. Cultural-modernist artcinema authors like Morshedul Islam and Tanvir Mokammel clearlybelieve in straightforward separation between the Muslim andBengali identity of Bengali Muslims. In their films they took a clearposition on the side of the Bengali identity and even tested itsboundary by emphasizing the issues like sexual intercourse, an issuenormally treated as taboo even among modernist Bengali Muslims.These films present Islamic fundamentalists as a stereotypeimposing the same mannerism and dress code on them. These filmsalso repeatedly show us the innocent powerless female victimstrapped in/by the so-called village court where they are subjected tothe Islamic rhetoric against which they can exert no objection.Actually the character of Islamic fundamentalist as a middle-aged oroldish man, wears beards and Islamic dresses (e.g. long punjabi andpyjamas with cap), who cheats the ordinary villagers in the name ofIslam is omnipresent in the films of Morshedul Islam and TanvirMokammel. The Razakar-leader in Toward, Hajishaheb in The Rain,Majid, the hypocrite mullah and his opponent, another Pir, in A Treewithout Roots—all these characters basically represent an Islamicfundamentalist in different guises. These characters are built, in mostcases, not as human characters with limitations and virtues. Ratherthey are shown as monsters who only plan and perform coercion,deceptions or evils to ordinary villagers using their Islamic clout.

As I have discussed above, their victims are mainly females andin most cases they are represented as innocent, youthful and playfulgirls who revolt against the restrictions imposed on them in the nameof Islamic learning. Hajishaheb’s young wife and Batashi, the girl tobe stoned to death in The Rain, and Majid’s second wife Jamila in ATree without Roots represent these kinds of woman-as-victim-and-

rebel characters. Unlike the Islamic fundamentalist men, thesewomen characters are created more delicately and resemble withhumane characters in real world: they are people with love andhatred and wish to live their life on their free will. Such oppositionbetween Islamic fundamentalist men against freedom-hungrywomen-victims is played out in Bangladeshi art cinema films sorecurrently that I would argue that this opposition is actually used toestablish the Bengali/Islam dichotomy on cinema screens. In thissense the women-victims symbolize the vulnerable state of Bengaliculture in 1980s-2000s Bangladesh amid the pro-Islam turn of theState power and the elite. However, this kind of oppressor-victimsituation brings medieval feudalism on the cinema screen that easilyrebukes Islam and Muslim identity for being anti-modern andoutmoded. The Bangladeshi art cinema then, mostly abstains fromportraying the multiplicities of/in Bengali Muslim identities and howIslam has been localized and became a part of everyday life of theBengali Muslims. However, there are exceptions to every tendency,and in this case, at least one film I would like to mention that goesagainst the homogenization of Islam as done by most Bangladeshi artfilms. This is Tareque Masud’s Matir Moina (The Clay Bird, 2002).Focusing on the world of a young madrasa student in 1960s EastPakistan, this autobiographical film of Masud visualized andpresented Bangladeshi madrasas in the global stage.

Though I cannot provide a detailed reading of The Clay Bird herethat I did elsewhere2, I would like to point out that this is a filmagainst the mainstream representational mode of art cinema based onBengali/Islam dichotomy as visible in the texts created byMorshedul Islam and Tanvir Mokammel. The Clay Bird is one of therare Bangladeshi art films that visibly and delicately representsIslamic education in/through the madrasa system in Bangladesh. Thescriptwriter and director of the film, Tareque Masud, an importantBangladeshi art cinema author alongside Morshedul Islam andTanvir Mokammel contributed to the critique of Muslim nationalismand the formation of cultural-national modernity among BengaliMuslims through his earlier films in the 1980s–90s. All these films


by Masud obviously prove that his filmmaking career and vision isalso linked with the art cinema discourse and its clear-cut oppositionagainst Islam in contemporary Bangladesh. But we do not findblack-and-white rivalry between Islam and Bengali identity inMasud’s film, The Clay Bird. What we get is a discursive take onBangladeshi madrasa education that he represents through cinemaaesthetics mostly learnt from Euro-American films. The madrasa-educated filmmaker Masud with the collaboration of his American-born partner, Catherine, created a film that rather urges to see thedivide between Islam and Bengali culture as minimal and proposealternative perceptions of Islam in rural Bangladesh. Unlike mostBangladeshi art cinema films, The Clay Bird follows a differentitinerary in developing and neutralizing the conflict between Bengaliculture and Islam and represents Islam as heterogeneous andmadrasas as places for learning heterogeneity, not as some fierceorganizations working for Islamicizing Bangladeshi society.

I would like to remind that the identities like ‘Bengaliness’,‘Muslimness’, ‘Bengali-Muslimness’ and ‘Bangladeshiness’ havebeen constructed, questioned and redefined in East Bengal/Pakistanand Bangladesh within last few decades. Each of these identities wasimagined as natural and homogenous especially when these gainedthe status of a dominant discourse (e.g. Bengali identity in the1960s). However, there were (and are) always overlaps and fissuresbetween, and within, the identities. Historian Rafiuddin Ahmed says,The experiences of the Muslims of Bangladesh … point to theuselessness of trying to identify a fixed criterion for a definition ofthe cultural boundaries of such a community: a Bengali Muslim mayhave seen himself primarily as a ‘Muslim’ the other day, as a‘Bengali’ yesterday, and a ‘Bengali Muslim’ today (Ahmed, 2001: 3-4).

In that case, one can say that the contemporary art cinema inBangladesh is in search of a ‘fixed criterion for a definition of thecultural boundaries’ of Bengali Muslims or Bangladeshi Bengalis.One may ask: is this a useless exercise at this age of globalizationwhen national borders are becoming meaningless, and identities arealso becoming more and more hybridized and hyphenated? I would

point out that still such cinematic representations are important forforegrounding the struggle of Bengali Muslims towards articulatinga suitable identity framework. The battered but brave women figuresin art cinema films are then not only some characters devised toforward narrative conflicts, rather these are cinematic signifiers ofthe ongoing transformation of/in the identity question ofBangladeshis/Bengalis in today’s transnational world order.

ReferenceMurshid, Tazeen M. (1997). ‘State, Nation, Identity: The Quest for

Legitimacy in Bangladesh’, South Asia. 20.2. Roy, Asim (1983). The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal. Dhaka:

Academic Publishers.Raju, Zakir Hossain (2007). ‘Madrasa and Muslim Identity on Screen:

Nation, Islam and Bangladeshi Art Cinema in Global Stage’. In Malik,Jamal (ed) Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?. London:Routledge.

Ahmed, Rafiuddin (2001). ‘Introduction—The Emergence of the BengalMuslims’, Understanding the Bengal Muslims. Rafiuddin Ahmed (ed.).Dhaka: University Press Ltd.

Zakir Hossain Raju: Dean, School of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences,Independent University, Bangladesh.


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Connecting theories to practice: HumanitarianCommunication

Mubashar Hasan

A dominant scholarly debate revolves around the issue of relevanceof theories into real life. Being a doctoral researcher in a school ofGovernment and International Relations, I have encountered severalhigh profile international symposiums where politicians blamedacademics for coining in theories seemingly little relevant topractical life and public policies. Such allegations, however, go otherway as academics blames politicians for formulating policies withlittle relevance to academic analyses. In order to bridge thisdisjuncture between theory and practice, presently, many academicjournals form various disciplines are being published under the titleof “Theory and Practice.” A Major aims behind publication of thesepeer-reviewed academic journals are two folds: a) to promote a morecutting edge scholarly debate with practical solution to problem(s)and b) to obliterate or at least address critics who argue academicslive in a fantasy world.

More or less, every discipline in social science has relevance tothis debate. The gravity of this problem of disconnection betweentheory and practice however varies discipline to discipline.Nevertheless, a universal presumption is based on a perception thatargues a theory is always contested and thus it could always beproven unreal. The intention of this writing, however, is not toengage into the debate of disjuncture between theory and practice.Rather, there are three objectives of this article. First, I want tounderpin how I applied theoretical frameworks, gathered through my4 years of academic training at the department of MassCommunication and Journalism (MCJ), Dhaka University (DU) into

myeY© msev`/134

real life situation(s) in order to save lives and livelihoods. In otherwords, I want to share my experience about application ofmeaningful interaction between theory and practice in the field ofhumanitarian communication. Second, I want to emphasize theglobal dimension of the job of a local humanitarian communicationofficer. Finally, as an alumnus, I want to suggest that the MCJdepartment of Dhaka University could emphasize on craftinggraduates, who will specially be prepared to take challenges of ahumanitarian communicator. In this regard, my motif is to enthusecurrent students about considering their career prospect inhumanitarian communication.

What is Humanitarian Communication?Without engaging into theoretical debates, it is suffice to state thathumanitarian communication is majorly used by internationalorganizations (IO) and non-government organizations (NGOs) inorder to raise awareness about a crisis situation through strategic useof various communication tools and media. Sometimes governmentstoo use humanitarian communication even though it is becoming arare practice. The dimension of such communication work can bemultifaceted and complex depending upon the size and nature of theorganization. The success of this communication work, however, isalways difficult to measure. Nevertheless, globally, internationalorganization such as United Nation’s Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), humanitarian NGOs such asOxfam, Action Aid, Save the Children, emphasized on humanitariancommunication and invest thousands of dollars in creative use ofmedia and communication. As an implication, when cyclone Ailastruck the southwest part of Bangladesh on May 25,2009 on thefollowing day a British reader of the Guardian newspaper could seethe devastation and havoc created by cyclone through photographsand news while sipping in their morning coffee. In other words, dueto the extraordinary power of globalization, humanitariancommunicators turned a local disaster into a global one. As a result,stakes for the affected people receiving assistance from all possiblequarters are increasing. The MCJ department of the DU, through its

undergraduate course prepares a student to take up the challengingrole of a humanitarian communicator. This job enables a student toconnect theories of agenda setting, news reporting, sub editing,development communication, photography, digital communication,interpersonal communication, videography, researching, publicrelation and gender and communication, to practice. In followingsection I want to share my learning gained from my deployment asthe media and communication coordinator of Oxfam for little over20 months. As I said before, the main intention is to allure currentstudents to seriously consider humanitarian communication as futurecareer move.

From Classrooms of MCJ to Crisis ZonesMy first exposure to real hardship of people was in March 2010when I had to visit Gabura, an island in Satkhira district. I saw howhard it was for a mother to arrange few drops of drinking water forher babies. The hardship of a father to earn the bread for their familywas hard to overlook. Elderlies, sick and old, were somehow passingdays on makeshift shanties, built up on the broken parts ofembankments. More than 3 million Bangladeshis were affectedwhen Cyclone Aila swept across the Bay of Bengal and ravaged itssouthern coast in 2009, killing nearly 200 people. Cyclone Aila sawhigh tides break through poorly maintained coastal embankmentsbuilt in the 1960s, submerging people’s houses and livestock. Thegovernment had promised to rebuild the embankments, and donoragencies also promised to help. However, a year about 4,00,000people were forced to living on the broken parts of embankments insmall makeshift shelters built with leaves, bamboos and woodswithout electricity or proper beds. Bed for many was the sandyembankment. Bureaucratic affairs and corruption in the agencyresponsible for rebuilding the broken embankments delayedreconstruction work.

I had traveled in a small boat with a group of journalists to thevillage ‘number nine shora’ in Satkhira district, in southernBangladesh and it was as though we were entering an entirelydifferent world. The village, once was protected by embankment,

myeY© msev`/136 Humanitarian Communication/137

was under water. We saw groups of men and women with young kidsin rickety boats were flocking towards a pond where Oxfam hadintroduced pond sand filter (PSF) technology. This technology helpsto significantly improve the quality of highly contaminated surfacewater of the pond. It is the only source of fresh water in tenKilometre area and people had traveled there for at least an hour andhalf in small wooden boats for water as most of the ponds in this areaare full of saline water.

The village had lost hope. I heard some of them praying to Godto take them away from this world so they didn’t have to suffer anymore. I broke out into a sweat. It wasn’t just because of the heat butbecause of the sheer reality of unreal things.

Children were wandering about without shoes or proper clothes.Men and women were forced to live under the open skies, simplyhoping that God could look after them. Once they had a house to livein, lands to cultivate crop. Now, they had nothing. All theirbelongings were lost in the cyclone. “Pray for me please, I don’thave any belongings apart from the skin of my body”, said 55 yearold Muhammad Abdul Kader. His eyes were dull and lifeless. Afterhearing his words, I felt stunned. What I was seeing felt almostunreal. I was shivering under hot sun.

I had recently returned home to Bangladesh, after spending aboutthree and a half years living in Europe, where I had been studyingafter completing BSS in MCJ from DU. My life in the West was sodifferent: it was another world. I had the luxury of debating politicaltheories with other students at Dundee University, exploring thetheological interpretation of life with Sufis and spiritual figures;debating about globalization, multiculturalism and evolution theoryat the Al Maktoum Institute of Aberdeen University, playingbadminton with artists, students and professors, cycling around theUK and Netherlands, attending concerts, attending plays, sightseeingand living a carefree life.

But there I was standing on a broken embankment surrounded byhelpless and hungry people who lost everything. I was excited to geta job with Oxfam. However never realized it could be so emotionallychallenging. I felt personally obliged to do something for this group

of people but didn’t know what to do. Later, I thought real hard andrealized that the MCJ department equipped me with theoreticalknowledge of using many tools, which can be of use to these people.All I needed was creativity in using those tools.

That was the start. After successfully convincing my boss, I wasable to develop a media and communication strategy for a jointplatform of over 10 international NGOs working in Aila affectedareas and felt the Government required to pressurize its responsibleagency in order to rehabilitate those people. We felt that the mediaforgot these people who live couple of hundred miles away from thecapital. To take the stories of these forgotten people through mediaand web 2 technologies to the people and policy makers, I applied:agenda setting theories, rules of 5w 1H in all public relationdocuments, with simple application of rules of third in photography,simple videography techniques to generate footage. Performingartists, journalists, local civil society organizations as well as manypolicy makers alongside with masses came forward. ThroughFacebook, local and international media, this campaign was able tomake the miseries of Aila affected people a national issue on May2010. Perhaps as an implication of vigorous media campaign,Honorable Prime Minister visited Aila affected area after a year ofthe cyclone struck. That news made me jubilant. What I require tomention especially here is that in that campaign, many journalists,especially alumnus of MCJ department, enthusiastically participated.With their participation, under my editorship we published amilestone publication titled, “Testimony of Journalist on the swelledsufferings of the Aila Affected People.” Even a foreign journalist,Nicolas Haque of Al Jazeera participated in that publication which isa rare case. Mr. Manjurul Ahsan Bulbul, CEO of BoishakhiTelevision, unveiled that publication in the National Press Club. Allwriters wrote voluntarily and expressed their frustration over theslow movement of embankment reconstruction. The point I wantedto make is that through careful agenda setting and employing clearmessaging in all official communication materials, it was possibleeven to break the rigid box of ‘objectivity’ of journalists. Theythemselves became campaigners for human crisis. The nobleness in


humanitarian communication is thus distinct and spirituallyrewarding. I was emotionally challenged in many more cases in myshort span of time. However, amid those, my experience of coveringPakistan’s worst flood in its history as a media officer in 2010 wasworth mentioning. Specially, at that period, my understanding ofhumanitarian communication was challenged by the emergencysituation. For example, I had to work as a newsgatherer,photographer, and spokesperson to media, blogger and publicrelation officer. Many areas of Swat in Pakistan were devastated dueto flood. Mainstream international media like BBC News was notbeen able to know what was happening on the ground. I came upwith an idea of interviewing an Oxfam employee who was on theground over telephone and write his account in my journalisticlanguage. The BBC website was happy to find a witness on theground and start publishing a special page as Aid worker’s diary inits website. I had to work as some sort of news reporter forBangladeshi media at that time as no Bangladeshi journalist was inPakistan to cover Pakistan’s flood, which was dominating headlinesof major international news channel. Even though I was nervous tostart with as I had no formal training of a broadcast journalist, Imanaged to report for BBC Bangla, Channel I and ATN news for fewtimes. Furthermore, I had to give live interview to Sky News,Bloomberg TV, several BBC radio channels and even to Vaticanradio. The deployment was only for three weeks but the pressure wasdemanding. I was nervous but Arefin sir’s advice in the class“communicate your message clearly with your audience” and “5w 1H of reporting” helped me to successfully deal with the challenges. Ihad to further work as a photographer in that assignment where I hadto travel in the province Khaiber Pakthunkwa and pulled out a photostory of my choice. I conducted a photo story on how children’s werecoping with floods. BBC News website hosted my photo story andthe feelings was extra ordinary. The reason was not only that mywork was appreciated by one of world’s most influential media butalso the satisfaction that I could at least do something within mymean for the people living in crisis. Giti Ara Nasreen madam’sadvice in classroom and outside classroom where she always

emphasized on upholding people’s dignity was helped me in mypresentation of people living in the distress.

What is the Point of All?The major point behind sharing real life experience is to depict howtheoretical knowledge if applied creatively could unleash endlesspotential for the graduates of the MCJ. The satisfaction, in the caseof humanitarian communication is beyond explanation. Very fewjobs in the world in fact enable us to do something for the people indistress. In the context of humanitarian communication thewonderful interaction of theory and practice made each campaignsuccessful. Embankments in Aila affected areas were rebuilt undersupervision of military. The job nature of humanitariancommunicators demands expertise in almost all major modulestaught at the MCJ. There should be little debate that a nexus ofmarket and education exists behind the philosophy of universityeducation especially if one considers job prospects for universitygraduates. In my observation, most of our graduates start dreamingto be a successful journalist from their student years. Some ended upjoining the civil service while some other migrates or engage inbusiness after leaving the campus. Very few pursue higher education.While there is nothing wrong in such career moves, I feel there needsto be some sort of push from the department in terms of makingstudents aware of the job industry in humanitarian communication.The boundary of such job has no limits, and the reward in terms ofmonetary gain is competitive where perhaps the job satisfaction isextra ordinary. Perhaps with some serious planning, the MCJdepartment could take initiative in establishing a formal link with thehumanitarian organizations. Under this link graduates of MCJ couldperform internship and gain work experience. Furthermore, thedepartment perhaps could consider developing specific course in


Humanitarian communication and offer specialized masters coursewith industry support. The demand is there for sure.

Mubashar Hasan: PhD candidate at the School of Government andInternational Relations, Griffith University, Australia. GKwU mvaviY K…ZÁZv cÎ

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1943 mv‡ji 26 gvP© hy³iv‡ó«i Bwjbq A½iv‡Rï †R‡bfvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|Zvi cy‡iv bvg ievU Dcmvi GWIqvW©| evev wQ‡jb A½iv‡Rï cÖavb wePvicwZ|B‡qj BDwbfvwm©wU‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ †jLvcovi ci gvwK©b †bŠ-evwnbx‡Z †hvM†`b ee| 1970 mv‡j wZwb Kwgkb jvf K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j mvgwiK PvKwi †Q‡oIqvwksUb †cv÷-G wi‡cvU©vi nIqvi Av‡e`b K‡ib| mvsevw`KZvi †Kv‡bvAwfÁZv bv _vKvq KZ©…c¶ Zv‡K GKwU wWwMÖ wb‡q Avmvi civgk© ‡`b| 1971mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m ee wi‡cvU©vi wn‡m‡e IqvwksUb †cv÷-G wb‡qvM cvb|

1972 mv‡ji 17 Ryb mKv‡j IqvwksUb wWwmi †W‡gvµ¨vU `‡ji mì `ßiIqvUvi †MU Awdm †_‡K cvuP Rb‡K AvUK Kiv nq| ee I Av‡iK wi‡cvU©vi Kvj©evb©‡÷Bb‡K `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq Giv Kviv, Zviv Kx KiwQj Zv Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨|ee I Kvj© AbymÜvb ïi“ K‡ib Ges Lyu‡R cvb †h †cÖwm‡W›U wiPvW© wb·b-B Zv‡ìwb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb wicvewjKvb‡ì Awd‡mi Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨| Zv‡ì KvR wQj†Uwj‡dv‡b Avwo †c‡Z cÖwZc‡¶i †KŠkj †R‡b †bqv| ee I Kvj© ÔAj `¨v†cÖwm‡W›Um †gbÕ bv‡g avivevwnK cÖwZ‡e`‡b Gme Z_¨ Zy‡j a‡ib| G‡Z mvivwe‡k¦Ggb †Zvjcvo I‡V †h gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡m †cÖwm‡W›U wb·‡bi wei“‡× Awfksmb cÖ¯—

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ve Avbv nq Ges 1974 mv‡j wZwb c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ nb|1973 mv‡j ee Kv‡j©i mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e cywjrRvi cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Rxe‡b

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1954 mv‡ji 15 †m‡Þ¤î Zyi‡¯‹i gvëvqv GjvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib nv›U|1960 mv‡j Zvi cwievi B¯—v¤^y‡j P‡j Av‡m| Gici B¯—v¤^yj wek¦we`¨vj‡qcÖvwYwe`¨vq †jLvcov K‡ib Ges †mmgq wbwl× mgvRZvwš¿K `j wUK‡Kvi m`m¨nb| †jLvcov †kl K‡i nv›U mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM †`b wKš‘ wUK‡Kvi mv‡_GKmgq RwoZ _vKvi `v‡q Kwgkb ewÂZ Kiv nq| nv›U PvKwi †Q‡o †`b| 1980mv‡j †Rbv‡ij †Kbvb Gfivb †mbv Afy¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡j, Zvicy‡iv cwievi wec‡` c‡o| Gmgq nv›U I Zvi evev Rvj cvm‡cvU© ˆZwi K‡icvjv‡bvi mgq aiv c‡ob| ZywK© we‡ivax msMVb ÔAvmvjv ‡MwijvÕiv c¨vwi‡m ZywK©ivóª`~Z‡K wRw¤§ Ki‡j miKvi nv›U I Zvi evev‡K gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ nq|

1996 mv‡j nv›U mvßvwnK AvMm& †ei K‡ib| GB msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g wZwbAv‡g©wbq Rb‡Mvôxi Ici ZywK© †Rbv‡ij‡ì wbcxob, MYnZ¨v I mgm¨vi K_v Zy‡jai‡Zb| cvkvcvwk wZwb Ab¨vb¨ RvZxq ˆ`wbK Rvgvb I weiMvb-G KjvgwjL‡Zb|

2007 mv‡ji 19 Rvbyqvwi `ycyi 12Uvi w`‡K AvMm& Awd‡mi Kv‡Q Zv‡K ¸wjK‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| cÖZ¨¶`k©xiv e‡j‡Qb, 25-30 eQ‡ii GK hyeK cÖKv‡k¨Zv‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| Rvbv †M‡Q, IB hyeK Av¼viv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎcwiPq w`‡q †`Lv Ki‡Z PvB‡j nv›U Zv‡K cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib|

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1955 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib †R¨vwZg©q| †jLvcov †kl K‡i cÖ_g Rxe‡bPvKwi †bb eb wefv‡M| d‡UvMÖvwd wQj Zvi †bkv| gy¤^vB‡qi Kv‡Q ewofvwj mÄqMvÜx b¨vkbvj cv‡K© PvKwi Kivi mgq eb¨cÖvYx Aciv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ‡ì wPb‡Z_v‡Kb| miKv‡ii D”P ch©v‡q wPwV wj‡L KvR bv nIqvq Qwemn cÖgvY hy³ K‡iwjL‡Z _v‡Kb msev`c‡Îi wPwVcÎ Kjv‡g| G‡Z KvR n‡jI PvKwi P‡j hvIqviDcµg nq| 1996 mv‡j PvKwi †Q‡o BwÛqvb G·‡cÖm msev`c‡Î Aciva we‡Uiwi‡cvU©vi wn‡m‡e KvR ïi“ K‡ib| Aciv‡ai cÖvY‡K›`ª gy¤^vB kn‡ii Acivax‡ìgy‡Lvk Ly‡j †h‡Z _v‡K Zvi G‡Ki ci GK cÖwZ‡e`‡b| GgbwK WbL¨vZ `vD`Beªvwng I †QvUv ivRb evwnbxi mvgªvRÏ aŸs‡mi gy‡L c‡o| d‡j g„Zz¨ ûgwK†R¨vwZ©gq Gi Rxe‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask n‡q ùvovq|

2005 mv‡j wZwb cÖfvekvjx msev`cÎ wn›`y¯—vb UvBgm-G †hvM †`b| Z‡eewbebv bv nIqvq IB eQiB wZwb wgW †W bv‡g GKwU U¨vej‡qW ˆ`wb‡Ki AcivaI AbymÜvbx msev` wefv‡Mi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e ‡hvM ‡`b|

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G NUbvq cÖ_‡g cywjk I c‡i fvi‡Zi †K›`ªxq Z`š— ey¨‡iv (wmweAvB) Z`š—K‡i| G‡Z Rvbv hvq, Qgvm Av‡M gvwdqviv bvwmK GjvKvq h‡kveš— bv‡g GKmiKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Zv‡ì AbymiY Ki‡Z wM‡q R¡vjvwb †ZjwmwÛ‡K‡Ui †LvuR cvb †R¨vwZ©gq, †h Kg©Kv‡Êi mv‡_ †QvUv ivRb Ges Zvigv÷vigvBÛ `vD` Beªvwn‡gi fvB BKevj KvmKvi RwoZ| c‡i G nZ¨vi mv‡_GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki RwoZ _vKvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| gvgjvwU GL‡bv Pj‡Q|

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Aciv‡a 2006 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei cywZb miKvi †Mvc‡b g‡¯‹vi GKwU d¬¨v‡U Zv‡K¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| GL‡bv G NUbvi myôy Z`š— Kiv nqwb|

Avbv cwjU‡Kvfw¯‹ cÖ_g Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mb 1991 mv‡j †PPwbqv wel‡q GKwUAbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKv‡ki ci| †hLv‡b †P‡Pb‡ì c¶ †bqv‡K ivwkqviMYgva¨‡g †`k‡`ªvnx I †Mvcb gymjgvwbZ¡ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, †mLv‡b cwjU‡Kvfw¯‹cÖ_g †PPwbqv wbh©vZb m¤ú‡K© wek¦‡K Rvbvb †`b|

1958 mv‡j Avbv wbDBq‡K© Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| evev wQ‡jb RvwZms‡N wbhy³ivwkqvi K‚UbxwZK| 1980 mv‡j g‡¯‹v †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU †_‡K wZwb mvsevw`KZvqmœvZK nb| Gici wUwf wi‡cvU©vi wn‡m‡e wUwf P¨v‡bj f&j¨vw`¯�vf wjw¯—‡qf-G†hvM`vb K‡ib| 1982 mv‡j wZwb jvR‡fw¯—qv msev`c‡Îi wi‡cvwU©s wefv‡M hy³nb| Gici G‡K G‡K Ae”Pvqv †M‡RU I bfqv †M‡RU-G PvKwi K‡ib|

1991 mvj †_‡K A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨v we‡kl K‡i `yb©xwZ Ges cywjkI mvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi Kg©KvÊ wb‡q mie nb| mivmwi †P‡Pb Awfhv‡bi mgv‡jvPbvK‡i †jLv‡jwL ïi“ K‡ib| †mLv‡b we‡`ªv‡ni bv‡g gymwjg‡ì aicvKo,wbh©vZb, AcniY I nZ¨vi wei“‡× cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ivwkqvb msev`c‡ÎcÖkvmb‡K `vqx K‡ib Ges cÖgvY w`‡Z _v‡Kb|

2001 mv‡j Avbv‡K mvgwiK Kg©KZ©viv †PPwbqvi `w¶YvÂj †_‡K †MÖdZviK‡ib| wZwb ZLb †PPwbqvi cwievi A`…k¨ nIqvi wel‡q cÖwZ‡e`‡bi RbÄbymÜvb KiwQ‡jb, †hLv‡b wZwb Awf‡hvM cvb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©viv hv‡K Lywk a‡iew›` wkwe‡i a‡i wb‡q hvq, hviv iW w`‡q †cUvq, B‡jKwUªK kK †`q Ñ ïay bvixbq GgbwK †hLv‡b cyi“l‡ìI al©Y Kiv nq|

†MÖßv‡ii ci Avbvi IciI wbh©vZb Kiv nq| wcwU‡q mviv kix‡i Kvjwm‡U `vMevbv‡bv nq| gv‡S gv‡S e¯¿ Ly‡j †bqv n‡Zv| Gici Dcnvmg~jK wePv‡i Zv‡K†`vlx mve¨¯— Kiv nq| G NUbvi ci g‡¯‹vi †Kv‡bv msev`cÎ Avi †PPwbqvqmvsevw`K cvVv‡bvi SyuwK †bqwb|

BD‡iv‡c e¨vcK cÖwZev‡ì gy‡L miKvi Avbv‡K gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ nq| Z‡ebvbvfv‡e we‡`‡k cvwj‡q hvevi ûgwK †`qv n‡Zv Zv‡K| hy³iv‡óªi bvMKwiKZ¡†bqvi my‡hvM _vK‡jI wZwb Zv bv K‡i ivwkqvi Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Kiv‡KB Dchy³g‡b Ki‡Zb|

2006 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei Zvjve× d¬¨v‡U Zv‡K g…Z Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq| Zviey‡K `ywU ¸wj Kiv n‡qwQj| Gici Avbvi wePvi wb‡q miKvi bvbv bvUK ïi“K‡i| Z‡e G NUbv inm¨B ‡_‡K ‡M‡Q|

jvmvš’v weµgvZy‡½jvmvš’v gvwbjvj weµgvZy‡½ wQ‡jb kªxjsKvi RvZxq Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK mvb‡W wjWvi-Gi m¤úv`K| GKBmv‡_ UvBg g¨vMvwR‡bi wi‡cvU©vi I wUwf †kv ¸W gwb©s GiDc¯’vcK wQ‡jb|

1958 mv‡ji 5 GwcÖj jvmvš’v Kj‡¤^vq Rb¥M«nY K‡ib| Kj‡¤^v wek¦we`¨vjq†_‡K AvB‡b wWwMÖ wb‡q AvBb †ckvq Rxeb ïi“ K‡ib jvmvš’v| cvkvcvwk Kj‡¤^vqAvBj¨vÛ I mvb cwÎKvq mvsevw`KZvq RwoZ nb| 1972 mv‡j ivRbxwZ‡ZRwo‡q c‡ob wZwb Ges †`kwUi cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x kªxgv‡fv e›ìbv‡q‡Kie¨w³MZ mnKvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib|

1994 mv‡j wZwb wb‡R mvb‡W wjWvi msev`cÎ Pvjy K‡ib| m¤úv`K n‡jIgv‡S gv‡S wb‡RB †ewi‡q co‡Zb Le‡ii †Luv‡R| GKBmv‡_ miKvi I ZrKvjxbZvwgj UvBMvi‡ì Kg©Kv‡Êi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb wZwb| gvÎ GKeQ‡iBcwÎKvwU me‡P‡q RbwcÖq msev`c‡Î cwiYZ nq Ges †mBmv‡_ Zvi Rxe‡bi IcinvgjvI Avm‡Z _v‡K|

2000 mv‡j ivóªcwZ Pw›`ªKv KygvivZy‡½i miKvi Zvi bv‡g Aciva gvgjv†`q| wKš‘ Zv cÖgvwYZ nqwb| jvMvZvi Rxe‡bi ûgwK Avm‡Z _vKvq 2002 mv‡jZvi cÖ_g ¯¿x Zv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvb| 2008 mv‡j gvwn›`ªv ivRv cvK‡m ¶gZvqAv‡mb, Ges wZwbI jvmvš’vi cÖwZ ¶yä n‡q I‡Vb| Rbmg‡¶B ivRv cvK‡mjvmvš’v‡K Ômš¿vmx mvsevw`KÕ Dcvwa ‡`b| †`kwUi cÖwZi¶v gš¿x †MŠZe¨ ivRvcvK‡mA¯¿Pyw³ wb‡q GK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi `v‡q gvbnvwbi gvgjv K‡ib Zvi wei“‡×| GBcwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 2009 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡Z mvb‡W wjWvi-G wZwb GK cÖeÜ †j‡Lb hviwk‡ivbvg wQj Ôhw` Zywg †jL, †Zvgv‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡eÕ|

2009 mv‡ji 8 Rvbyvqvwi mKvj mv‡o `kUvq Awd‡m hvIqvi c‡_ Pvi†gvUimvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx jvmvš’v‡K ¸wj K‡i| c‡i Zv‡K Kj‡¤^v b¨vkbvjnvmcvZv‡j †bqv nq Ges wZb NÈvi g‡a¨ wZwb gviv hvb|

we‡ivax`j G NUbvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K `vqx K‡i| Z‡e Awf‡hvM Av‡Q G NUbvi†Kv‡bv myôy Z`š— nqwb| g„Zzï gvÎ `yÕgvm Av‡M wZwb †mvbvwj mvgvivwm‡½‡K we‡qK‡ib| nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci †mvbvwj kªxjsKv †_‡K P‡j ‡h‡Z eva¨ nb|

†f‡ivwbKv ¸B‡ib†hme mvsevw`K‡ì Rxeb w`‡q nwjD‡W Pjw”PÎ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì GKRb n‡jb†f‡ivwbKv ¸B‡ib| AvBwik GB mvsevw`K Aciva welqK msev` msev` Kvfvi


Ki‡Zb|†f‡ivwbKvi Rb¥ 1958 mv‡ji 5 RyjvB, Avqvij¨v‡Ûi Wvewj‡b| AvBwik

RvZxq gwnjv `‡ji n‡q wKQyw`b ev‡¯‹Uej I dyUej †L‡j‡Qb| 1983 mv‡jweL¨vZ wUªwbwU K‡jR †_‡K wnmveweÁv‡b wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib wZwb Ges Rbms‡hvM†ckvq Rwo‡q c‡ob| †ckvMZ Kvi‡Y mvsevw`K‡ì mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z n‡q‡QZv‡K| †mB AwfÁZv †_‡K †ckv e`j K‡i 1990 mv‡j mvb‡W weR‡bm †cv÷-Gwi‡cvU©vi wn‡m‡e †hvM ‡`b| 1994 mv‡j wZwb †hvM †`b Avqvij¨v‡Ûi RbwcÖqmsev`cÎ mvb‡W BbwW‡cb‡W›U-G| G mgq wZwb bvbv ai‡bi †ckv`viAcivax‡ì gy‡Lvk Zy‡j a‡ib Zvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b| †mLv‡b cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv D‡VAv‡m Acivax‡ì mv‡_ AvBwik cywjk I wicvewjKvb Avwg©i mLï K_v|

AvBwiK gv`K mgªvU e‡j cwiwPZ Rb wMwjM¨v‡bi wkl¨ Rb †UªBb‡ii Kg©KvÊwb‡q cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKv‡ki ci AbeiZ †g‡i †djvi ûgwK †c‡Z _v‡Kb †f‡ivwbKv|

1996 mv‡ji 26 Ryb GK UªvwdK wmMbv‡j wMwjM¨v‡bi fvov‡U ¸Êviv QqwU¸wj K‡i †fv‡ivwbKvi eyK SuvSiv K‡i †`q|

1998 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i GB gvgjvi ivq nq| G‡Z wRwjM¨v‡bi Pvi wkl¨‡Khve¾xeb Kviv` †`q AvBwik Av`vjZ| †f‡ivwbKvi Rxeb wb‡q 2003 mv‡jweL¨vZ Pjw”PÎKvi †Rv‡qj mygvLvi Qwe wbg©vY K‡ib| Zvi m¤§v‡b Wvewjb cv‡K©GKwU Ave¶ fv¯‹h© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

W¨vwb‡qj cvj©†hme mvsevw`K †ckvi Rb¨ Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb, Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wbôyi I b…msknZ¨vKv‡Êi wkKvi nb W¨vwb‡qb cvj©| W¨vwb‡qj cvj© mnKg©x‡ì Kv‡Q W¨vwb bv‡gmgvwaK cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|

1963 mv‡j 10 A‡±vei hy³iv‡ó«i wbDRvwm©i wcÖÝU‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ibW¨vwb‡qj R¨vKe cvj©| Bûw` es‡kv™¢~Z cvj© 1985 mv‡j ÷¨vb‡dvW© BDwbfvwm©wU†_‡K †hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZvq mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Gici wZwb b_© GWvgmU«vÝwµÞ, evK©kvqvi CMj, g¨vmvPz‡mUm I mvb d«vbwmm‡Kv weR‡bm UvBgm-GKvR K‡ib|

1990 mv‡j wZwb Iqvj w÷U Rvb©vj-Gi AvUjv›Uv Awd‡m wb‡qvM cvb| GciGKB cwÎKvi IqvwksUb Awd‡m 1993 mv‡j I jÛb Awd‡m 1996 mv‡j wbhy³nb| GB mgq wZwb emwbqvq MYnZ¨vi Ici cÖwZ‡e`b K‡ib| 2001 mvj †_‡KcwÎKvwUi `w¶Y Gwkqv cÖavb wn‡m‡e fvi‡Zi gy¤^vB‡q P‡j Av‡mb| †mLvb †_‡K

Avj-Kv‡q`v‡K Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ag©xq †bZv †kL gyeviK AvwjwMjvwbi mv¶vrKvi wb‡Z 2002 mv‡ji 23 Rvbyqvwi‡Z W¨vwb cvwK¯—v‡biKivwP‡Z Av‡mb| †mLvb ‡_‡K GKwU R½x MÖ“c Zv‡K AcniY K‡i B-†gB‡jgyw³cY `vwe K‡i| Z‡e Iqvj w÷U Rvb©vj ev Zvi ¯¿x mvov †`bwb| GiciZv‡jevb R½xiv Zv‡K AgvbywlK wbh©vZ‡bi ci Qywi w`‡q Mjv †K‡U gv_v Avjv`vK‡i †d‡j Ges cy‡iv NUbvwU wfwWI K‡i| 2002 mv‡ji 21 †deª“qvwi R½xivwfwWI MYgva¨‡gi Kv‡Q cvwV‡q †`q|

2002 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m Avn‡g` Igi mvC` †kL bv‡g GKRb cvwK¯—vwb-weªwUk‡K GB nZ¨vi `v‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi Av`vjZ g…Zy¨`Ê †`q| Aek¨ 2007 mv‡j¸qvš—vbv‡gv †e KvivMv‡i GK wePv‡i Avj Kv‡q`v †bZv Lvwj` †kL †gvnv¤§`¯^xKvi K‡ib wZwb wb‡R W¨vwb‡q‡ji wki‡”Q` K‡ib| d‡j cvwK¯—v‡biAv`vj‡Zi IB wePvi wb‡q GLb cÖkœ D‡V‡Q|

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†Wwf‡Wi Rb¥ 1967 mv‡j hy³iv‡ó«i †gBbj¨v‡Û| eªvDb BDwbfvwm©wU †_‡Kmvsevw`KZvq wWwMÖ †bevi ci wZwb Avi †cQ‡b ZvKvbwb| 1990 mv‡j †hvM †`kGwewm wbDR-Gi Iqvì© mvwf©m-G| 1994 mv‡j wµwðqvb mvBÝ gwbUi-G †hvM†`qvi ci Zv‡K †µv‡qwkqv cvVv‡bv nq mve©-emwbqv hy× Kvfvi Kivi Rb¨| GmgqwZwb `¨v MvwW©qvb-Gi n‡qI KvR Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| †WwfW cÖ_g mvsevw`K wn‡m‡egymwjg Rb‡Mvôx‡Z wbwðý Kivi mve© cwiKíbvi cÖgvY we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zy‡j a‡ib|†mLvbKvi hy‡×i KviY I MYnZ¨v cwiKíbvq RwoZ e¨w³‡ì Kg©KvÊ Zy‡j a‡ibmwe¯—v‡i|

1996 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j †WwfW wbDBqK© UvBgm-G †hvM †`b Ges ejKvb hy‡×icy‡ivUv mgq mvwe©qvb aŸsmhÁ Zy‡j a‡ib| BivK `L‡ji ci wKQyw`b †mLv‡bIKvR K‡ib wZwb| Avey Mvwie KvivMvi I BivK Ry‡o gvwK©b evwnbxi b…ksm wbh©vZbZy‡j Avbvi K…wZZ¡I †Wwf‡Wi| 2002 mv‡j Zv‡K `w¶Y Gwkqv ey¨‡ivi mnKvwicÖavb wn‡m‡e w`wj�‡Z cvVv‡bv nq| Gmgq wZwb cvwK¯—vb, AvdMvwb¯—vbZv‡jevb I Avj-Kv‡q`v wb‡q G‡Ki ci cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| 2008 mv‡jZv‡K Zv‡jevbiv AcniY K‡i| †Wwf‡Wi wbivcËv wb‡q ìKlvKwl Pj‡Z _vKvq


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Av‡M †_‡KB Zv‡jevbiv G‡Ki ci GK ûgwK w`‡q AvmwQj kvnRv`‡K|2010 mv‡j mnKg©x mvsevw`K Ave`yj Mwb eviv`vi‡K AvBGmAvB AvUK Ki‡j GicÖwZev‡` ¯úk©KvZi cÖeÜ †j‡Lb kvnRv`| Gevi ûgwK w`‡Z _v‡K AvBGmAvB|wbivcËv †P‡q Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi msMVb wnDg¨vb ivBUm Iqv‡Pi Kv‡QkvnRv` GK wPwV †j‡Lb, †mLv‡b wZwb Avk¼v K‡ib AvBGmAvB Zv‡K nZ¨vKi‡Z cv‡i|

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