5.0 Surface Flow

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Fluid MechanicsSurface FlowModule Code and Module TitleTitle of SlidesIntroduction

Although the theory of fluid flow is reasonable well understood, theoretical solutions are obtained for few simple cases such as fully developed laminar flow in circular pipe.

Experimental results and empirical relations are still very much important than closed-form analytical solutions.

Since there no two exactly systems even under careful controlled experimental environment, an error of 10% or more in friction factor calculated using the empirical relations is normal.

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IntroductionModule Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

Laminar and Turbulent FlowsModule Code and Module TitleTitle of SlidesThe transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not occur suddenly; rather, it occurs over some region in which the flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent flows before it becomes fully turbulent.

Most flows encountered in practice are turbulent.

Laminar flow is encountered when highly viscous fluids such as oils flow in small pipes or narrow passages.Laminar and Turbulent FlowsModule Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

Reynolds NumberModule Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

Reynolds NumberModule Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

Reynolds NumberModule Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

The Entrance RegionModule Code and Module TitleTitle of SlidesThe Entrance Region

The pressure drop is higher in the entrance regions of a pipe.

The effect of the entrance region is always to increase the average friction factor for the entire pipe.

This increase may be significant for short pipes but is negligible for long ones. Module Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides

Entry Lengths Module Code and Module TitleTitle of SlidesEntry Lengths laminar flow

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Entry Lengths turbulent flow Module Code and Module TitleTitle of Slides