5.0: MECHANICAL SEPARATION€¦ ·  · 2017-04-25•mechanical separation is applicable to heterogeneous mixture, not to homogeneous solution. the techniques are based on physical

5.0: MECHANICAL SEPARATIONNOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA

5.1: INTRODUCTION

• LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

1. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF MECHANICAL SEPARATION

2. UNDERSTAND THE USE OF MECHANICAL SEPARATION IN HERBAL INDUSTRY

• LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. EXPLAIN SCREENING PROCESS AND PURPOSE

2. DESCRIBE FILTRATION PROCESS

3. EXPLAIN CLARIFYING FILTERS AND THE DIFFERENT WITH SCREENING

4. EXPLAIN GRAVITY AND CENTRIFUGE SETTLING PROCESSES.

INTRODUCTION

• SEPARATIONS ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROCESSING.

• SEPARATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES. ONE CLASS, KNOWN AS DIFFUSIONAL

OPERATION, INVOLVES THE TRANSFER OF MATERIALS BETWEEN PHASES AS DISCUSS IN

CHAPTER MEMBRANE SEPARATION AND ANOTHER CLASS, KNOWN AS MECHANICAL

SEPARATION.

• MECHANICAL SEPARATION IS APPLICABLE TO HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE, NOT TO

HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION. THE TECHNIQUES ARE BASED ON PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN THE PARTICLES SUCH AS SIZE, SHAPE, OR DENSITY.

INTRODUCTION

• THEY ARE APPLICABLE TO SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM GASES, LIQUID DROPS FROM GASES,

SOLID FROM SOLID, AND SOLID FROM LIQUIDS.

• TWO GENERAL METHODS ARE THE USE OF SIEVE, SEPTUM OR MEMBRANE SUCH AS A SCREEN

OR A FILTER, WHICH RETAINS ONE COMPONENT AND ALLOW THE OTHER TO PASS; AND THE

UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENCES IN THE RATE OF SEDIMENTATION OF PARTICLE OR DROPS AS

THEY MOVE THROUGH A LIQUID OR GAS.

INTRODUCTION

• SEPARATION PROCESS IS USED TO TRANSFORM A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES INTO TWO OR

MORE DISTINCT PRODUCTS.

• THE MIXTURE CAN BE A COMBINATION OF ANY TWO OR MORE STATES: SOLID-SOLID, SOLID-

LIQUID, SOLID-GAS, LIQUID-LIQUID, LIQUID-GAS, GAS-GAS, SOLID-LIQUID-GAS MIXTURE, ETC.

SEPARATION PROCESS MECHANISMS

• PHASE CREATION

• PHASE ADDITION

• BARRIER

• SOLID AGENT

• EXTERNAL FIELD

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HOW SEPARATION IS CARRIED OUT ?

• IN ORDER TO AFFECT A SEPARATİON, SEPARATİNG AGENTS ARE NEEDED İN THE

FORM OF EİTHER:

1. ENERGY İNPUT (HEAT, ELECTRİCİTY, MAGNETİSM,)

2. WİTHDRAWAL OF ENERGY ( COOLİNG, FREEZİNG)

3. MEDIUM (FİLTER, MEMBRANE, SCREENS)

4. MAY BE ANY PHASE AS WELL AS ANY CHEMICAL

CLASSIFICATION OF SEPARATION PROCESSES

THE CLASSIFICATION CAN BE BASED ON THE MEANS OF SEPARATION;

1. MECHANICAL PROCESSES

2. CHEMICAL PROCESSES

WHY SEPARATIONS ARE NEEDED?

• ISOLATİNG VALUABLE CHEMICALS FROM MIXTURES

• REMOVİNG IMPURITIES FROM RAW MATERIALS

• PURIFICATION OF PRODUCTS

MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS

• MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS ARE APPLICABLE TO HETEROGENEOUS

MIXTURES, NOT TO HOMOGENOUS SOLUTIONS. THE TECHNIQUES

ARE BASED ON THE PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES B/W THE PARTICLES

SUCH AS SIZE, SHAPE OR DENSITY.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages Disadvantages

Relatively less Energy

Requirements

Not applicable for separating

Components in homogeneous phase

Ease of Operation Not versatile i.e. in same state may

be one element can be separated

and other don’t.

Ease of Maintenance Applicable to low flow rates

No special Feed pretreatment

required

CLASSIFICATION

ON THE BASIS OF CHARACTERISTICS

DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENCE IN SIZE OR SHAPE

DEPENDING ON THE DIFFERENCE IN PHASE DENSITY

DEPENDING ON FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS

DEPENDING ON SURFACE, ELECTRICAL OR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

ON THE BASIS OF PHASES INVOLVED

S-S

L-L

G-L

L-G

S-L

L-S

S-G

OUR FOCUS WILL BE THE…

SOLID – SOLID SEPARATION

SOLID – LIQUID SEPARATION

SOLID – GAS SEPARATION

SOLID – SOLID SEPARATION

OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE MIXTURE OF SOLIDS INTO

TWO OR MORE FRACTIONS

DRY BASIS

▪ SCREENING

▪ ELECTROSTATIC

▪ MAGNETIC

WET BASIS

▪ CLASSIFICATION

SOLID – LIQUID SEPARATION

OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE SOLIDS AND LIQUID

FROM EACH OTHER

▪ FILTRATION

▪ SEDIMENTATION – GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING

▪ CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS

SOLID – GAS SEPARATION

OBJECTIVE – TO SEPARATE THE SOLIDS FROM GAS

▪ FILTRATION

▪ GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING

▪ CENTRIFUGATION

FILTRATION

SEDIMENTATION

CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATION

MAGNETIC SEPARATION

ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION

THANK YOUNOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA

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