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BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM THE INDIA, Ge-neva October 1998
1 Regional Surveys of the World 1997, 322.2 Ibid., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1993, 285.3 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 807 – Family Atlas of the World 1988, 29-20.4 Regional Surveys of the World 1997, 323;5 The World Bank, World Development Indicators, 1998, 43.6 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 807.7 The Indigenous World 1997-1998, 1998.8 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.9 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES, 10/1997 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 10.10 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.11 Ibid.12 The World Bank, 1998, 17.
13 Ibid.14 Ibid., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 10.15 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 811.16 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 12.17 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 554.18 Britannica Book of the Year, 1998, 15 – Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 811.19 Ibid.20 Quid 1996,1993, Ed. ROBERT LAFFONT, FRANCE.
7
21. , -
, 22. , 23. -
, , , , -,
, , -24. , -
( . ) : 25.
356 26.
.
: . Raryja Sabha
-, , ,
( 1/3 ) 27. Lok Sabha 20
530 28. 245 . 1 « -
, »29. 245
.2 «»30. -
: 31., , Andhra
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu & Uttar Pradesh -: -
(Vidhan Parishad) (VidhanSabha)32.
,
21 Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 / Regional Surveys, 1997, 325 / Encyclopaedia of theThird World, 1992, 808.
22 Ibid.23 EIU Country Profiles 1997-1998, 6.24 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 808.25 Ibid.26 Ibid. – , 1994.27 , 1994 - Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 818 - EIU Country
Profiles 1997-1998, 6.28 Ibid.29 , 1994, 115.30 Ibid.31 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 818.32 Ibid.
8
33. 1988
18 34.
: , , ( ) -
. .
( ) .
. -35. ( )
, -. ,
Kocheril Raman Narayanan - Atal Bihari Vajpayee36.
: -. :
, 37.
25 ’ -
. ,
-. -
.38
-. -
39
’ . -
40. 20.000.000 : 200.000 , 3.077.162
( 1.068.246 5 376.922 10 )41.
33 Ibid.34 EIU Country Profiles 1997-1998, 6.35 EIU Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 – Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1992, 22.36 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998.37 EIU Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 – Regional Surveys, 1997, 356-7 / Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.38 Ibid.39 Courts of Session :
. : .The Concise Dictionary of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 1988.
40 Ibid.41 South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre, 7/1997.
8/1998.47 The Economist, 16.5.1998.48 BBC Online Network, 24.9.1998.49 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 830.50 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1988, 20.51 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 832 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1992, 23.
10
52. 1998 Kocheril Raman Narayanan «
-»53.
, , - « »
198054. , --
, « »55.
1996 : 1997 (Congress) (United Front)
H.D. Deve Gowda --
56. (Bharatiya Janata Party) 13 -
57. -, , Inder
Kumar Gujral, 1997
Dravida Munnetra Kazakham58. Nadu 1991 Jain -
59. (Bharatiya Janata Party)
K.R. Narayana 199860. 14
(Bharatiya Janata Party) 181 545 Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
« »61. (Bharatiya Janata Party) -, -
, 62.
: 1990 ,
. , -,
52 Britannica, Book of the Year, 1998, 435.53 Reuters, 15.8.1998.54 Adhikari, Gautan Current History, 12/1997, 409.55 Ibid.56 Asian Survey, 2/1998 – Britannica Book of the Year, 1998.57 Ibid. – Freedom of the World, 1997-1998, 279.58 Ibid.59 Ibid.60 Freedom in the World, 1997-1998, 279.61 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 13.62 Thackur, Ramesh :Asian Survey, 6/1998.
11
63. , , -
64. - 70% 28.000.000 65.
-, 90 66. -
5% 1996 6,2%67. , 1/3
. 70% . 33%
. , , , . -
1990 2% . - 8-10% 1960 5-8% -
197068. , -69. 1.13 . -
, 40% 70. « » : -
, -, , , -
, , ,71.
: « -72» .
– 73. « », -
-74,
1947 : , 1965 -75 1971 -
76.
77.
63 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.64 EIU Country Profile, 1997-1998, 14.65 Ibid.66 EIU Country Profile, 1997-1998, 12.67 Ibid.68 Regional Surveys, 1998, 338.69 Ibid.70 EIU Country Profiles, 1997-1998, 20.71 Ibid. – Regional Surveys, 1998, 339.72 Regional Surveys, 1998, 334.73 Asian Review, 2/1998.74 Keesing’s Record of World Events, 6/1998, 42344 – The Economist, 30.5.1998.75 The Economist, 3.10.1998.76 Regional Surveys, 1998, 326.77 The Economist, 13.6.1998.
12
1998 - ( ) -
78. « » : ’
»79.
80. 1962 81. -
, 82. 1998
, , -
83. , :
90% 84. (1988-1998) -
85. Jiang Zemin 1996,
1997. , 86.
: -, -
«»87.
( ) : -88. , Punjab
, « -, -
»89.-
-90. , «
»
78 The Economist, 30.5.1998.79 Keesing’s, 6/1998, 42344.80 LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, 6/1998.81 The Economist, 9.5.1998.82 Malik, M.j. 8/1998, 193.83 Ibid. – LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, 6/1998.84 Malik. M.J., 8/1998, 195.85 Ibid.86 Asian Survey, 2/1998.87 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 555.88 Ibid.89 Bajpai, K. 1997, 63.90 Ibid.
13
, 91.
: : (1947 1964)
, (1965 1981), (1982 1989)
--
(1990 1996) « »92. 200.000 250.000 ,
Jammu 93. 1989 1990 -94
95. «Kashminyat», -
, Jammu Hizbul Mujahidden96. ’
, , .
Punjab : ,-
97. 98. -
« » 99. « »
100. , . , « -
». ,
. -
: 1984,
91 Ibid.92 Bajpai, K. 1997, 69.93 World Refugee Survey, 1998, 128.94 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.95 Internally Displaces People : A Global Survey, 15.1.1998.96 Ibid. – Ganguly, Sumit :Current History, 12/1997.97 Bajpai, K. 1997, 70.98 Banerjee, S., 1996, 87.99 Ibid.100 Nathan, Dev. 1996, 27.
110 Ibid.111 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.112 Ibid., World Refugee Survey, 1998, 128.113 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998114 Ibid.115 Ibid.116 Reuters, 25.9.1998.117 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998118 Keesing’s 2/1997, 41499.119 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.120 Ibid.121 Ibid.122 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.
16
Bihar , « » Naxalites «
[ ] -»123. 1997 Naxalites 100 -
, 192 124. , «
»125. , 1997 Hawaspur -
. Naxalites 20 1997 Ranghopur
1, Ranvir Sena 63 75
Lakshampur Bathe126. 127.
Mizoram 15.000 Reang -
Mizos128. - Reang,
Reang 129.
1.4:
40 , RashtriyaJanata Dal Bihar Telegu Desam Party Andrah Predesh.
130. -’
. , Indian National Congress131. -
, . , -
– 1998, , Congress
Party United Front132. -.
(Bharatiya Janata Party/ Indian People’s Party): 1980, , Atal Behari Vajpayee,
123 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.124 Ibid.125 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.126 Ibid.127 Ibid.128 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.129 Ibid.130 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.131 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 12.132 Ibid.
133 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 17.134 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992.135 Dutt, Sagarika, Third World Quarterly, No. 3, 1998, 413.136 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.137 Indian Today, 28.9.1998138 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 17 – Malik, J.M., 8/1998.139 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.140 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 105.141 EIU Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998, 18.142 Ibid.
(Communist Party of India) : 1920, - Indrajit Gupta. . ’
: 1977 , ,
1980 1987. . 1989
, . 1994 1988 146.
(Communist Party of India-Marxist) : 1964 . 1967, -
/ . 1968 .
, -, »147.
, Kerala Tripura. 37 1998 -
143 Ibid.144 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ), 10/1997 - Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 105.145 EIU Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998, 12.146 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ), 10/1997 – EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 18.147 Polital Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 104.
156 Ibid.157 Ibid.158 , 1994 - Dutt, 1998, 420159 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.160 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.161 1980.162 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.163 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.
21
» 164. 1995, -
«»165. «
»166.
: 1993. [ ] ,
. ,
: 167.
, , -168. -
, , -
, -169. 1997
, Himachal Pradesh, Assam & Madhya Pradesh : Tamil
164 Amnesty International, 11/1994.165 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.166 South Asia Human Rights Documentation Center, 7/1997.167 National Human Rights Commission, 9/1993.168 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.169 Ibid.170 Ibid.171 Country Reports for 1997, 1998.
172 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997 – US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998 – -, , 1998.
173 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.174 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.175 , 1997.176 UN Commission for Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/39/ 12.2.1998.177 UN Commission for Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/43/ 12.1.1998.178 , , 1998.179 Ibid.180 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.
23
, , , , -181.
: 1997 , , Bacre Waly Ndiaye
« , »182. -
: Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh .
Assam Bodo Santal . 3.5.1998 12 Santal ,
Kokrajhar Bodos. Santal 9.5.1998 Bodos -
Borbi Kokrajhar, . - 10.000 Bodos Santal -
183. Jammu Kashmir 19.6.1998 25 Champnari, -
Jammu184. Maharashtra, GopinathMunde « »
: 1997, --
185. Punjab, -, 8.6.1997 , -
38 186.
: 1997, 20, 21 22 ,
, -suo moto 187.
, --
. 188. 1996
1997, 888 , 188 -
, 1997189 300 -. -
, ,
181 , 1998.182 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1. 19.12.1997.183 Keesing’s, 5/1998, 42271.184 Keesing’s, 6/1998, 42344.185 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.186 Ibid.187 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.188 Ibid.189 .
Kerala, Todas Nilgiris Irulas Karnataka209. 15 , , ,
. 29 , 46 -
, -
, 244 -210. ,
-, 211. ,
212.,
- « » -
213. - (22% ), -
(22% ), - (119 543 )214. ,
, « -, -
, , 70%»215.
,
10.000 15.000 216. 1980,
, Mandal, « 22,5%, -
- 27% -
»217. - 50%
70% 218.
209 Ibid.210 , 1994.211 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 559.212 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997 – US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998 – ,
, 1998.213 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.214 Ibid.215 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.216 Ibid.217 Vohra, Ranbir, 1997, 273 – Bajpai, K. 1997, 55.218 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.
27
70%219. Mandal 3.743 , 53% , « » (
)220. Mandal 1980, « »
« »221. V.P. Singh (1989-1990), -
, -222.
223 : - « » , 17
, 224. Dalits hari-jans -
225. 2,56% - 15% 226. , , -
, »227. Dalits -
. 90% ,
228. -229.
, , -,
, »230.
2.5 25 -
, 26
-
219 Ibid.220 Vohra, R. 1997, 273.221 Bajpai, K., 55.222 Vohra, R., 1997, 273.223 (Untouchables)
. ( Touchables), ,, -
. ( « » -, – 1997).
224 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1988, 18.225 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.226 Ibid.227 Mallick, R., 1998, 191.228 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.229 Ibid.230 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/79, 14.1.1998.
231 , 1994, 16.232 1997.233 UN General Assembly, A/52/477, 16.10.1997.234 EGLISES D’ ASIE, 1.10.1998.235 Ibid. – The Times of India, 1.10.1998 – The Hindustan Times, 1.10.1998.236 The Times of India, 1.10.1998237 Reuters, 30.9.1998.238 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 557.
29
, . -
, 239. Kashmir, -
, , 240.
1980 1990, -
, 1947241. 1992, -
Babri Masjid » 242.
2000 5000243. « , ,
…[ ]… -
»244. , -
Uttar Pradesh Hindu Vishwa Parishad, -
« , ,
» 245.
()
-, -
246. --
, Matura, -
Krishna247.
239 Dutt, S., 1998, 418.240 World Directory of Minorities, 1997,565.241 Ibid.242 Keesing’s , 9/1997, 41820.243 Ibid.244 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/Cn.4/1997/91 Add., 14.2.1997.245 Ibid.246 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.247 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/Cn.4/1997/91 Add., 14.2.1997.
30
2.6.
, -248.
, , , -
(Sati) . , ,
249. « -», -
. , -250.
Orissa, 1997 710 -251. -
1989 -,-
, , 252. , , ,
, . sati
1829, ,
253.,
, -
, 254. 1998
33% : 255.
(Dalit) , « , , -
»256.
248 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.249 Country Reports for 1997, 1998.250 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.251 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.252 Ibid.253 International Herald Tribune, 30.3.1998254 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES, 10/1997.255 Reuters, 15.8.1998.256 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.
31
, .257
Minority Rights Group :, , , , -
, , , Dalit -
.
Dalit , - « » -
258.
2.7.
1994, « -
’ -»259.
10.000 , -»260.
60 115 , 261. -
16 , 262.
, « -, [ ] -
»263. 10 1996 -
-.
264. , -
265
, »266. 15.000.000 -
« [ ] -», , -
257 Nathan, Dev, 1996, 30.258 Ibid.259 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.260 Ibid.261 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996 – , , 1998.262 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.263 Ibid.264 , , 1998.265 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.266 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.
32
, 267. « », «
»268., 18.000.000 ,
,, ,
, , 269.
, -, , -
270. , , --
. , , , , -, -
, 271. .
Naxalites Andhra Pradesh 15 , -
, Jammu Kashmir 272.
3. - /
: 1990 1997 71.000 19 .
: 1991 12.000 1997 6.000.
(34.000, 50%). (21%), (11%), (8%). 1995
, 5%. : 1990 1997 19 -
1951 220 . 2/3 -
. : 1990 1997 52.000
. 5.000 1997. : 1990 1997 1100 -
. 980 .
: 1990 1997 --
267 Ibid.268 Ibid.269 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.270 Ibid.271 Ibid.272 Amnesty International, 22.4.1998.