Jasper Frunt May 8th 2013 CIRED 2013 NL Preparation
5 cired2013 planning of power distribution systems
May 10, 2015
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Jasper Frunt
May 8th 2013
CIRED 2013 NL Preparation
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
4 Subjects from special report
Risk assessment and asset management
- Risk assessment
- Reliability assessment
Network development
- Innovative Power Distribution
- Active Networks
- Smart Grid Systems and Applications
- DC Distribution Systems
Distribution planning
- General Planning
- Automation and Reactive Compensation Planning
- EV Accomodation Planning
- Distribution Planning in the Era of Smartgrid
Methods and Tools
- Load Modelling and Profiling
- Load Forecasting
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
3
Paper overview
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
Paper overview
121 papers
7 from NL
83 reviewed
- 34 do read
- 30 read for specialists
- 18 do not read
- 1 paper not present
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
5
Paper evaluations
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
Reviewers from DNV KEMA
Gabriël Bloemhof
Roger Cremers
Gerben Dekker
Harold Dijk
Jasper Frunt
Evert de Haan
Peter Vaessen
Michel Verburg
Yongtao Yang
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
Review options
Advise to read is given by one of these symbols.
Relevance for NL indicated by:
Authors from NL
7
JKL
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
General typical observations Gabriël (his share of papers)
Quality of papers seems to increase (Just a few bad papers).
- Topics vary from very practical isolated single case studies to very broad theoretical
discussions
- The intermediate ones are most interesting, applying tough theory to harsh practice.
Very few papers from multiple countries
- Meaning for international cooperation?
Dutch papers rarely refer to related or even similar neighbors' utilities activities
- Meaning for national cooperation?
Methodology trends continue
- More awareness about limitations of “conventional” ways of planning or operation.
- More attention to newer methods, including optimization, probabilistics, …
- No new standard or tool emerging already yet
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1. Risk assessment and asset management
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0208 Risk analysis of alternatives to N-1 reserves in a network with large amounts of
wind power Bollen, Chen, Etherden, SWEDEN
This paper is about local straightforward alternatives to N-1 reserves when
connecting a wind farm to the grid
And it is about how these alternatives affect the actual produced wind power.
Innovations are the simple and elegant way of solving the issue.
A technical risk of DNOs is transferred into an economic risk for wind farm owners.
Conclusions are that although more research is needed, when N-1 can be
circumvented some of the problems surrounding wind power are not relevant
anymore.
11
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0307 Investing In The Future: Long-term Optimization Of Asset Replacement In The
Collective Regional Electricity Grids Of The Netherlands Brouns, Poorts, (Enexis) NETHERLANDS
Paper presents results of a study on the effects of asset ageing on the reliability
and affordability of the collective regional electricity grids of The Netherlands.
Considers:
- Population and outage data (Nestor), aged-related failures and non-age related
- different scenario’s: No action, Plans issued in 2009, Theoretically optimal (with different
objectives)
- Distribution automation, Intensified maintenance, Prevention of failures due to excavations,
Larger workforce for emergency shift
Recommendations for further research and consultation:
- Determine at a strategic level which (long-term) SAIDI the DNOs aim for.
- Further in-depth research into failure modes, failure
behaviour and failure curves of components
- Biennial evaluation and recalibration of the study,
updating model assumptions and estimations.
13
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0345 Multi-criteria Optimization Of Maintenance Activities Germany
Evaluation of the long-range investment and resource planning of the assets of the
complete power system. Aim: to reduce the maintenance costs under the condition
to keep the availability on a high level.
This multi-criteria task (competitive targets, reliability and economy) is
exemplary solved on the basis of three different assets groups (power transformers,
circuit-breakers and disconnectors).
to decrease the number of combinations substantially game theory is applied.
Multi-targets are translated into single utility function
Method is described, but not in detail
14
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1482 Building a framework for integrated risk management of compl. projects: the
case of a major distr network investment Houghton, Ackermann, Howick, Quigley, Walls, UK
This paper is about a process in which risks of a major renewable integration project
were identified and managed. The paper describes the process, the workshops, and
the development of an integrated risk management framework that covers both
operational as well as systemic risks.
Innovations are that ‘soft’ risk assessment methods like group sessions are
combined with ‘hard’ risk modeling using bayesian networks.
16
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2. Network development
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0718 Improving Quality Of Supply And Usage Of Assets In Distribution Grids By
Introducing A “Smart Operator” Germany
This paper is about a project to develop a “Smart Operator”.
The following objectives are to be reached:
- Increased grid efficiency, intelligent monitoring and steering of producers, storage and
consumers, improved load management, innovative grid components
- regulated local grid transformers, various types of electrochemical storage, remotely controlled low
voltage switches, charging stations for electric vehicles, home energy controller (HEC).
- Proof of technical functionality (at first under laboratory conditions), as well as of the
applicability of the developed technology in the grid based on three field tests
- Recommendations on regulation for grid operators based on the results of this pilot project
- Assessment of effects on the grid of storage operation and usage of consumer flexibility.
Demonstrations 2013-2014.
18
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May 8th 2013
0726 I-net, The Reality Of An Intelligent Distribution Network Heerbaart, Kuipers, Baldinger, (Alliander, Eaton, Locamation ) Netherlands
About Lianders Smart Grid (e.g. in Amsterdam, area 10 000 households))
bidirectional operation, self-healing functionality, automatic fault localization
SASensor in Xiria substations intelligent distribution substations (iDR - 20/10kV)
- New fiber optic network rolled out for sophisticated use
Practical descriptions of setup, progress and successes.
19
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May 8th 2013
1292 A SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH TO LOW VOLTAGE DC DISTRIBUTION Tero KAIPIA et. al. Finland and Wookyu CHAE et. al. Korea
This paper is about the overall system engineering aspects of LVDC electricity
distribution.
And it is also about the importance of the standardisation of LVDC technology.
Innovations is: a methodology for selecting the techno-economic optimal voltage
level within the boundary conditions set by the DC system application and the
operating environment.
Conclusions are
- A comprehensive system engineering approach is needed for LVDC technology to ensure
the compatibility between applications.
- As LVDC is still quite immature, standardisation should leave enough freedoms for system
designers and developers.
- Safety issues must be emphasised.
21
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1330 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING IEC61660 FOR CHARACTERISING SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS OF FUTURE LOW VOLTAGE DC DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Abdoulah EMHEMED Graeme Burt, UK
This paper is about the effectiveness of using IEC61660 for short-circuit current
characterisation of LVDC
And it is also about
- Potential benefits the LVDC offers for future power systems
- challenges brought by the LVDC technology for understanding fault behaviour and effective protection
systems.
Conclusions are: by comparing IEC61660-based calculation and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation, it
shows:
- IEC61660 is effective for faults at the converter terminal, except the IEC decay time for fault current is
significant faster than that from the PSCAD simulation.
- For remote faults, IEC61660 still gives correct steady-state fault current, but less accurate
(underestimating the severity) for characterising the capacitor discharging currents.
- LVDC system designed based on IEC61660 will experience problem with, component rating and fault
detection.
- The reason for the error, IEC61660 was developed for small DC auxiliary installations, not for large
networks.
22
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1340 Storage Simulations For Distribution System Analysis (EPRI) USA
This paper describes three types of storage simulations on distribution systems for
three different time frames: capacity evaluations in 15-min intervals; renewable
generation smoothing in 1-min intervals; and electromechanical dynamics analysis
in intervals ranging from seconds down to microseconds.
library of dynamic models (developed by EDF) comprises the following DESS
structure: storage media – chopper – voltage-controlled dc-bus – inverter – grid.
the sequential-time simulation modes require more
sophisticated models and more data than simple static
power flow evaluation. Dynamics models of inverter-based
storage may require values of more than 30 parameters.
“Challenge” for most distribution planners. Some form
of standard model framework must be developed
23
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May 8th 2013
24
3. Distribution planning
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0257 Impacts Of Large-scale Integration Of PV Based Generations In A Mesh-
connected Low Voltage Network Bhattacharyya, Cobben, Toonen, (Endinet, Alliander) Netherlands
This paper is about impact of (massive) PV in a meshed LV grid.
Note: EV is ignored.
Test network is simulated in Gaia software
Practical approach to practical problem.
Conclusions are that massive introduction of PV may lead to violate EN50160
voltage requirements. Endinet plans a pilot project.
26
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0500 “Smart Planning” – An Integrated Approach For Distribution System Planning
To Cope With Its Future Requirements Germany
This paper is about integrating challenges: - decentralized renewable sources are increasing.
- Prediction scenarios construction of renewable energy sources resp. decommissioning of
conventional generation are divergent and heterogeneous.
- The asset base mainly built during economic expansion periods within the last century are
shifting to critical states.
- Investment budgets are shrinking.
to address these challenges - Find synergies between network expansion planning and strategic asset management, using
practical rules from DNO
- Use computer models and optimization techniques, like Genetic Optimization
- Combine probabilistic scenario identification, network expansion planning, maintenance
planning, contingency analysis, asset simulation, financial valuation, network optimization.
The developed “new” integrated approach will be used for an analysis of a real
distribution system. The practicability will be demonstrated by end of 2013 by
integrating the different modules in the asset optimization process.
27
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0609 First Use Of Smart Grid Data In Distribution Network Planning France, Spain
ERDF "ERABLE" project aims at creating value from smart meter data in terms of
distribution network planning and power quality improvement.
Automatically runs a “playback”, day after day, of the system by projecting the
measured load curves into DIgSILENT PowerFactory (DPL scripts, new API).
Calculations detect constraints and consider load balancing as operational
reinforcement alternative.
Describes daily and monthly process, and data handling issues
Future additional developments
- Implementation of new Smart Grid controls
- Probabilistic power flow based on individual load model
- Global simulation integrating MV and LV networks.
28
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0622 MARKET POTENTIAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PROVISION OF BALANCING
RESERVE WITH A FLEET OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES Raths, Schnettler, Pollok, Brandt, Sowa, Eckstein, Germany
This paper is about providing ancillary services (balancing reserves) with electric
vehicles and as such increasing the market potential. Based on a case study of the
German energy market the economic feasibility is assessed.
The findings suggest favourable economics for balancing reserve services which is
stated to create a positive momentum for electric vehicle uptake in Germany. The
three balancing reserve markets (primary, secondary and tertiary) are assessed. A
combined annual profit of 100 to 150 euro per EV is found to be possible.
The profit maximization is done via linear programming.
29
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0624 Novel Algorithm To The Multi-stage Grid Expansion Problem Taking Into Account Grid
Topology Modifications And Storage Devices Germany
multi-stage grid expansion problem: Grid topology modifications by dynamically
added busses and electrical storage devices
Includes mathematical formulation: mixed integer linear programming problem with
a non-convex solution space.
Uses heuristic Branch & Bound method, adapted for non-convex solution space
(due to storage devices) -> "Split and Stint Algorithm" (S&S)
Applied to several test systems, like IEEE
further research:
- solve bigger problems
- energetic verification for storage units
- (mutual charging is not yet regarded).
- Simultaneous power line and storage-technologies.
- stochastic variables renewable energy
30
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0807 Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings
and computational fluid dynamics Greenwood, Ingram, Taylor, Collinson, Brown, UK
This paper is about:
- Real time thermal rating of overhead lines
- Application of RTTR on real distribution system
Innovations are:
- CFD modelling of overhead line routes
Conclusions are:
- Dynamic rating of overhead lines is much higher than static rating provided that correct route
is chosen
31
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0840 A MULTI-AGENT BASED APPROACH FOR SIMULATING G2V AND V2G
CHARGING STRATEGIES FOR LARGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEETS Übermasser, Stifter, Germany
This paper is about creating a platform to determine the optimzation of charging
fleets of EVs. Temperature dependency and charging losses have been
implemented. Based on defined defined power limits and power generation a
charging algorithm was developed that enables allocation of charging power to
individual vehicles as a function of their state-of-charge.
It is concluded that the algorithm provided decreases the number of vehicles which
run out of energy during the next trip and might increase the level of acceptance.
The algorithm optimizes charging via minimizing the number of vehicles with low
state-of-charge (under threshold).
32
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0847 Avoiding MV-network Expansion By Distributed Voltage Control Germany
using VCDT-technology (Voltage Controlled Distribution Transformers) for an area-
wide dispersed voltage control is at first explained, then shown in its effects on rural
MV grids and finally discussed in its advantages and disadvantages.
Theoretic analyses show that DVC is a promising approach to integrate lots of
additional DG with little or none extra network expansion. At the same time, high
rates of heat pumps and e-cars can be integrated easily in existing MV grids.
The next steps are:
- an extended study with more substations
- in-depth study about (n-1)-conditions
- development of network planning rules for the application
of VCDT technology under standard conditions
A field study starts February 2013 by changing transformers
in two entire villages. First results may be presented in June.
33
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May 8th 2013
1046 Requirements For Advanced Decision Support Tools In Future Distribution
Network Planning Grond, Morren, Slootweg, (Enexis, TU/e) Netherlands
Need and requirements for advanced decision support tools in future network
planning from a distribution network operator perspective.
The existing tools will no longer be satisfactory for future application due to present
developments in the electricity sector that increase uncertainty.
Advanced decision support tools require the most efficient optimization techniques,
must be able to find the optimal investment path considering multiple scenarios, and
should not only consider classic expansion strategies but also intelligent ones (e.g.
energy storage and controlling active demand).
Generic overview, pleading for innovation
34
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1241 IMPACT OF THE LARGE SHARE OF RENEWABLE GENERATION ON
INVESTMENT COSTS AT THE EXAMPLE OF AUW DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Birgit MEYER et al GERMANY
This paper is about the large scale implementation of distributed generation (wind
and PV) in MV and LV networks in the southern part of Germany
Several solutions like conventional network extension, energy storage, load
management and smart grid component are compared in terms of number of assets
and investment costs
Innovations are smart solutions for the implementation of DER (smart grid
technologies, regulated distribution transformers etc.)
Conclusions:
- Future renewable generation should be integrated directly into the medium or high voltage network to
meet the 2022 target
- Load management is not effective due to high infeed versus relatively low load
- Smart grid components and battery storage should be implemented in the future German regulation
system in order to make them economically viable
- If regulated distribution transformers are installed, no additional LV network extension is required
35
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1356 ANALYSIS OF THE OPTIONS TO REDUCE THE INTEGRATION COSTS OF RENEWABLE GENERATION IN THE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS. PART 2: A STEP TOWARDS ADVANCED CONNECTION STUDIES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
ALTERNATIVES TO GRID REINFORCEMENT
Gauthier DELILLE Gilles MALARANGE Christophe GAUDIN, France
This paper presents a tool (under development at EDF R&D) for DG/RES connection
studies, that analyses the merit order of various grid reinforcement alternatives.
Considered Grid reinforcement alternatives:
- Distribution grid reinforcement
- Reactive power control at the Point of Common Coupling: constant Power Factor
- Generation Curtailment
- Distributed Energy Storage System
The tool is developed within Matlab environment
Innovations: merit order analysis of grid reinforcement alternatives in DG/RES grid
connection studies
Conclusions: further research topics: statistical representativity, sensitivity studies and
implementation of the proposed approach within ERDF planning tools.
37
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1419 IMPACTS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS ON LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS: A
CASE STUDY FOR THE NORTH WEST OF ENGLAND Alejandro NAVARRO, Luis F. OCHOA, Pierluigi MANCARELLA, Dan RANDLES, UK
This paper investigates the impacts of different PV penetrations on a real LV network
located in the North West of England.
Two Scenarios based on location: closer to and further from the distribution transformer.
Modelling aspects:
- Monte Carlo approach is used.
- Time-series behaviour of loads and PV generation: 5-min resolution models for domestic
load and PV generation
- Load profile and PV profile are linked
Impact indices:
- Percentage of consumers with voltage problems
- Utilisation factor of the main feeder
Innovations: none
Conclusions: PV location plays a significant role on the potential impacts on voltage. Longer
feeders present voltage issues sooner than shorter ones.
39
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
1456 LIVING LAB ‘ROTTERDAM TESTS ELECTRIC DRIVING’ (FOCUS ON THE
MONITORING OF THE IMPACT ON THE ELECTRIC GRID) FIDDER, NEURAY, STRENG, JAHN, VAN LUMIG, NETHERLANDS
This paper focusses on the impact of electric driving on the electricity grid. With this
purpose measured loads in MV/LV distribution substations and load profiles from
EVs are combined. This enables an evaluation of the moment, the place and at
what level of charging point penetration the grid starts to saturate.
It is concluded that with active control from the DSO, it is possible to double the
number of charging poles on office locations, provided the EVs stay connected to
the charging point for 8 hours and charge for 4 hours.
In the analyzed residential areas, at least a doubling of the number of charging
cycles can be achieved by active control.
41
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
42
4. Methods and Tools
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0018 Changes In Forecasting Of HV/MV-transformer Loading Due To Distributed
Generation Berende, De Ruiter, Morren, (Enexis) Netherlands
Enexis has adapted its load forecasting method for HV/MV-transformers to
incorporate the influence of distributed generation.
AMR measurement data, total generation and total demand in an MV-grid can be
determined and separate forecasted, with a certain correlation between demand
and generation for different types of DG. Forecasts can be merged into a single
forecast of transformer loading.
Based on the correlation a minimum DG infeed can be determined, as a
percentage of installed generation capacity.
The forecast can be used in the regular
network planning process, reducing uncertainty
and (probably, but not in the papers conclusion)
may save money or postpone replacements.
43
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0724 DYNAMIC EQUIVALENTS OF ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION POWER
SYSTEMS FOR INVESTIGATION OF TRANSIENT STABILITY Traian N. PREDA, Kjetil Uhlen Dag Eirik Nordgård, Trond Toftevaag, Norway
This paper describes a method for power systems reduction and aggregation of generators to
obtain dynamic equivalents of distribution power systems with DG units. Criteria to validate
this method for distribution power systems are proposed.
The method consists of the following steps:
- DG units coherency identification
- DG unit dynamic aggregation
- DPS network reduction
Innovations: none
Conclusions: The dynamic equivalent obtained for DPS preserves the original response, in
terms of voltage magnitude and angle variations.
45
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May 8th 2013
www.dnvkema.com
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
48
ALL PAPERS
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
49
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(018) Changes In Forecasting Of HV/MV-transformer Loading Due To
Distributed Generation Berende, De Ruiter, Morren, (Enexis) Netherlands
Enexis has adapted its load forecasting method for HV/MV-transformers to
incorporate the influence of distributed generation.
AMR measurement data, total generation and total demand in an MV-grid can be
determined and separate forecasted, with a certain correlation between demand
and generation for different types of DG. Forecasts can be merged into a single
forecast of transformer loading.
Based on the correlation a minimum DG infeed can be determined, as a
percentage of installed generation capacity.
The forecast can be used in the regular
network planning process, reducing uncertainty
and (probably, but not in the papers conclusion)
may save money or postpone replacements.
50
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0208 Risk analysis of alternatives to N-1 reserves in a network with large amounts of
wind power Bollen, Chen, Etherden, SWEDEN
This paper is about local straightforward alternatives to N-1 reserves when
connecting a wind farm to the grid
And it is about how these alternatives affect the actual produced wind power.
Innovations are the simple and elegant way of solving the issue.
Conclusions are that although more research is needed, when N-1 can be
circumvented some of the problems surrounding wind power are not relevant
anymore.
51
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0229 Netw Planning and decision support tool for integration of low carbon tech and solutions Hollingworth, Mukherjee, Hodges, Miller, Lyons, UK
This paper is about a newly developed software tool to support network planning.
And it is about some of the details of that software.
Innovations are the presentation of several grid design alternatives. However, it is
not fully clear how those alternatives are generated or assessed. Moreover, it
seems to be based on a specific set of load flow softwares and information
databases, and as such not easily implementable at other DSOs.
52
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(257) Impacts Of Large-scale Integration Of PV Based Generations In A Mesh-
connected Low Voltage Network Bhattacharyya, Cobben, Toonen, (Endinet, Alliander) Netherlands
This paper is about impact of (massive) PV in a meshed LV grid.
Note: EV is ignored.
Test network is simulated in Gaia software
Practical approach to practical problem.
Conclusions are that massive introduction of PV may lead to violate EN50160
voltage requirements. Endinet plans a pilot project.
53
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0302 A methodology for ranking locations according to the likelihood and consequence of
extreme events Blake, Taylor, Miller, UK
This paper is about a practical method to rank locations based on a sound risk
methodology.
It illustrates how locations can be ranked in a practical manner that allows on the
one hand for standard risk and reliability calculations and on the other hand for
expert judgement.
Innovations are limited: this method has been known. However, the paper is well
presented and applicable.
54
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(307) Investing In The Future: Long-term Optimization Of Asset Replacement
In The Collective Regional Electricity Grids Of The Netherlands Brouns, Poorts, (Enexis) NETHERLANDS
Paper presents results of a study on the effects of asset ageing on the reliability
and affordability of the collective regional electricity grids of The Netherlands.
Considers:
- Population and outage data (Nestor), aged-related failures and non-age related
- different scenario’s: No action, Plans issued in 2009, Theoretically optimal (with different
objectives)
- Distribution automation, Intensified maintenance, Prevention of failures due to excavations,
Larger workforce for emergency shift
Recommendations for further research and consultation:
- Determine at a strategic level which (long-term) SAIDI the DNOs aim for.
- Further in-depth research into failure modes, failure
behaviour and failure curves of components
- Biennial evaluation and recalibration of the study,
updating model assumptions and estimations.
55
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(345) Multi-criteria Optimization Of Maintenance Activities Germany
evaluation of the long-range investment and resource planning of the assets of the
complete power system. Aim: to reduce the maintenance costs under the condition
to keep the availability on a high level.
This multi-criteria task (competitive targets, reliability and economy) is
exemplary solved on the basis of three different assets groups (power transformers,
circuit-breakers and disconnectors).
to decrease the number of combinations substantially game theory is applied.
Multi-targets are translated into single utility function
Method is described, but not in detail
56
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(500) “Smart Planning” – An Integrated Approach For Distribution System
Planning To Cope With Its Future Requirements Germany
This paper is about integrating challenges: - decentralized renewable sources are increasing.
- Prediction scenarios construction of renewable energy sources resp. decommissioning of
conventional generation are divergent and heterogeneous.
- The asset base mainly built during economic expansion periods within the last century are
shifting to critical states.
- Investment budgets are shrinking.
to address these challenges - Find synergies between network expansion planning and strategic asset management, using
practical rules from DNO
- Use computer models and optimization techniques, like Genetic Optimization
- Combine probabilistic scenario identification, network expansion planning, maintenance
planning, contingency analysis, asset simulation, financial valuation, network optimization.
The developed “new” integrated approach will be used for an analysis of a real
distribution system. The practicability will be demonstrated by end of 2013 by
integrating the different modules in the asset optimization process.
57
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0577 DEVELOPING INDICATORS FOR MONITORING VULNERABILITY
OF POWER LINES – CASE STUDIES Matthias HOFMANN, Oddbjørn GJERDE, Gerd H. KJØLLE, Eivind GRAMME, Johan G. HERNES, Jan A. FOOSNÆS, Norway
This paper is about how information from vulnerability analyses and existing
maintenance management systems can be combined with information about threats
and criticality to establish vulnerability indicators for power lines
And it illustrates the development of vulnerability indicators for critical power lines
through two case studies together with network companies.
Innovations are
- Combining Expert Assessment and Calculation based on data
- Identifying critical assets to limit the effort of data collection and indicator modelling
Conclusions are
- More effort is required for a consistent set of indicators
- Aggregation and weighting are important to represent the vulnerability on an aggregated
level.
- Leading indicators ( future vulnerability ) are a remaining challenge.
58
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(609) First Use Of Smart Grid Data In Distribution Network Planning France, Spain
ERDF "ERABLE" project aims at creating value from smart meter data in terms of
distribution network planning and power quality improvement.
Automatically runs a “playback”, day after day, of the system by projecting the
measured load curves into DIgSILENT PowerFactory (DPL scripts, new API).
Calculations detect constraints and consider load balancing as operational
reinforcement alternative.
Describes daily and monthly process, and data handling issues
Future additional developments
- Implementation of new Smart Grid controls
- Probabilistic power flow based on individual load model
- Global simulation integrating MV and LV networks.
59
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0622 MARKET POTENTIAL ANALYSIS FOR THE PROVISION OF BALANCING
RESERVE WITH A FLEET OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES Raths, Schnettler, Pollok, Brandt, Sowa, Eckstein, Germany
This paper is about providing ancillary services (balancing reserves) with electric
vehicles and as such increasing the market potential. Based on a case study of the
German energy market the economic feasibility is assessed. The findings suggest
favourable economics for balancing reserve services which is stated to create a
positive momentum for electric vehicle uptake in Germany. The three balancing
reserve markets (primary, secondary and tertiary) are assessed. A combined annual
profit of 100 to 150 euro is found to be possible.
The profit maximization is done via linear programming.
60
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
(624) Novel Algorithm To The Multi-stage Grid Expansion Problem Taking Into Account
Grid Topology Modifications And Storage Devices Germany
multi-stage grid expansion problem: Grid topology modifications by dynamically
added busses and electrical storage devices
Includes mathematical formulation: mixed integer linear programming problem with
a non-convex solution space.
Uses heuristic Branch & Bound method, adapted for non-convex solution space
(due to storage devices) -> "Split and Stint Algorithm" (S&S)
Applied to several test systems, like IEEE
further research:
- solve bigger problems
- energetic verification for storage units
- (mutual charging is not yet regarded).
- Simultaneous power line and storage-technologies.
- stochastic variables renewable energy
61
J
CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0664 COMPARING LOAD ESTIMATION METHODS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ANALYSIS ARRITT, DUGAN, USA
Load allocations for distribution system analysis is one area in system modelling
where simple, generalized assumptions are commonly made by distribution
planners for lack of better data. In this paper three techniques (Transformer kVA
allocation, Monthly Usage Allocation, Class Loadshape Allocations) for load
allocation are analyzed and compared to the case with actual AMI (advanced
metering infrastructure) data for all customers. Using the load allocation, network
analyses have been performed.
It is concluded that AMI will provide distribution planners with greatly improved
predictions of actual system performance. Other methods not only under-report
overloads but also mis-report overloads. For network losses the Monthly Usage
Allocation gives similar results to AMI.
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(718) Improving Quality Of Supply And Usage Of Assets In Distribution Grids
By Introducing A “Smart Operator” Germany
This paper is about a project to develop a “Smart Operator”.
The following objectives are to be reached:
- Increased grid efficiency, intelligent monitoring and steering of producers, storage and
consumers, improved load management, innovative grid components
- regulated local grid transformers, various types of electrochemical storage, remotely controlled low
voltage switches, charging stations for electric vehicles, home energy controller (HEC).
- Proof of technical functionality (at first under laboratory conditions), as well as of the
applicability of the developed technology in the grid based on three field tests
- Recommendations on regulation for grid operators based on the results of this pilot project
- Assessment of effects on the grid of storage operation and usage of consumer flexibility.
Demonstrations 2013-2014.
63
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May 8th 2013
0724 DYNAMIC EQUIVALENTS OF ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION POWER
SYSTEMS FOR INVESTIGATION OF TRANSIENT STABILITY Traian N. PREDA, Kjetil Uhlen Dag Eirik Nordgård, Trond Toftevaag, Norway
This paper describes a method for power systems reduction and aggregation of generators to
obtain dynamic equivalents of distribution power systems with DG units. Criteria to validate
this method for distribution power systems are proposed.
The method consists of the following steps:
- DG units coherency identification
- DG unit dynamic aggregation
- DPS network reduction
Innovations: none
Conclusions: The dynamic equivalent obtained for DPS preserves the original response, in
terms of voltage magnitude and angle variations.
64
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May 8th 2013
(726) I-net, The Reality Of An Intelligent Distribution Network Heerbaart, Kuipers, Baldinger, (Alliander, Eaton, Locamation ) Netherlands
About Lianders Smart Grid (e.g. in Amsterdam, area 10 000 households))
bidirectional operation, self-healing functionality, automatic fault localization
SASensor in Xiria substations intelligent distribution substations (iDR - 20/10kV)
- New fiber optic network rolled out for sophisticated use
Practical descriptions of setup, progress and successes.
65
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May 8th 2013
0807 Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings
and computational fluid dynamics Greenwood, Ingram, Taylor, Collinson, Brown, UK
This paper is about:
- Real time thermal rating of overhead lines
- Application of RTTR on real distribution system
Innovations are:
- CFD modelling of overhead line routes
Conclusions are:
- Dynamic rating of overhead lines is much higher than static rating provided that correct route
is chosen
66
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May 8th 2013
0840 A MULTI-AGENT BASED APPROACH FOR SIMULATING G2V AND V2G
CHARGING STRATEGIES FOR LARGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEETS Übermasser, Stifter, Germany
This paper is about creating a platform to determine the optimzation of charging
fleets of EVs. Temperature dependency and charging losses have been
implemented. Based on defined defined power limits and power generation a
charging algorithm was developed that enables allocation of charging power to
individual vehicles as a function of their state-of-charge.
It is concluded that the algorithm provided decreases the number of vehicles which
run out of energy during the next trip and might increase the level of acceptance.
The algorithm optimizes charging via minimizing the number of vehicles with low
state-of-charge (under threshold).
67
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May 8th 2013
(847) Avoiding MV-network Expansion By Distributed Voltage Control Germany
using VCDT-technology (Voltage Controlled Distribution Transformers) for an area-
wide dispersed voltage control is at first explained, then shown in its effects on rural
MV grids and finally discussed in its advantages and disadvantages.
Theoretic analyses show that DVC is a promising approach to integrate lots of
additional DG with little or none extra network expansion. At the same time, high
rates of heat pumps and e-cars can be integrated easily in existing MV grids.
The next steps are:
- an extended study with more substations
- in-depth study about (n-1)-conditions
- development of network planning rules for the application
of VCDT technology under standard conditions
A field study starts February 2013 by changing transformers
in two entire villages. First results may be presented in June.
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May 8th 2013
1175 ON THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE LOAD CURVE OF THE CITY
OF ZURICH KLEMENZ, BADER, LUTERNAUER, SWITZERLAND
This paper deals with the correlation between electricity consumption in the city of
Zurich and the outside temperature. A tend to rising energy consumption in summer
can be observed. The contribution gives indication regarding evolution of peak load
in the future for dimensioning the distribution grid.
It is concluded that the temperature dependence of the load can best be described
by a polynomial of the fourth degree and the radiation effect on the load (global
radiation) by a linear trend.
69
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May 8th 2013
(1096) A Testbed For The Assessment Of Active Network Management
Applications Using Simulation And Communications Emulation UK
This paper is about Active Network Management (ANM)
ANM covers a number of control techniques:
- Power Flow Management;
- Voltage Management;
- Automatic Restoration
- System Balancing;
- Increased Visibility of Network Conditions
Simulation-based testing is proposed to assess the merits of ANM. Paper presents
a flexible testbed for ANM solutions, using commercially available software in a
real-time environment. (e.g. PowerFactory, RSCAD (RTDS), Phyton, OPNET …)
Future work includes validating the testbed against an existing case
70
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May 8th 2013
1266 The impact of EV’s fast charging stations on the MV distribution
grids of the Milan metropolean area Mauri, Bertini, Fasciolo, Fratti, Italy
This paper is about:
- Impact of EV fast charging stations on grid of Milan in 2030
- Grid support by storage units placed at fast charging stations
Innovations are:
- N.A.
Conclusions are:
- The robust urban distribution network of Milan is able to handle additional EV demand
without exceeding voltage limits
- The use of storage units will alleviate voltage problems in other urban distribution networks
where fast charging stations may cause such problems
71
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May 8th 2013
(1340) Storage Simulations For Distribution System Analysis (EPRI) USA
This paper describes three types of storage simulations on distribution systems for
three different time frames: capacity evaluations in 15-min intervals; renewable
generation smoothing in 1-min intervals; and electromechanical dynamics analysis
in intervals ranging from seconds down to microseconds.
library of dynamic models (developed by EDF) comprises the following DESS
structure: storage media – chopper – voltage-controlled dc-bus – inverter – grid.
the sequential-time simulation modes require more
sophisticated models and more data than simple static
power flow evaluation. Dynamics models of inverter-based
storage may require values of more than 30 parameters.
“Challenge” for most distribution planners. Some form
of standard model framework must be developed
72
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May 8th 2013
(1426) Power System Planning In Distribution Networks Today And In The
Future With Smart Grids Norway
Describes planning process in NTE Nett, what
might change when (DER) are integrated. Plus
new challenges and possibilities the (DSO) will
face regarding planning within smart grids.
Topics (briefly overviewed): - Load profiles
- Voltage level in MV and LV, weak grid issues
- LV with isolated neutral
- Integration of DG
- new components
- telecom, sensors, meters, PLC,
power electronics, control systems,
- Smart meter data, ICT
- Demand respons
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May 8th 2013
(1046) Requirements For Advanced Decision Support Tools In Future
Distribution Network Planning Grond, Morren, Slootweg, (Enexis, TU/e) Netherlands
Need and requirements for advanced decision support tools in future network
planning from a distribution network operator perspective.
The existing tools will no longer be satisfactory for future application due to present
developments in the electricity sector that increase uncertainty.
Advanced decision support tools require the most efficient optimization techniques,
must be able to find the optimal investment path considering multiple scenarios, and
should not only consider classic expansion strategies but also intelligent ones (e.g.
energy storage and controlling active demand).
Generic overview, pleading for innovation
74
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May 8th 2013
1241 IMPACT OF THE LARGE SHARE OF RENEWABLE GENERATION ON
INVESTMENT COSTS AT THE EXAMPLE OF AUW DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Birgit MEYER et al GERMANY
This paper is about the large scale implementation of distributed generation (wind
and PV) in MV and LV networks in the southern part of Germany
Several solutions like conventional network extension, energy storage, load
management and smart grid component are compared in terms of number of assets
and investment costs
Innovations are smart solutions for the implementation of DER (smart grid
technologies, regulated distribution transformers etc.)
Conclusions:
- Future renewable generation should be integrated directly into the medium or high voltage network to
meet the 2022 target
- Load management is not effective due to high infeed versus relatively low load
- Smart grid components and battery storage should be implemented in the future German regulation
system in order to make them economically viable
- If regulated distribution transformers are installed, no additional LV network extension is required
75
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May 8th 2013
1292 A SYSTEM ENGINEERING APPROACH TO LOW VOLTAGE DC DISTRIBUTION Tero KAIPIA et. al. Finland and Wookyu CHAE et. al. Korea
This paper is about the overall system engineering aspects of LVDC electricity
distribution.
And it is also about the importance of the standardisation of LVDC technology.
Innovations is: a methodology for selecting the techno-economic optimal voltage
level within the boundary conditions set by the DC system application and the
operating environment.
Conclusions are
- A comprehensive system engineering approach is needed for LVDC technology to ensure
the compatibility between application
- As LVDC is still quite immature, standardisation should leave enough freedoms for system
designers and developers.
- Safety issues must be emphasised.
76
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May 8th 2013
1330 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING IEC61660 FOR CHARACTERISING SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENTS OF FUTURE LOW VOLTAGE DC DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Abdoulah EMHEMED Graeme Burt, UK
This paper is about the effectiveness of using IEC61660 for short-circuit current
characterisation of LVDC
And it is also about
- Potential benefits the LVDC offers for future power systems
- challenges brought by the LVDC technology for understanding fault behaviour and effective protection
systems.
Conclusions are: by comparing IEC61660-based calculation and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation, it
shows:
- IEC61660 is effective for faults at the converter terminal, except the IEC decay time for fault current is
significant faster than that from the PSCAD simulation.
- For remote faults, IEC61660 still gives correct steady-state fault current, but less accurate
(underestimating the severity) for characterising the capacitor discharging currents.
- LVDC system designed based on IEC61660 will experience problem with, component rating and fault
detection.
- The reason for the error, IEC61660 was developed for small DC auxiliary installations, not for large
networks.
77
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May 8th 2013
1356 ANALYSIS OF THE OPTIONS TO REDUCE THE INTEGRATION COSTS OF RENEWABLE GENERATION IN THE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS. PART 2: A STEP TOWARDS ADVANCED CONNECTION STUDIES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
ALTERNATIVES TO GRID REINFORCEMENT
Gauthier DELILLE Gilles MALARANGE Christophe GAUDIN, France
This paper presents a tool (under development at EDF R&D) for DG/RES connection
studies, that analyses the merit order of various grid reinforcement alternatives.
Considered Grid reinforcement alternatives:
- Distribution grid reinforcement
- Reactive power control at the Point of Common Coupling: constant Power Factor
- Generation Curtailment
- Distributed Energy Storage System
The tool is developed within Matlab environment
Innovations: merit order analysis of grid reinforcement alternatives in DG/RES grid
connection studies
Conclusions: further research topics: statistical representativity, sensitivity studies and
implementation of the proposed approach within ERDF planning tools.
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May 8th 2013
1370 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ICT ON THE RELIABILITY OF ACTIVE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Jason TAYLOR USA, Samuel JUPE UK, Gianni CELLI Fabrizio PILOItaly
This paper gives an overview of and approaches to assess the impact of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) on the reliability of active distribution systems, based
on the shared experiences of CIGRE Working Group C6.19 “Planning and Optimization
Methods for Active Distribution Systems”.
The functionality of a co-simulation tool functionality, assessment, and data requirements
are considered
Co-simulation: simultaneous simulation of power delivery and communications networks.
Innovations: co-simulation ambition
(functional requirements)
Conclusions: ICTs are critical components in the successful deployment of ADSs and power
delivery systems are expected to become increasingly reliant on these technologies.
79
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May 8th 2013
1419 IMPACTS OF PHOTOVOLTAICS ON LOW VOLTAGE NETWORKS: A
CASE STUDY FOR THE NORTH WEST OF ENGLAND Alejandro NAVARRO, Luis F. OCHOA, Pierluigi MANCARELLA, Dan RANDLES, UK
This paper investigates the impacts of different PV penetrations on a real LV network
located in the North West of England.
Two Scenarios based on location: closer to and further from the distribution transformer.
Modelling aspects:
- Monte Carlo approach is used.
- Time-series behaviour of loads and PV generation: 5-min resolution models for domestic
load and PV generation
- Load profile and PV profile are linked
Impact indices:
- Percentage of consumers with voltage problems
- Utilisation factor of the main feeder
Innovations: none
Conclusions: PV location plays a significant role on the potential impacts on voltage. Longer
feeders present voltage issues sooner than shorter ones.
80
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May 8th 2013
1456 LIVING LAB ‘ROTTERDAM TESTS ELECTRIC DRIVING’ (FOCUS ON THE
MONITORING OF THE IMPACT ON THE ELECTRIC GRID) FIDDER, NEURAY, STRENG, JAHN, VAN LUMIG, NETHERLANDS
This paper focusses on the impact of electric driving on the electricity grid. With this
purpose measured loads in MV/LV distribution substations and load profiles from
EVs are combined. This enables an evaluation of the moment, the place and at
what level of charging point penetration the grid starts to saturate.
It is concluded that with active control from the DSO, it is possible to double the
number of charging poles on office locations, provided the EVs stay connected to
the charging point for 8 hours and charge for 4 hours.
In the analyzed residential areas, at least a doubling of the number of charging
cycles can be achieved by active control.
81
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May 8th 2013
1482 Building a framework for integrated risk management of compl. projects: the
case of a major distr network investment Houghton, Ackermann, Howick, Quigley, Walls, UK
This paper is about a process in which risks of a major renewable integration project
were identified and managed. The paper describes the process, the workshops, and
the development of an integrated risk management framework that covers both
operational as well as systemic risks.
Innovations are that ‘soft’ risk assessment methods like group sessions are
combined with ‘hard’ risk modeling using bayesian networks.
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May 8th 2013
0078 Combination of Capacitor Placement and Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction
in Distribution Systems using Selective PSO Tamer M. KHALIL, Egypt, Alexander V. GORPINICH, Ukraine, Ghada M. ELBANNA, Egypt
This paper is about reduction of power losses in distribution networks.
For this purpose, capacitor and feeder reconfiguration are applied.
An advanced optimization method is applied to solve the capacitor placement and the
optimal feeder reconfiguration problem.
The method is applied to a distribution system of a Taiwan Power Company.
The solver is based on the SPSO (Selective Particle Swarm Optimization) method, a
modification of PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)
Innovations are modification of the PSO method: a selected space is being searched by PSO
Conclusions are: the proposed SPSO is reliable and can be used for optimization of power
loss reduction in distribution networks.
84
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May 8th 2013
0124 Fault current limiter optimal placement by harmony search
algorithm Zare, Khazali, Hashemi, Katebi, Khalili, Iran
This paper is about
- Optimal placement of fault current limiters by using the harmony search algorithm.
Innovations are
- Use of harmony search algorithm for solving power system problem
Conclusions are
- Application of harmony search algorithm is possible
85
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May 8th 2013
0186 Investigating the Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Distribution
Congestion Soroush SHAFIEE, Mahmud FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD, Mohammad RASTEGAR, Iran
This paper studies the impact of PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) on the
performance of distribution networks.
The impact of the PHEV penetration level on congestion in the distribution system is
considered.
A model of the PHEV load is developed considering the electrical characteristic of the
PHEV battery, the plug-in time and the required charging energy.
The household load profile is represented as an average household load profile plus the
PHEV profile of assigned PHEVs.
An IEEE 34 node test grid is considered
Innovations: none
Conclusions: widespread use of PHEVs in distribution systems can cause significant
congestion due to coincidence of daily peak load and charging time of PHEVs.
86
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May 8th 2013
0227 IMPROVED NETWORK ANALYSIIS BY USIING DATA FROM SMART
METERS Lars GARPETUN, Sweden
This paper is about:
- network analysis and calculations based on meter values instead of traditional methods
using static load curves;
- monitoring the network losses with good accuracy;
- detecting wrongly installed meters and none measured consumption if the load is sufficient
high;
using data obtained with smart meters
Innovations: none.
Conclusions:
- More accurate values (Pmax) for network analyses
- Monitoring losses is possible - conditions: good data quality, reliable grid and consumer
information
87
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May 8th 2013
0333 COPULA-BASED MULTIVARIATE STOCHASTIC MODELING OF LOAD DEMANDDUE TO PLUG-IN
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN ORDER TO BE INTEGRATED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
Pashajavid, Aliakbar Golkar, Iran
This paper is about developing a multivariate probabilistic framework for PEV load
modelling to be embedded in system planning problems. In this way departure time,
arrival time and travelled distance distributions can be linked.
And it is about copula functions and distributions to represent uncertainties in EV
charging behaviour.
Innovations are the application of copula functions to represent EV charging
processes.
Conclusions are not clear.
88
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May 8th 2013
0347 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT MULTI-OBJECTIVE
APPROACHES TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORK PLANNING Alireza Haji, Bahman Jamshidi Eini, Morteza Mirvazand, Mohamadali Safari, Iran
This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of network
optimization methods for distribution planning and reconstruction.
Five categories of optimization methods have been described (high level) and three assessed:
- Chebyshev approaches
- Pre-emptive or lexicographical approaches
- Chebyshev approaches
- Weighted-sum approaches
Innovations: none
Conclusions:
- Chebyshev based models are capable of balancing conflicting objectives.
- Pre-emptive methods are powerful tools for focusing on the most important objectives.
- The results of weighted-sum methods are between these two extremes.
89
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May 8th 2013
0363 EMERGING RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS Jukka LASSILA Tero KAIPIA Juha HAAKANA Jarmo PARTANEN, Finland
This paper is about the results of a survey in Finland on interruption and security of
power supply.
And it is also about two main element in the survey: the customer compensation
payments and the maximum blackout duration limits.
Innovations are :
Conclusions are
- For DSOs, reaching the supply reliability targets call for significantly higher investment
volumes in an accelerated pace.
- The proposed reforms to the customer compensation scheme increase the financial risk of
DSCs, especially the smaller ones.
90
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May 8th 2013
(421) Development Of Probabilistic Daily Demand Curves For Different
Categories Of Customers UK
The paper presents a methodology for developing probabilistic daily demand curves
for different categories of consumers.
From deterministic Decomposed Daily Loading Curves (DDLC) incorporating
relevant uncertainties probabilistic DDLC are developed.
With different groups of deterministic and probabilistic DDLC, overall demand can
be predicted, that will facilitate more accurate estimation of dynamic response of
demand to network disturbances.
The probabilistic nature of the study enables close to real time prediction of demand
response as well as corresponding demand response shaping and such more
reliable demand side management and more secure network operation.
91
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May 8th 2013
0490 Managing uncertainty and updating parameters in electricity distribution asset condition
based risk investment models Black, Howarth, Nicholson, UK
This paper shares experience in how to improve a condition based risk model.
It describes in general terms how parameters, model choices and other aspects of
“Health Index” type of models can be updated over time.
The discussion remains high level and seems not very applicable.
92
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May 8th 2013
0512 A NOVEL ALGORITHM FOR LONG-TERM LOAD FORECASTING OF
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS UNDER REDEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS A. MOSHARI, Z. MADIHI, N. MOSLEMI, D. JALALI, IRAN
This paper is about how to make a good long-term forecast of a small area’s load
growth when the area is in redevelopment (e.g. from rural to suburban or from
suburban to urban).
Innovations are the parallel use own (isolated) load growth forecast and
identification of redevelopment in neighbouring areas to make a more educated
prediction of the load growth.
Conclusions are that for selected S-curve load growth cases the forecasting error
with the new algorithm reduces as much as 17%.
93
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May 8th 2013
(548) A New Method For Optimal Planning In Extensive Distribution Networks
Despite Uncertain Data Iran
This paper is about minimizing losses and investment by setting planning priorities
And it is about the methodology, as K-means clustering algorithm
- All objects in a cluster
- Share the same or closely related properties;
- Show small mutual distances or dissimilarities;
- Have “contacts” or “relations” with at least one other object in the group; or
- Be clearly distinguishable from the complement
- In the paper clusters are evaluated using Silhouette Global Index
Applied for real 11 kV grid
Specialised, non-Dutch, poor language
method may be interesting for specialists
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May 8th 2013
0565 Quantitative measurement of industrial risks in distribution networks Cammarota, De Giovanni, Cudemo, Noferi, ITALY
This paper is about a risk management framework as applied by Enel.
It presents how a risk framework is used as a day by day management tool.
95
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May 8th 2013
0567 IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF COMMONLY USED RISK
ANALYSIS METHODS APPLIED TO A REGIONAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Carl Johan WALLNERSTRÖM Patrik HILBER Julio GADEA TRAVI, Sweden
This paper describes the assessment of risk management performed at the power distribution
system of Gotland, the largest island in the Baltic Sea.
Existing risk analysis methods that could be relevant to use are reviewed and summarized,
currently performed risk analyses are evaluated.
Risk analysis methods applied: risk assessment of 70/30 kV lines, of 10 kV systems, risk, of
substations, risk ranking and risk mitigation plan.
Innovations: none
Conclusions: two problems with current risk management have been identified, one related
to the risk analysis of 70/30 kV lines and the other on the risk analysis used on substations.
Existing methods have been adjusted and these modified methods were then evaluated with
satisfactory results.
96
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May 8th 2013
0667 Potential for impr. rel. and reduced interruption costs utilizing smart grid tech. Kjølle, Vadlamudi, Kvistad, Tutvedt, NORWAY
This paper presents an example of how to quantify the benefits of smart grid
technology.
Using a case study, it is demonstrated how one could quantify the benefits of the
use of fault current sensors, which assists decisions on rollout and placement
Innovations are limited, but the example is worked out well.
97
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May 8th 2013
0698 Correlation between load density and voltage drop
S Emelin, France
This paper is about advantages and drawbacks of modifying voltage margin in LV
grids and its impact on grid length, number of substations and losses
And it is about a geometric model used to evaluate 4 types of configurations (low
and high density homes in a street and low and high density buildings)
Innovations are: possible shift from MV to LV voltage cable length
Conclusions are that when the density is high building a strong LV grid (with low
voltage margin) is fine, in “thin” low density situations more voltage margin reduces
the number of substations
98
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May 8th 2013
0779 ON THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK IN WIND FARM DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS Jorge MARTINEZ, Armando FERREIRA, Germany/USA
This paper is about the advantages of introducing a more realistic risk assessment
approach to real-world wind farms avoiding technically advanced approaches.
And it is also about the main limitations of probabilistic methods when analysing the
electrical balance of plant (EBoP) of one or a few wind farms.
Innovations are proposing two actions:
- Adjusting the failure rate λ of the Poisson/ exponential distribution of each component
- Including analysis of high impact low probability (HILP) events
Conclusions are
- A comprehensive risk assessment of a wind farm is proposed
- The main limitations of conventional probabilistic methods when analyzing one or only a few
wind farms are identified and a number of actions being proposed to mitigate the limitations.
99
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May 8th 2013
0787 IMPROVING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS WITH NEW AMR-
BASED LOAD PROFILES Antti MUTANEN Pertti JÄRVENTAUSTA Matti KÄRENLAMPI Pentti JUUTI, Finland
This paper describes two alternative methods for calculating AMR based load profiles. Both
load profiling methods models the load temperature dependency and random variation
separately.
- The first method used AMR measurements to update the existing customer class load
profiles but kept the customer classification unchanged
- The second method used k-means clustering to update both the load profiles and customer
classification.
- Individual load profiles were formed for large and abnormally behaving customers.
Hourly measurements from two Finnish distribution companies have been used.
Innovations: inclusion of seasonal temperature dependency
Conclusion: The new AMR based load profiles were better than the original load profiles.
When forecasting future loads, the cluster profiles had the best average fit. No significant
improvement in peak load forecasting capability was detected when compared with the
updated load profiles.
Challenge remains for peak load forecasting of the customer and distribution transformer.
100
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May 8th 2013
0816 Investigating the potential impact of superconducting distribution networks
M Elsherif, UK
This paper is about practical aspects of installing HTS equipment and new network
designs to reduce power loss and capital cost in the future
And it is about distribution grid voltage levels of 132kV, 33kVand 11kV with
overhead lines and cables and 3 cases investigated a) remove the 33kV by
expanding the 11kV, b) remove the 33kV by expanding the 132kV and c) partly
(half) remove the 11kV by expanding the 33kV by using HTS transformers and
cables
Innovations are the use of HTS transformers and cables, new network designs
Conclusions are high capital cost savings and loss reduction when using HTS
technology in the distribution grid although the risks (operation) are higher
101
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May 8th 2013
0827 CAPACITY VALUE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR NETWORK
CAPACITY PLANNING Chris DENT Peter DAVISON Simon BLAKE, UK
This paper proposes Effective Load Carrying Capability (ELCC) as a metric for visualising
the contribution of distributed generation to reliability of supply within the framework of the
Great Britain P2/6 distribution network planning standard. This is in analogy with definitions
of capacity value used at transmission level.
ELCC (applied at transmission level) is used to make the capacity value of an additional
generator specific
Concepts of capacity value may be used to visualise the contribution of DG to distribution
network reliability within the framework of a P2/6-like standard
Innovations: introduction of ELLC as a metric for visualsing the contribution of DG to
reliability of supply
Conclusions: future work is needed and should investigate the development of practical
planning standards based on the insights gained.
102
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May 8th 2013
0848 Experiences from implementing a risk based maint. strategy using an integrated
network info. and maint. system Nordgård, Solum, Langdal, NORWAY
This paper is about the implementation of a risk based maintenance strategy at a
Norwegian DSO
Conclusions are that a risk based maintenance strategy saves money compared to
a fixed interval based maintenance strategy.
103
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May 8th 2013
(861) Evaluation Of The Impact Of Electric Vehicles On Distribution
Systems Combining Deterministic And Probabilistic Approaches Brasil
Methodology for assessment of the impacts on the distribution network faced with
the presence of electric vehicles (EV)
Allocation of load of EV is through deterministic and probabilistic algorithms.
Paper considers
- Level of EV Penetration scenarios (2010 – 2020)
- Capacity and load curves of the batteries
- Spatial Allocation of EV Charging Stations
- Impact Evaluation in the Distribution Network
- sub transmission lines, HV/MV SS transformers, MV primary network,
MV/LV transformers, LV secondary network
- diagnostics, load, voltage profile, imbalance, losses
Practical overview of project
- Some language issues
104
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May 8th 2013
0888 SHORT-TERM NETWORK PLANNING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC Yalin HUANG Emil HAGSTRÖM Karin Alvehag Alberto Fernández Martínez Ying He, Sweden
This paper aims to identify distribution network planning rules related to connection of PV.
The planning rules are relatively easy to apply (hand calculations)
Simple rules (guidelines) are developed for connection of PV in radial LV networks. The
rules are based on DC approach of the network equations (only the resistance of connection
and distribution transformer are considered).
Only voltage constraints (voltage limits) are considered
The maximum PV connection can be hand calculated (using the rules/guidelines
The rules are validated using extensive simulations
Innovations: not really.
Conclusions: The proposed rules/guidelines provide good results for estimating the
maximum acceptable new DG in a network with several DG already installed.
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May 8th 2013
1063 INTEGRATED AC/DC NETWORK PLANNING
MOUSAVIZADEH Mahmoud Reza HAGHIFAM, Iran
This paper is about economic design of hybrid AC/DC distribution networks for
bipolar LVDC system configurations, area with different load densities and different
penetrations of distributed generation sources, considering various kinds of loads.
And it is also about using generic algorithm to determine optimal connection
configuration of loads, DG to the AC and DC substations.
Innovations are :
Conclusions are
- Through simulation results showing that hybrid AC/DC network implementation is more
economic than pure AC and DC network.
- Using power electronic devices in low voltage level can improve distribution system
economics.
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May 8th 2013
(1211) Utilisation Of Energy Storages To Secure Electricity Supply In Electricity
Distribution Networks Finland
utilisation of energy storages in the improvement of supply security by network
reliability model using Monte Carlo simulation.
Considers overhead MV and LV and low density of customers, so with high failure
frequencies, and little power
Storage is used to overcome momentary interruptions, manual switching times (and
(beginning of longer interruptions).
Methodology or setting of control and protection are not described
In case network a considerable proportion of the interruptions
can be cut with relatively small energy storages.
Methodology useful
data (thus business case) non-Dutch.
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May 8th 2013
1237 Flex. Dynamics in clusters of res. Demand response and DG MacDougall, Kok, Warmer, Roossien, NETHERLANDS
This paper is about TNO’s Power Matcher solution. It claims to investigate available
flexibility in aggregated loads. It tries to do this through simulations.
Innovations are unclear and limited: not clear whether this is ‘real’ measurements or
simulation. It is unclear what is meant by flexibility and how time shift of load is
taken into account. The results hardly say anything on dynamics.
Conclusions are that if you use flexibility at a certain time, this will limit the available
flexibility at a later moment.
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May 8th 2013
(1285) Strategic long term planning of asset investments in distribution
networks using the ASP tool Sweden
This paper describes the ASP tool (Asset Strategy Planning) and the importance of
trustable and reliable data from various departments within the company.
Describes data organization, organizational procedures, etc
Simulates how various efforts in maintenance and / or investments affect the asset
stock status, SAIDI and the cost picture for longer periods.
ASP benefits are:
- Control over network conditions and cost
- Improved communications
- Common language
- Obvious basis for decision
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May 8th 2013
1361 Prob. Grid planning with consideration of dispersed generation and electric vehicles Probst, Tenbohlen, Seel, Braun, GERMANY
This paper presents duration curves of load profile effects of PV and EV in low
voltage grid. Some of those are based on measurements
Additionally, it describes how this should and could be taken into account in grid
planning, albeit not too detailed.
Conclusion is that the dimensioning of the LV grid should take PV and EV into
account.
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May 8th 2013
1392 Synthetic three-phase load profiles REEZE, HOFMANN, GERMANY
This paper is about the modification of a method for the generation of individual
stochastic load profiles to gain synthetic three-phase load profiles which take
account of unbalance. An individual profile is created for each house connection
within the grid so that the different consumption behaviour in the domestic homes is
considered. Power flow calculations are used to determine the effects of unbalanced
loads.
It is concluded that the presented method offers a possibility for the examination of
distribution grids with unbalanced loading.
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May 8th 2013
(1495) Definition and Validation of Key Performance Indicators to Assess the
Effectiveness of “Smarting Actions” on a Distribution Network Italy
Systematic application of quantification of KPI’s in planning - A first set of KPIs associated to environmental aspects
- network efficiency;
- renewable generation integration;
- greenhouse gasses emission.
- Other KPIs can be defined considering technical aspects related to quality aspects - voltage profile improvement;
- line loading optimization;
- reactive power flow reduction.
Applied to - the application of FACTS devices
- the increasing of network rated voltage (with DER)
- the control of reactive power from renewable generation
Test Case: Cigré grid and Optimal Power Flow studies
Comparison of different KPI’s (each as %) unclear (at first reading)
112
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May 8th 2013
(1500) Distribution Network Planning In Presence Of
Fast Charging Stations For EV Italy
Fast Charging Station (FCS) requires high power (>=50 kW) and must be connected
to MV. Paper describes practical case study about consequences.
The simple direct connection of FCS to MV distribution may cause significant
investments for the DNO.
Correct power demand profiles are important, otherwise, the network investment
would be overestimated or underestimated, or cause power quality deterioration.
So, in-depth studies should be performed on future behavior of EV’s drivers.
mitigating solutions should be deeply investigated, e.g. “soft” connection of FCS
through integration of dedicated energy storage devices. Optimal allocation and
sizing of the FCS may be fruitful to reduce investments, without omitting the
potential benefits brought by the active management of the distribution network.
Uncertainties are still growing, introduced by renewable generation and
unconventional loads, and probabilistic approaches are becoming essential.
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May 8th 2013
0058 ELECTRICAL LOAD FORECASTS IN LONG-TERM AND IMPACT ON LOAD
MANAGEMENT APPLICATION BENDARY, MAHMOUD, EL-SHEIKH, EGYPT
This paper is about assessing the impact of demand side management when is is
applied at different sectors: residential, commercial, public, government, agriculture,
industrial and total load. Daily forecasts are made using three techniques: Adaptive
Network Fuzzy Inference System, Artifical Neural Network and Regression
technique. The ANFIS technique is found to be most suitable.
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May 8th 2013
0087 An integrated interval arithmetic approach for reactive power compensation of radial
distribution feeders
M. Abouelsaad, Egypt
This paper is about the application of a mathematical technique to address
uncertainties (due to load fluctuation) for optimal sizing and capacitor placing in
distribution feeders for reactive power compensation
And it is about medium voltage and economic optimisation
Innovations are: faster calculation method
Conclusions are: theoretical (simulation) achieves cost saving
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May 8th 2013
(132) Effect Of Financial And Technical Uncertainty On Distribution Network
Reconstruction Project Selection Iran
paper is focused on the effect of uncertainty on projects NPV. Focus on four types
of uncertainty: demand, interest rate, energy price and project effectiveness
uncertainty. The ENS and power loss reduction is strongly related to network load,
so energy demand change has an effect on distribution network projects profitability.
Very non-european figures and example.
Weight of each criterion in final decision can be determined by multi criteria decision
making (MCDM) methods like analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and TOPSIS. But
this is not further described.
study substantiates claim that a great many of attractive projects will not be
profitable unless the energy price considerably increases over time, especially in
developing countries with high interest rate.
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CIRED 2013
May 8th 2013
0176 Reduction of Energy Losses in Electrical Distribution Systems Hamed EMARA,Egypt KASSEM, Mohammed BADR, Egypt, Salwa ALI AHMED, Egypt
This paper is about minimization of power losses in an distribution system.
Causes of technical and non-technical losses are described.
Reduction of technical losses are considered by reconfiguration of the distribution system
Reduction of technical losses is seen as an minimization problem: minimize power system
losses by reconfiguring the distribution system
The solver is based on GA (Genetic Algorithm).
PRAO (tool developed by EdF) is used
The method is applied to a distribution network a Cairo (Egypt) region
Innovations: none
Conclusions: the applied GA method works.
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May 8th 2013
0249 EFFICIENT FORECAST SYSTEM FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS WITH
UNCERTAINTIES IN THE PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE RUEDA-MEDINA, PADILHA-FELTRIN, MANTOVANI, BRAZIL
This paper proposes an efficient forecasting system for DGs with uncertainties in the
primary energy source (e.g. wind/pv). The power generation uncertainty of these
DGs is reduced by running a multi-objective optimization algorithm in multiple
probabilistic scenarios combining the Monte Carlo method and Markov models. With
the outcome of the power generation profiles, load flow calculations are performed
to investigate losses.
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May 8th 2013
0415 PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF POWER CONTINUITY INDICATORS Ricardo MESSIAS Sofia PINTO, Portugal
This paper describes a method to predict a Power Continuity Indicator (PCI), taking
based on three drivers: aging of network components, past investments and
weather conditions.
The description of the method is unclear.
Innovations: the idea to predict power continuity indicators taking into account
various aspect such as weather conditions, past investment, condition and/or aging
of network components is very challenging.
Conclusions: The DSO could improve its insight about the impact of each driver in
their results. The impact of a management strategic option on the results can be
determimed to a certain extent.
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May 8th 2013
0487 THE CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING A SMART GRID ROADMAP FOR THE
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF IRAN SEYEDFARSHI, Sheyda; POURMOSTADAM, Kaveh - Iran
This paper is about the need for a smart grid roadmap for the distribution network of
Iran and the technical and non-technical challenges which have to be faced in order
to develop the roadmap
And it is about the three phases through which the road map should be developed
Conclusions are:
- Phase 1 consists of conducting research and performing pilot projects
- Phase 2 is about implementing AMI, communication and control technologies and performing pilot
projects with the implementation of DER in distribution networks
- In Phase 3 smart metering equipment should be installed at customers, demand response should be
implemented and the network should be fully equipped to support the implementation of distributed
generation and
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May 8th 2013
0559 THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION NEEDED FOR THE
PLANNING OF ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM M. Fan, Z. Zhang, T. Tian, China
This paper is about the information systems and available information which is
necessary to be used on the planning and optimization of Active Distribution System
(ADS).
And it is about the differences between Passive Distribution Networks (PDN) and
ADS in detail especially in the information requirements
Innovation is a simplified the future information model for ADS planning.
Conclusions are the development of information systems for ADS should closely
track the development of a variety of new type electricity customers, make full use of
smart meters to collect, aggregate and mining information.
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May 8th 2013
0851 DG ALLOCATION BASED ON MODIFIED NODAL PRICE WITH
CONSIDERATION OF LOSS AND RELIABILITY USING PSO MIRI LARIMI, HAGHIFAM, IRAN
This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization to determine the optimal size and
location of distributed generation in the distribution network to minimize load supply
cost and enhance reliability improvement.
The losses and marginal loss costs are minimized. Particle swarm optimization is
used to solve the optimization problem.
It is concluded that the optimal buses for DG placement are further away from the
main bus.
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May 8th 2013
(857) Mathematical Solutions For Electricity Networks In A Low Carbon
Future UK
Novel analytical methods will be required in order to optimise the use of household
level data. Paper briefly outlines some mathematical techniques which will play a
key role in better understanding the customer’s behaviour and create solutions for
supporting the network at the LV substation level.
Use of smart meter data
Clustering, forecasting, Smart Control of Storage
Looks specialized, but is more generic, some overview but no details.
Low Carbon not emphasized.
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May 8th 2013
0897 INDUSTRIAL LOAD SCHEDULING IN SMART POWER GRIDS BAHRAMI, Shahab; KHAZAELI, Farid; PARNIANI, Mostafa; Iran
This paper is about a new industrial load management strategy based on a modified
cost function
The novel load scheduling algorithm is developed in order to achieve a near optimal
scheduling by taking into account industrial users satisfaction, dynamic electricity
pricing and constraints regarding to electricity generation capacity
Innovations:
- Industrial load management is studied from a new point of view, namely taking into account a
multi-objective optimization problem to maximize the customers satisfaction and minimize
industrial sector cost
- A new optimization algorithm is proposed
Conclusions:
- The novel approach reduces peak load, regarding the impacts of load rates on the price and
customer satisfaction
- The proposed algorithm has near-optimum results with the high convergence speed
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May 8th 2013
1035 Impact of load and DER management on microgrid reliability Talari, Haghifam, IRAN
This paper shows that LV microgrids can be run in islanded or connected mode, and
presents a way of economic optimization of running the microgrid.
Additionally, it takes reliability considerations into account as well.
The study is based on a hypothetical microgrid, and it is unclear how this relates to
reality.
Conclusion is that the performance of the microgrid can be improved by using load
management and switching between islanded and connected mode.
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May 8th 2013
(1072) Reliability Analysis Of Distribution Network Investments Sweden
Reliability analysis in distribution (50 kV to 130 kV?) grids, in context of new
Swedish regulation.
“standard” analysis, including breakers and voltage dips.
Conclusions are about typical cases
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May 8th 2013
1178 ANALYSIS OF THE OPTIONS TO REDUCE THE INTEGRATION COSTS OF
REN. GEN. IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Antoine MINAUD, Christophe GAUDIN, ERDF - FRANCE
This paper is about analyzing the cost of DG/RES integration(mainly PV and wind)
in the MV and LV networks
And it is about studying innovative solutions (reactive power control, active power
control) to reduce these costs
Innovations are local reactive power control / curtailment to reduce costs of
integration distributed generation
Conclusions are:
- Local reactive power control should gain 20-40% on MV reinforcement costs and 10-20% on
LV reinforcement costs
- Curtailment of active power should gain 30% on MV reinforcement costs and 10-20% on LV
reinforcement costs
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May 8th 2013
1243 PLANNED-ORIENTED YEARLY SIMULATION OF ENERGY STORAGE OPERATION IN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION, VOLTAGE REGULATION AND RESERVE
PROVISIONNING
Seddik Yassine ABDELOUADOUD - France
This paper is about an algorithmic function suitable for planning purposes that
should stimulate the use of electrical storage in the market operation
And is it about the potential role of storage in the distribution networks, a
methodology to optimize the use of storage and applying this methodology to a case
study
Conclusions are: this research requires further investigations in terms of improving
the computational efficiency of the algorithm, adding other storage applications to
the model and integration it in an exhaustive distribution system planning process
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May 8th 2013
1245 SMART GRIDS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN IN SLOVENIAN DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS Bostjan BLAZIC - SLOVENIA
This paper presents a proposal for the implementation of smart grid concepts in
Slovenian distribution networks
The most relevant technologies and concepts are identified, an implementation plan
is proposed and costs are evaluated
Innovations are smart grid concepts
Conclusions:
- Implementation of smart grids could enable to lower the planned distribution network
investments from 4.2 billion to 3.7 billion €
- Most of the smart grid benefits occur on the distribution network side
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May 8th 2013
1284 Technical analyses of network structures regarding decentralized feed-in
M Aigner, Austria
This paper is about (PQ) effects on low voltage networks with a high feed-in of RES
(PV-inverters, small wind and hydro) for different future generation and consumption
scenarios
And it is about validation the outcome of the simulations with measurements in a
rural network (Austria) in with a medium sized generator with adjustable power
factor
Innovations are absent
Conclusions are active power mainly determines voltage change, reactive power
only limited but changes the current load of the network
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May 8th 2013
1428 ASSESSMENT OF THE INVESTMENT EFFORT IN HV AND MV
NETWORKS TO REDUCE ENERGY LOSSES José Carvalho Martins José Ribeiro da Silva Carlos Alberto Santos Francisco Cravo Branco J. Nuno Fidalgo Manuel A.
Matos Mário J. Couto , Portugal
This paper describes a methodology to select the most adequate reinforcement investments
in HV and MV network lines, based on a cost/benefit analysis.
The cost are related to reinforcement costs, the benefit to revenues related to avoided loss.
Key part in the methodology is the classification of MV networks according to the loss
reduction potential.
Then, MV networks having the larges loss reduction potential are selected for a more
detailed analysis.
Innovations: none
Conclusions: reinforcement investments in HV networks causes a larger global loss
reduction than those in MV networks.
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