PLANT LIFE 4thQ: Unit 1
Dec 22, 2015
PLANT LIFE
4thQ: Unit 1
How important is plant?
Plants make food, oxygen, provide habitats for animals, help to make and preserve soil, provide useful products for people (including food, fibers, medicines, and etc.) and help to beautify our environment.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants turn raw materials like carbon dioxide and water into glucose in the presence of light.
In some aspects, what makes plants better
than animals?
30 words…
10 points writing
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PLANT
95% of the fresh weight of a plant is water.
Water transports substances such as minerals and vitamins required for plant growth.
Water maintains plant’s turgidity.
Transpiration
During hot weather, water from plants evaporate to the environment through small openings in the leaves called stomata. This process is known as transpiration.
stomata
It’s an organ that regulates the water loss in plant.
Stomata consists of guard cells that controls the opening of the stoma.
Stoma closes at night to reduce the loss of water and opens at daytime to allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for photosynthesis.
The Role of Transpiration
It helps in transporting water and minerals to the plant.
Xylem carries water and dissolved mineral from roots to the stem and the leaves.
Phloem transports glucose from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering Plants
Flowering plants reproduce through sexual reproduction. Sepals – protect flower during bud
stage. Petals – are modified leaves that
attract insects for pollination and protect the stamen and pistil of the flower.
Stamen – male part Anther – has pollen sacs inside it
which are the place for pollen grains formation.
Pistil – female part Stigma – has sticky surface to enable
it to attach with the pollen grain. Style – joins the stigma with the
ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow towards the ovules.
Ovary - protects the ovule which is an ovum (female gamete).
Asexual Reproduction in Non-flowering Plants
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involves reproductive cells. Spore formation:
Ferns, Mosses, Mushrooms Vegetative reproduction
Stems (sugarcane), leaves (aloe vera), suckers (pineapple), and underground stems (onion)
Pollination
It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower.
Agents of pollination are wind, water, animals, and insects to transfer the pollen grains.
Step 1: An insect carries pollen from one flower to another Step 2: The stigma catches the pollen
Step 3: The pollen tube grows down to the ovary
Step 4: The pollen fertilizes the ovule
Step 5: The ovules develop into seeds
Step 6: The ovary develops into a fruit
Pollination to Fertilization
2 Types of Pollination
Self-Pollination: occurs between the same or different flower of the same plant.
Cross-Pollination: occurs between the flowers of different plants.
Wind Vs. Insect Pollinated Flowers
Wind and Insect Pollinated Flowers
The Development of Fruits and Seeds in Plants
After pollination, pollen grains germinate sugary solution causing the pollen tube to emerge, Nucleus tube (contains male gamete) found at the tip of the pollen tube penetrates the style into the ovule. The pollen tube breaks as it reaches the ovule and releases the male gamete in the ovary. Fertilization begins.
Zygote is formed
after fertilization.
Zygote experienced cell division to form
embryo.
The ovule develops into a seed and the
ovary develops into fruit.
Development after Fertilization
Seeds vs. Spores
SEEDS Larger in size and can be
seen and touched easily Multicellular located either in the fruit
or flower of flowering plants
germinates more easily disseminated by animals
that eat the fruit of flowering plants
SPORES Smaller or microscopic
size Unicellular Located underneath the
leaves of non-flowering plants
Spores requires a wet environment to germinate
Simply fall off or spread by the wind to propagate
MONOCOT VS. DICOT
Germination of Seed
During germination, the embryo will develop into a shoot, seedling and roots respectively.
Angio VS. Gymno
1. Angiosperm2. Gymnosperm3. Radicle4. Cotyledon5. Germination6. Autogamy7. No8. Gymnosperm9. Dicot10.Testa
Spelling & Vocabs
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Definition Seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary.
Seed-producing non-flowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”
Examples
Seeds Enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit.
Bare, not enclosed; found on scales, leaves or as cones.
Reproduction
Mostly rely on animals. Mostly rely on wind.
Uses Medications , food, clothing, etc...
Paper, Lumber , etc...
Condition for Germination
Suitable Temperature for enzyme reaction, Air for respiration, and Water to soften the testa (or seed coat).
4 COMMON TROPISMS IN PLANTS
1. Phototropism2. Geotropism3. Hydrotropism4. Thigmotropism
Stimuli and Responses to Plants in the Environment
Phototropism
It is he growth of plants in response to light.
Positive Phototropism is when the shoots grow towards light.
Negative Phototropism is when the roots grow away from light.
Geotropism
It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to gravity.
Hydrotropism
It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to water.
Thigmotropism
It is a growth response by plants to touch or contact with a solid structure.
TROPISM & NASTIC MOVEMENT
TROPISM
Are growth responses of plant to external stimuli.
Directional Movement Positive and Negative
Tropism Usually, plants
response for growth
NASTIC MOVEMENT
Are movements made by plants in response to external stimuli that may come from any direction
Usually, plants response to touch for defense
NASTIC MOVEMENT
Seismonastic – a type of nastic movement in response to touch to protect the plants against damage.
Application of Vegetative Reproduction
Technology of vegetative reproduction includes stem cutting and tissue culture.
STEM CUTTING – a method where a piece of twig is cut off from the parent plant and then placed in the soil. After a few days, grows into a new plant. (Sugar Cane)
TISSUE CULTURE – a method of reproduction which produces new plants called clone from the tissue of the parent plant. (Carrot)
TISSUE CULTURE
What is Biotechnology? What are the different types of Biotechnology? What is Agricultural Biotechnology? State one benefit of Agricultural
Biotechnology. How can Biotechnology help the environment? State one advantage of using Biotechnology.
BIOTECHNOLOGY