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Cellular Technology Background

2 G ( Second -generation wireless)

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM

standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary

benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were

digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum

allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data

services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

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After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were

retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio

signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the

radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.

2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G,

and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

2G technologies

2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards

depending on the type ofmultiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on

all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers

around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the

450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]

IS-95akacdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the

US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of

all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM

including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States

and Telus Mobility in Canada

IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in

the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

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2G Capacity

Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity

in two key ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively

than analogue voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing

more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.

The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets.

This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to be placed in the

same amount of space. This was made possible by cell towers and related

equipment getting less expensive.

Advantages of 2G

The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as

SMS and email.

Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more

"cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.

Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital

cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use ofradio scanners. While

the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially

advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which

have no protection against eavesdropping.

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Disadvantages of 2G

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach

a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on

higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on

lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which

dictate where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be

both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will

sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static,

while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will

start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog

slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few

words to get through.

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy

compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they

convey is reduced. You will hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking

on a digital cellphone, but you will hear it more clearly.

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3 G ( third -generation wireless)

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards

for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International

Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International

Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice

telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile

environment.

Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet

services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless

network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical

standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet

the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200

kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher

speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases,

often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several

Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

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The following standards are typically branded 3G:

the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily

in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other

regions predominated by GSM2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are

typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing

the same infrastructure:

o The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.

o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only

offered in China.

o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56

Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22

Mbit/s in the uplink.

the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used

especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-

95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids.

The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

3G History

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The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan

in 1998 branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of

W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in

Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader

availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.

The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle

of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first

commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business

by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying

customers.

The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea

on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second

South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to

see competition among 3G operators.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile

Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut

down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in

July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS

network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere

was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using

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UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World

Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison

Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in J June 2003.Emtel Launched the first

3G network in Africa.

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3

billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where

3G was launched first Japan and South Korea 3G penetration is over 70%. In

Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other

leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the

20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as

if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base

would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

Adoption

3G was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In some instances, 3G networks

do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely

new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially so to achieve high-end

data transmission rates. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading

transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the

replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with

deployment, many carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these updated

capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154

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HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile

Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA,

telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around

100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs

of additional spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) The license fees in some

European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a

limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's

potential.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of

the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mophone.

An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the

iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone,

leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also introduced

the term "mobile broadband" because its speed and capability make it a viable

alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks are

becoming increasingly common.

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4G (fourth-generation wireless)

Technology is improving day by day. When talking about 4G, question comes

to our mind is what is 4G Technology. 4G is the short name for fourth-generation

wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will super cede the third

generation (3G ). The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) official

name for 4G is "3G and beyond". But at this time nobody exactly knows the true 4G

definition. Some people say that 4G technology is the future technologies that are

mostly in their maturity period.

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defence Advanced Research

Projects Agency (DARPA). The DARPA selected the distributed architecture, end-to-

end Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in

which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in

the network eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.

Cellular systems such as 4G allow seamless mobility; thus a file transfer is not

interrupted in case a terminal moves from one cell (one base station coverage area) to

another, but handover is carried out. The terminal also keeps the same IP address

while moving, meaning that a mobile server is reachable as long as it is within the

coverage area of any server. In 4G systems this mobility is provided by the mobile IP

protocol, part of IP version 6, and while in earlier cellular generations it was only

provided by physical layer and data link layer protocols. In addition to seamless

mobility, 4G provides flexible interoperability of the various kinds of existing wireless

networks, such as satellite, cellular wireless, WLAN, PAN and systems for accessing

fixed wireless networks.

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While maintaining seamless mobility, 4G will offer very high data rates with

expectations of 100 Mbit/s wireless services. The increased bandwidth and higher data

transmission rates will allow 4G users the ability to utilize high definition video and the

video conferencing features of mobile devices attached to a 4G network. The 4G

wireless system is expected to provide a comprehensive IP solution where multimedia

applications and services can be delivered to the user on an 'Anytime, Anywhere' basis

with a satisfactory high data rate, premium quality and high security.

The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early assumed the

term 4G as a shorthand way to describe those advanced cellular technologies. Ideally,

4G would provide users with on demand high quality video and audio. The killer

application of 4G is not clear, but video is one of the big differences between 4G and

3G. 4G may use OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), and also

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) to better allocate network

resources to multiple users. 4G devices may use SDR (Software-defined radio)

receivers which allows for better use of available bandwidth as well as making use of

multiple channels simultaneously.

Although carriers still differ about whether to build 4G data networks using

Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WiMAX, all carriers seem to agree that OFDM is one of the chief indicators that a

service can be legitimately marketed as being 4G. OFDM is a type of digital modulation

in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies. This

is more efficient than TDMA, which divides channels into time slots and has multiple

users take turns transmitting bursts or CDMA, which simultaneously transmits multiple

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signals on the same channel.

Below are some of the Principal technologies used in 4G technology.

The Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:

o MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial

processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO

o Frequency-domain-equalization, for example Multi-carrier modulation

(OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization

(SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel

property without complex equalization.

o Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or

(Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. Linearly preceded OFDMA,

LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-

channels to different users based on the channel conditions

o Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR at

the reception side

Other principle technology used is Channel-dependent scheduling used to

utilize the time-varying channel. Link adaptation is to adaptive modulation and error-

correcting codes. Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative

relaying concept, known as multi-mode protocol

For 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at

100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s

for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).

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A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based

mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and

other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony,

gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.

4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate

requirements set by further development of existing 3G applications like mobile

broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but

also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow roaming with wireless local area networks,

and may interact with digital video broadcasting systems. In this kind of system, the

scientific knowledge is seen with a combination of with and without wire. If this 4G

technology is available for the people, one can transfer about 100 mega bytes per

second if it is in house or in office and in the same way, 1 giga byte per second in out

stations. It is possible to utilize the opportunities like wireless broadband access,

multimedia messaging service, video chat, mobile TV and high definition TV without

any interruption in services. There is also a facility to download not only video songs

but also the movies which are available in number of Giga Bytes. The data using 4G

scientific technology can be downloaded more when compared to that of 200 times

than 2G and 10 times more than with 3G. In the same way, the information can be

uplinked with a speed of 20 megabytes per second with 4G. When compared with the

normal Asymmetric digital subscriber line, the information that is uplinked will be 10-20

times more.

4G is described as MAGIC: mobile multimedia, any-time anywhere, global

mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. Some

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key features (primarily from users' points of view) of 4G mobile networks are:

High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology

Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost

Personalization

Integrated services

Below shows the evolution path toward the 4G technology with high mobility

and high date transmission rate.

When fully implemented, 4G is expected to enable pervasive computing, in

which simultaneous connections to multiple high-speed networks will provide seamless

handoffs throughout a geographical area. Coverage enhancement technologies such

as femtocelland picocell are being developed to address the needs of mobile users in

homes, public buildings and offices, which will free up network resources for mobile

users who are roaming or who are in more remote service areas. The expectation for

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the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming over end to end

Internet Protocol. If the Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement

achieves what it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or mobile

structural design will become progressively more translucent, and therefore the

acceptance of several architectures by a particular network operator ever more

common.

Technological Drivers for 4G

Long Term Evaluation (LTE)

Range At 900MHz band, range from 5km (optimum) to 100km (acceptable)At 2.6GHz band, typical range is 1km.

Spectra

Capable of supporting up to 200 users per 5MHz.Spectrum flexibility to scale channel size from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz700 and 1900 MHz in North America; 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe; 1800and 2600 MHz in Asia; 1800 MHz in Australia.

Bandwidth

pTheoretical download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennae, and 172.8Mbit/s for 2x antennae (utilizing 20 MHz of spectrum).

Theoretical upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/sfor every 20 MHz of spectrum using a single antenna.

About

Officially know as the 3GPP Long Term Evolution which is the lateststandard under the technology tree that produces the current GSMtechnology.Marketed as 4G but is actually a pre-4G standard to the precursor of LTEAdvanced. Designed to be forward compatible with LTE Advanced using thesame frequency bands but is not backward compatible with existing 3Gsystems.Supports MBMS multimedia servicesUses MIMO multiple antenna technologyNo soft handover, Intra-RAT handovers with UTRANSimpler E-UTRAN architecture; no RNC, no CS domain, no DCH

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LTE Network Architecture

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How LTE (Long Term Evolution) Works

As communication is a natural urge of human beings so he is constantly

struggling to improve the ways of fastest communication, LTE technology is the result

of such struggle. Introduction of LTE technology is not less than a miracle as it is

supposed to work at a 150 mbps speed while a data can be downloaded at 70 mbps

speed.

LTEs Providers Aspect

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Another plus point ofLTE technology is that it will lend a hand to 3G network

service providers CDMA and GSM via current spectrum and increase their workability

by speed up to 20 mbps as using the radio wave mechanism. It will not clash with the

3G services and will be able to use the same infrastructure for its functions.

LTE travels like radio waves with extra ordinary speed through the same

bandwidth transfers large amount of data. With the addition of LTE technology with

previous network more information could be send hence not only lower the cost but

also no need to set up a new network. There could be an adjustment on part of service

provider by placing the LTE on priority and the other services in time.

It is under consideration that LTEs independent set up will enhance the

proficiency of data transferring with additional features such as TV and multimedia

applications. Business will also take new dimensions, you can think about having a

mobile office. LTE technology will provide a platform for the different departments of a

worldwide business at one point through mobile internet.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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(WIMAX)

WiMAX, with its relatively superior performance and lower cost structure is,

Range Theoretically capable up to 50km depending on frequency and line of sight.Typical deployment at 5-8 km range.

SpectraSpectrum flexibility to scale channel size from 5MHz, 8.75MHz or 10MHz.2.5GHz in North America; 2.3GHz 3.5GHz in Asia.

Bandwidth

Theoretical maximum speeds of up to 75 Mbit/s (utilizing 20 MHz ofspectrum).

Latest ratification of the 802.16m standard (WIMAX-2) capable to reachspeeds of 300Mbit/s.

About

WiMax is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last milewireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL.Officially designated under the IEEE 802.16 standard.Designed as an extension of the Wi-Fi technology giving further range forbroadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots. Most commercialdeployments cater for Mobile WIMAX.WiMax eliminates the constraints of Wi-Fi.Unlike Wi-Fi, WiMax is intended to work outdoors over long distanceWiMax is a more Complex technology and has to handle issues ofimportance such as QoS guarantees, carrier-class reliability, NLOS.WiMax is not intended to replace Wi-Fi.Instead, the two technologiescomplement each other

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perhaps, the answer to broadband proliferation problem. WiMAX was evolved for high-

speed wireless data access (fixed and mobile) as compared to currently deployed

cellular technologies that were developed for voice. WiMAX:

Enables a faster wireless broadband service WiMAX Release 1.0 has a

higher peak rate and two to three times greater down link (DL) sector

throughput than HSPA Release 613, which means higher data transfer capacity

in the same quantum of spectrum allotted

Has a lower cost structure (CAPEX and operating costs): An all IP, flat

network architecture; With the adoption of globally harmonized spectrum

bands14 for BWA, costs of equipment (operator and customer premises) will

remain low due to significant economies of scale achieved through a well-

developed global ecosystem; and Has the highest spectral efficiency

Is scalable by ten times for speed capability and three times for spectral

efficiency improvements, and has a defined evolution path for 802.16m with

minimal upgrade costs, thus protecting investments made for todays 802.16e.

With superior data delivery performance at a lower cost as compared to 3G

technologies available today, WiMAX provides a cost-effective solution to mass

proliferation of high- speed broadband

How WiMAX Works

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In practical terms, WiMAX operates similarly to WiFi but:

1. At higher speeds,

2. Over greater distances, and

3. For a greater number of users.

WiMAX could potentially erase the suburban and rural blackout areas that currently

have no broadband Internet access because phone and cable companies have not yet

run the necessary wires to those remote locations.

A WiMAX system consists of two parts:

1. A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX

tower can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles

(~8,000 square km).

2. A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box orPCMCIA

card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today.

A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet using a high-bandwidth,

wired connection (for example, a T3 line). It can also connect to another WiMAX tower

using a line-of-sight, microwave link. This connection to a second tower (often referred

to as a backhaul), along with the ability of a single tower to cover up to 3,000 square

miles, is what allows WiMAX to provide coverage to remote rural areas.

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Difference Between LTE and WiMax

Aspect Mobile Wimax

(IEEE802.16)

LTE

(3GPP)

Core Network All IP network UTRAN moving towards all IP

Evolved UTRA CN with IMS

Access Technology :

Downlink (DL)

Uplink (UL)

OFDMA OFDMA

SC-FDMA

Frequency Band 2.3 -2.4 GHz, 2.496 2.69 GHz,

3.3. 3.8 GHz

Existing and new frequemcy bands(~2GHz)

Bitrate :

DL

UL

75Mbps (MIMO

2TX 2RX)

25Mbps

100 Mbps (MIMO 2TX 2RX)

50Mbps

Channel Bandwidth 5, 8.75, 10Mhz 1.25-20MHz

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Cell Radius 2 7km 5kmCell Capacity 100 200 users >200 users @ 5MHz

>400 users for larger bandwidth

Spectral Efficiency 3.75 bits/sec/Hz 5 bits/sec/Hz

Mobility :

Speed

Handovers

Up to 12km/hr

Optimized hard

handover

Up to 250km/hr

Inter-cell soft handover supported

Legacy IEEE802.16athrough 16d

GSM/GPRS/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPA

MIMO:

DLUL

No of code words

2Tx X 2Rx1Tx X NRx

(Collaborative SM)

1

2Tx X 2Rx2Tx X 2Rx

Standardization Coverage IEEE802.16 e-2005PHY and MAC

CN standardization

in Wimax Forum

RAN (PHY + MAC) + CN

Roaming Framework New Auto through existing

GSM/UMTS

Schedule Forecast :

Standard complete

Initial Deployment

Mass market

2005

2007 through 2008

2009

2007

2010

2012

Table 1: Mobile WiMax and LTE comparison

The parameters shown in Table 1 show that the Mobile WiMax and 3GPP-LTE

standards are technically similar. One difference between LTE and WiMAX is that they

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function on different frequencies, making their deployment slightly different. WiMAX is

made to work with new deployments, while LTE is made for existing mobile and

broadband deployments. Between LTE and WiMAX, LTE is slightly faster and WiMAX

is slightly easier to set up. The number of simultaneous users affects any carrier,

because more users need more bandwidth; LTE is slightly more affected by the

number of users than WiMAX. LTE and WiMAX are both capable of working with new

and existing broadband and mobile deployments. At the same time, LTE is meant to

work with existing systems and tends to be better at integrating existing networks.

WiMAX is meant more for new deployments and networks.

Following this observation, we may conclude that Mobile Wimax and LTE-

Anvanced are both have similar characteristics. Both technologies provide sufficient

solutions as well as future extensions to the current approaches. Therefore both

technologies are assured of a good future.

In Malaysia, DiGi will be the first mobile service provider to provide LTE (Long

Term Evolution) wireless broadband service in Malaysia. This brand new network will

be immediately capable of delivering download speeds of up to 42Mbps using HSPA+

and thereafter up to 4 times faster when the 4G/LTE (Long Term Evolution) spectrum

becomes available.

Another example, Proton collaborate with YTL's YES 4G to build in a WiFi in

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Protons car. The partnership will integrate future Proton models with Yes high-speed

mobile 4G connectivity, beginning with new Proton sedan, Proton Preve which has just

launched on 16th April 2012. This service that has built-in YES 4G connections is to

enable its driver and passengers enjoy broadband services in the car. The Internet

service is delivered via a portable Yes 4G Huddle, which can support up to five

devices. Yes 4G currently covers 65 percent of the 960 km North South Highway, and

a large portion of the East-Cost Expressway.

Furthermore, in 25th November 2011 YTL's YES 4G also announced its

collaboration with Samsung Malaysia Electronics (SME) Sdn. Bhd., a leading mobile

phone provider, to offer the best in mobility and performance. In conjunction with the

launch of the Samsung GALAXY Tab 8.9, Yes and Samsung are offering a special

package that combines Malaysias fastest 4G mobile router, the Yes Huddle, with

Samsungs latest tablet, the GALAXY Tab 8.9.

4G Players in Malaysia

4G

P1 WIMAX (Green Packet)

YES (YTL)

REDtone

Amax (Asiaspace)

Maxis (trials started)

Celcom (trials started)

P1 (announced plans to switch)

WIMAXWIMAX LTELTE

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Spectrum Allocation in Malaysia

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Communication Standards

Conclusion

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In conclusion, its known that technology advances so fast. In every 8 to 10

years we see new technologies in the mobile market, first came the 1G, after few years

2G came to surface, then 3G, nowadays the very popular and many say super fast

technology 4G. As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been

made to reduce a number of Technologies to a single global standard. The first

generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G)

has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation (3G),

which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly mobile

broadband experience, which will be further realized by the fourth generation (4G).

This latest and more enhanced technology will provide a unique experience to its

users. As we know that 4G technology is still being fully developed and aims to provide

fastest transfer rates maximum 1Gbps, now we cant even compare how much next

generation will offer.

3GPP Long Term Evolution has a large amount of potential to become the

technology of the future whose success will definitely guarantee that #GPP has a

significant edge over all its competitors. With the LTE-Advanced also adopting SC-

FDMA as the uplink technology, SC-FDMA seems to be an important future technology

and it is expected that the future would see a lot of research activity in this field. LTE

and LTE Advanced together seem to be very promising in fulfilling all the requirements

set forth by ITU for IMT Advanced.

WiMAX transitional costs are expected to be lower than any other comparable

4G technology. LTE is adopting technology and features like OFDMA already available

with Mobile WiMAX. Mobile WiMAX provides a simple, all-IP flat network, with all

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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols, which will only be available in LTE

and LTE advanced and not in existing cellular technologies such as 3G, which are

circuit-switched. Further, an LTE network is a more complex multi-layer network

burdened with proprietary 3G cellular protocols that will make it more expensive to

operate. A major advantage WiMAX offers is lower cost of IP, allowing new entrants

to compete with major telecom vendors and bring innovative and lower cost devices to

market. Further, the Open Patent Alliance (OPA) formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Cisco,

Clearwire, Intel, Samsung, Sprint, Alvarion and Huwaei22 with the objective of offering

an Intellectual Property Rights solution that will further support competitive

development and widespread adoption of WiMAX worldwide is another big plus for

WiMAX in lowering the cost of broadband solutions.

Discussion

WiMAX emerges as the quintessential answer to these problems, given its

superior performance and lower costs defined evolutionary path give it an edge over

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[2] E. Mustafa, Mobile Broadband: Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, 2009, page

21-30

[3] News & Events, Yes and Samsung To Offer The Best Value in Performance and

Mobility http://www.ytlcomms.my/EN/news_details.aspx?id=113 [accessed

14/04/2012].

[4] M Etoh ,Next Generation Mobile Systems: 3G and Beyond, Wiley 2005.

[5] TeliaSonera , first in the world with 4G services , 2009-12-14.

[6] ITU. "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G

standards". press release. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 1

June 2009.

[7] ITU. "What really is a Third Generation (3G)(3G) Mobile Technology" (PDF).

Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.

[8] Clint Smith, Daniel Collins. "3G Wireless Networks", page 136. 2000.

[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

[10] http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/4G

[11] http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/4G

[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

[13]http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8814007/Britains-first-4G-

trial-begins.html

[14] http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/4g.html