4.Counseling Theory Slides.pptx

THEORIES OF COUNSELING

WHAT IS A THEORYn Patterson (1986): Theory is a (a) set of

stated assumption regarding a certain field, (b) set of definitions of the ideas and concepts in the theory, (c) concepts that bear certain relationship to one another, and (d) hypothesis constructed from these assumptions, definitions and relationships Guidance and

Counselling, EDU3073

Continuum of theoriesn Frank Parsonsn 1909-1940s: developing better means

of assessing people aptitudes and interest

n Directive counselling heavily on advising and also known as trait-factor

n 1942 - Carl Rogers: Non-directive as helper is not adviser

n Directive vs non-directive?

Key points in different theoriesn Nature of human beingn Basic assumptionsn Goalsn Key concept/constructn Personality developmentn Adaptive/maladaptive behaviorn Learning process/changen Techniques

Guidance and Counselling,

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The Five Schools of Thought

n Psychodynamicn Human beings are basically determined by

psychic energy and by early experiences.n Unconscious motives and conflicts are

central in present behavior. Irrational forces are strong and the individual is driven by impulses.

n These impulses as solely sexual and aggressive.

n Early development is of critical importance as later personality problems are rooted in repressed childhood conflicts.


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Behavioral

n Humans are shaped and determined by socio-cultural conditioning.

n The view is basically one that is determinist as all behaviors are a product of learning through conditioning and reinforcement

n What was learnt can be unlearntGuidance and Counselling,

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Humanisticn Humans are viewed positively as we have a

basic inclination to become fully functioning. n The context of counselling is often focused

on the affective world of the client, moving towards self-actualization, gaining trust, spontaneity and focusing on the human condition.

n Humanistic approaches take a phenomenological, here-and-now approach.

n The relationship is thought to be fundamental to successful therapy.


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Cognitive-Behavioral

n What we think is the root of our emotional and behavioral life.

n Consequently a change in cognition will inevitably cause a change in our behaviors and emotions.

n Dysfunction and maladjustment are problems of faulty or irrational thoughts. Guidance and

Counselling, EDU3073

Emerging Approachesn As information on counseling is

collected new theories emerge. n Emerging approaches often include

aspects of previously founded theories.

n Contemporary emerging approaches tend to focus heavily on phenomenology, uman uniqueness, multicultural concerns and client empowerment.

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Psychoanalytic Approach

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The Structure of Personalityn THE IDThe Demanding Child

u Ruled by the pleasure principle

n THE EGOThe Traffic Copu Ruled by the reality principle

n THE SUPEREGOThe Judgeu Ruled by the moral principle

Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 4 (1)

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Conscious and UnconsciousConscious:Whats on the surfacei.e. logic, reality

Unconscious:What lies deep, below the surfacei.e. drives, instincts


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The Unconsciousn Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:

u Dreamsu Slips of the tongueu Posthypnotic suggestionsu Material derived from free-associationu Material derived from projective techniquesu Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the total mind


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Anxietyn Feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories and

desiresu Develops out of conflict among the id, ego and superego to control

psychic energy

n Reality Anxiety

n Neurotic Anxiety

n Moral Anxiety


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Ego-Defense Mechanismsn Ego-defense mechanisms:

u Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality

u Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed

u Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality


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The Development of Personality

n ORAL STAGE First yearu Related to later mistrust and rejection issues

n ANAL STAGE Ages 1-3u Related to later personal power issues

n PHALLIC STAGE Ages 3-6u Related to later sexual attitudes

n LATENCY STAGE Ages 6-12u A time of socialization

n GENITAL STAGE Ages 12-60u Sexual energies are invested in life


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roup, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.

Transference and Countertransferencen Transference

u The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be

inaccessible ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE allows the client to achieve insight into

the influence of the pastn Countertransference

u The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity

Not always detrimental to therapeutic goals; can provide important means of understanding your clients world

Countertransference reactions must be monitored so that they are used to promote understanding of the client and the therapeutic process.


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Psychoanalytic Techniquesn Free Association

u Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts

n Interpretationu Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is

revealed

n Dream Analysis u Therapist uses the royal road to the unconscious to bring

unconscious material to lightu Latent contentu Manifest content


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Resistancen Resistance

u Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material

n Analysis of Resistanceu Helps the client to see that canceling appointments, fleeing from

therapy prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against anxiety These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead

to a more satisfying life


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Application to Group Counseling

n Group work provides a rich framework for working through transference feelingsu Feelings resembling those that members have experienced toward

significant people in their past may emergeu Group members may come to represent symbolic figures from a clients

past

n Competition for attention of the leader provides opportunities to explore how members dealt with feelings of competition in the past and how this effects their current interactions with others.

n Projections experienced in group provide valuable clues to a clients unresolved conflicts


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Limitations of Classical Analysisn This approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic

groups

n Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors

n Minimizes role of the environment

n Requires subjective interpretation

n Relies heavily on client fantasy

n Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients


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Indivdual Psychology

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Alfred Adlers Individual Psychologyn Based on the holistic concept

n A phenomenological approach

n Teleological explanation of human behavior

n Social interest is stressed

n Birth order and sibling relationships

n Therapy as teaching, informing and encouraging

n Basic mistakes in the clients private logic

n The therapeutic relationshipa collaborative partnershipTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 5 (1)

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The Phenomenological Approachn Adlerians attempt to view the world from the clients subjective

frame of referenceu How life is in reality is less important than how the individual believes

life to beu It is not the childhood experiences that are crucial

it is our present interpretation of these events

n Unconscious instincts and our past do not determine our behavior


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Social Interestn Adlers most significant and distinctive concept

u Refers to an individuals attitude toward and awareness of being a part of the human community

u Embodies a community feeling and emphasizes the clients positive feelings toward others in the world

u Mental health is measured by the degree to which we successfully share with others and are concerned with their welfare

u Happiness and success are largely related to social connectedness


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Lifestylen A life movement that organizes the clients reality, giving meaning

to life u fictional finalism or guiding self idealu Psychiatric symptoms are failed attempts at achieving our lifestyle u Adlerian therapy helps clients to effectively navigate lifestyle tasks

n Lifestyle is how we move toward our life goalsu private logic u Values, life plan, perceptions of self and othersu Unifies all of our behaviors to provide consistencyu Makes all our actions fit together


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Inferiority and Superiorityn Inferiority Feelings

u Are normal u They are the wellspring of creativity.u Develop when we are young--characterized by early feelings of

hopelessness

n Superiority Feelings u Promote masteryu Enable us to overcome obstacles

n Related Complexes u Inferiority Complex u Superiority Complex


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Birth Ordern A concept that assigns probability to having a certain set of

experiences based on ones position in the family

n Adlers five psychological positions:u 1) Oldest child receives more attention, spoiled,

center of attentionu 2) Second of only two behaves as if in a race, often opposite to first

childu 3) Middle often feels squeezed outu 4) Youngest the babyu 5) Only does not learn to share or cooperate with other children, learns

to deal with adults


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Four Phases of Therapyn Phase 1: Establishing the Proper Therapeutic Relationship

u Supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging processu Person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of the problemu Help client build awareness of his or her strengths

n Phase 2: Exploring the Individuals Psychological Dynamicsu Lifestyle assessment

Subjective interview Objective interview Family constellation Early recollections Basic Mistakes


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Four Phases of Therapy

n Phase 3: Encouraging Self-Understanding/Insightu Interpret the findings of the assessmentu Hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made consciousu Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their

lifestyle

n Phase 4: Reorientation and Re-educationu Action-orientedu Useful vs. unhelpful


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Encouragementn Encouragement instills self confidence by expecting clients to

assume responsibility for their lives and embrace the fact that they can make changes

n Encouragement is the most powerful method available for changing a persons beliefsu Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courageu Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents people from

functioningu Clients are encouraged to recognize that they have the power to choose

and to act differently


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Application to Group Counselingn Group provides a social context in which members can develop a

sense of community and social-relatedness

n Sharing of early recollections increases group cohesiveness

n Action-oriented strategies for behavior change are implemented to help group members work together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life and others.

n Employs a time-limited framework


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Limitations of the Adlerian Approachn Adler spent most of his time teaching his theory as opposed to

systematically documenting itu Hence, some consider Adlerian theory simplistic

n Many of Adlers theoretical constructs (i.e. lifestyle) are difficult to measure and require empirical testing

n Research on treatment efficacy is limited


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Person Centered

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Person-Centered View of Human Nature

n At their core, humans are trustworthy and positive

n Humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives

n Humans innately gravitate toward self-actualizationu Actualizing tendency

n Given the right growth-fostering conditions, individuals strive to move forward and fulfill their creative nature


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Person-Centered Therapy (A reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches)

n Challenges:u The assumption that the counselor knows bestu The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis,

and interpretationu The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own

problems without direct helpu The focus on problems over persons


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Person-Centered Therapyn Emphasizes:

u Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible peopleu The persons innate striving for self-actualizationu The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the

therapeutic relationshipu The counselors creation of a permissive, growth-promoting climateu People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic

relationship


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Therapy is a Growth-Promoting Climate

n Congruenceu Genuineness or realness in the therapy sessionu Therapists behaviors match his or her words

n Unconditional positive regardu Acceptance and genuine caring about the client as a valuable personu Accepting clients as they presently areu Therapist need not approve of all client behavior

n Accurate empathic understanding u The ability to deeply grasp the clients subjective worldu Helper attitudes are more important than knowledge

The therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from the clients perspective


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Six Conditions (necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur)

u 1. Two persons are in psychological contactu 2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruenceu 3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the

relationshipu 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring

for the clientu 5. The therapist experiences empathy for the clients internal frame of

reference and endeavors to communicate this to the clientu 6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved


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The Therapistn Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship

n Provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the client is the agent of change and healing

n Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness

n Is genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a false front

n Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client

n Is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen self- knowledge and move toward self-actualizationTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (6)

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Application to Group Counselingn Therapist takes on the role of facilitator

u Creates therapeutic environmentu Techniques are not stressedu Exhibits deep trust of the group membersu Provides support for membersu Group members set the goals for the group

n Group setting fosters an open and accepting community where members can work on self-acceptance

n Individuals learn that they do not have to experience the process of change alone and grow from the support of group members


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Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy

n Various creative art forms u promote healing and self-discoveryu are inherently healing and promote self-awareness and insight

n Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life energy. u Feelings must be experienced to achieve self-awareness.

n Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform them, creating wholeness u Discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world.

n The clients inner world and outer world become unified.


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Conditions for Creativityn Acceptance of the individual

n A non-judgmental setting

n Empathy

n Psychological freedom

n Stimulating and challenging experiences

n Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel held back and may disengage from creative processes

n Safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to delve deeply into their experiences


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Limitations of the Person-Centered Approach

n Cultural considerationsu Some clients may prefer a more directive, structured treatmentu Individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with

direct expression of empathy or creativityu Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal

locus of control

n Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment difficult to standardize

n Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients

n Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine therapeutic relationship


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Gestalt Therapy

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Gestalt Therapyn Existential & Phenomenological it is grounded in the clients here

and now

n Initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing and doing nowu Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking

about situationsu Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to

become the hurt child


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Principles of Gestalt Theoryn Holism:

u The full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language and dreams

n Field theory:u The field is the clients environment which consists of therapist and client and all that

goes on between them u Client is a participant in a constantly changing field

n Figure Formation Process:u How an individual organizes experiences from moment to moment

Foreground: figure Background: ground

n Organismic self-regulation:u Emergence of need sensations and interest disturb an individuals equilibrium


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The Nown Our power is in the present

u Nothing exists except the nowu The past is gone and the future has not yet arrived

n For many people the power of the present is lostu They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions

and plans for the future


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Unfinished Businessn Feelings about the past are unexpressed

u These feelings are associated with distinct memories and fantasiesu Feelings not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere

with effective contact

n Result:u Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy and

self-defeating behavior


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Contact and Resistances to Contactn Contact

u Interacting with nature and with other people without losing ones individuality

n Boundary Disturbances/ resistance to contactu The defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present

fullyu Five major channels of resistance:

Introjection Deflection Projection Confluence Retroflection


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Six Components of Gestalt Therapy Methodology

n The continuum of experience

n The here and now

n The paradoxical theory of change

n The experiment

n The authentic encounter

n Process-oriented diagnosis


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Therapeutic Techniquesn The experiment in Gestalt Therapy

n Internal dialogue exercise

n Rehearsal exercise

n Reversal technique

n Exaggeration exercise

n Staying with the feeling

n Making the rounds

n Dream workTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 8 (7)

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Application to Group Counselingn Encourages direct experience and action

n Here-and-now focus allows members to bring unfinished business to the present

n Members try out experiments within the group setting

n Leaders can use linking to include members in the exploration of a particular individuals problem

n Leaders actively design experiments for the group while focusing on awareness and contact

n Group leaders actively engage with the members to form a sense of mutuality in the group


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Limitations of Gestalt Therapyn The approach has the potential for the therapist to abuse power by

using powerful techniques without proper training

n This approach may not be useful for clients who have difficulty abstracting and imagining

n The emphasis on therapist authenticity and self-disclosure may be overpowering for some clients

n The high focus on emotion may pose limitations for clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved


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Behavior Therapy

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Behavior Therapyn A set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of

psychological researchu Based on principles of learning that are systematically applied

Treatment goals are specific and measurableu Focusing on the clients current problems

To help people change maladaptive to adaptive behaviorsu The therapy is largely educational - teaching clients skills of self-

management


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Exposure Therapiesn In Vivo Desensitization

u Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event

n Floodingu Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high

levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them

n Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)u An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive

restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients


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Four Aspects of Behavior Therapyn 1. Classical Conditioning

u In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a passive organism

n 2. Operant Conditioningu Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce

consequences If the environmental change brought about by the behavior is

reinforcing, the chances are strengthened that the behavior will occur again. If the environmental changes produce no reinforcement, the chances are lessened that the behavior will recur


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Four Aspects of Behavior Therapyn 3. Social-Learning Approach

u Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individuals behavior and the environment

n 4. Cognitive Behavior Therapyu Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as a clients

self-talk) as mediators of behavior change


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Functional Assessment of Behaviorn A-B-C model

u Antecedent(s)u Behavior(s)u Consequence(s)

Antecedent Behavior Consequence


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Therapeutic Techniquesn Relaxation Training to cope with stress

n Systematic Desensitization for anxiety and avoidance reactions

n Modeling observational learning

n Assertion Training learning to express ones self

n Social Skills Training learning to correct deficits in interpersonal skills

n Self-Management Programs giving psychology away


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Therapeutic Techniquesn Multimodal Therapy a technical eclecticism

n Applied Behavior Analysis training new behaviorsu Particularly effective in working with developmentally delayed

individuals

n Dialectical Behavior Therapy-- learning emotional regulation and mindfulnessu Designed for the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

n Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy meditation and yoga

n Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - learning acceptance and non-judgment of thoughts and feelings as they occur


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Application of Behavior Therapy to Group Counseling

n Treatments u rely on empirical supportu emphasize self-management skills and thought restructuringu Are typically brief

n Leaders u use a brief, directive, psychoeducational approachu conduct behavioral assessments

n Leaders and members u create collaborative, precise treatment goalsu devise a specific treatment plan to help each member meet goalsu objectively measure treatment outcome


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Limitations of Behavior Therapyn Heavy focus on behavioral change may detract from clients experience of

emotions

n Some counselors believe the therapists role as a teacher deemphasizes the important relational factors in the client-therapist relationship

n Behavior therapy does not place emphasis on insight

n Behavior therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors

n There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this approach

n Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanisticTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 9 (9)

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REBT

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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

n Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing

n Assumes that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship

n Is highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with thinking as with feeling

n Teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations


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The Therapeutic Processn Therapy is seen as an educational process

n Clients learnu To identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviorsu To identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by self-

indoctrinationu To replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational

cognitionsu To stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs


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View of Human Naturen We are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking

n We have the biological and cultural tendency to think crookedly and to needlessly disturb ourselves

n We learn and invent disturbing beliefs and keep ourselves disturbed through our self-talk

n We have the capacity to change our cognitive, emotive, and behavioral processes


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The A-B-C Theory of Personalityn A

n activatingn event

Bbelief

Ddisputing

intervention

Eeffective

philosophy

FNew feeling

Cconsequence


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Irrational Ideasn Irrational ideas lead to self-defeating behavior

n Some examples:u I must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life.

u I must perform important tasks competently and perfectly.

u If I dont get what I want, its terrible, and I cant stand it.


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Application of CBT to Group Counseling

n Tailored for specific diagnoses such as anxiety, panic, eating disorders and phobias

n Treatments are standardized and based on empirical evidence

n Use of homework allows lessons learned in group to generalize to the clients daily environment

n Help members gain awareness of how their self-defeating thoughts influence what they feel and how they behave

n Heavy emphasis on psychoeducation and prevention of symptomsTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 10 (6)

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Aaron Becks Cognitive Therapy (CT)

n Insight-focused therapy

n Emphasizes changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs

n Theoretical Assumptionsu Peoples internal communication is accessible to introspectionu Clients beliefs have highly personal meaningsu These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being

taught or interpreted by the therapist


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Theory, Goals & Principles of CTn Basic theory:

u To understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance it is essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individuals reaction to the upsetting event or stream of thoughts

n Goals:u To change the way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach

the core schemata and begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring

n Principles:u Automatic thoughts: personalized notions that are triggered by particular

stimuli that lead to emotional responses


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CTs Cognitive Distortionsn Arbitrary inferences

n Selective abstraction

n Overgeneralization

n Magnification and minimization

n Personalization

n Labeling and mislabeling

n Polarized thinkingTheory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 10 (9)

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Becks Cognitive Triadn Pattern that triggers depression

1. Clients hold negative views of themselvesu I am a lousy person

2. Selective Abstractionu Client interprets life events through a negative filteru The world is a negative place where bad things are bound to happen

to me

3. Client holds a gloomy vision of the futureu The world is bleak and it isnt going to improve


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Donald Meichenbaums Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM)

n Focus:u Clients self-verbalizations or self-statements

n Premise:u As a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they

think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others

n Basic assumption:u Distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts


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Meichenbaums CBMn Self-instructional therapy focus:

u Trains clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope

u Emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills

n Cognitive structure: u The organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct

the choice of thoughtsu The executive processor, which holds the blueprints of thinking that

determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking


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Behavior Change & Coping (CBM)

n 3 Phases of Behavior Changeu 1. Self-observationu 2. Starting a new internal dialogueu 3. Learning new skills

n Coping skills programs Stress inoculation training (3 phase model)u 1. The conceptual phaseu 2. Skills acquisition and rehearsal phaseu 3. Application and follow-through phase


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Limitations of Cognitive Behavior Therapyn Extensive training is required to practice CBT

n Therapist may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what constitutes rational thinking on a clientu Therapists must take special care to encourage clients to act rationally

within the framework their own value system and cultural context

n The strong confrontational style of Ellis REBT may overwhelm some clients

n Some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of exploring a clients past experiences


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Realty Therapy

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Reality Therapy Basic Beliefsn Symptoms are the result of choices weve made in our lives

u We can chose to think, feel and behave differently

n Emphasis is on personal responsibility

n Therapists function is to keep therapy focused on the present

n We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs

n We act responsibly when we meet our needs without keeping others from meeting their needs


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Basic Needsn All internally motivated behavior is geared toward meeting one or

more of our basic human needsu Belongingu Poweru Freedomu Funu Survival (Physiological needs)

n Our brain functions as a control system to get us what we want

n Our quality world consists of our visions of specific people, activities, events, beliefs and situations that will fulfill our needs


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Procedures That Lead to Change: The WDEP System

n W Wants - What do you want to be and do?u Your picture album

n D Doing and Direction - What are you doing?u Where do you want to go?

n E Evaluation - Does your present behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want?

n P Planning SAMIC3


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Planning For Changen S Simple - Easy to understand, specific and concreten A Attainable - Within the capacities and motivation

of the clientn M Measurable - Are the changes observable and helpful?n I Immediate and Involved - What can be done today?

What can you do?n C Controlled - Can you do this by yourself or will

you be dependent on others?n - Can you do this on a continuous basis?


Transparency Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 11 (5)

Total BehaviorOur Best Attempt to Satisfy Our Needs

n DOING active behaviors

n THINKING thoughts, self-statements

n FEELINGS anger, joy, pain, anxiety

n PHYSIOLOGY bodily reactions

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Application of Reality Therapy to Group Counseling

n Group leaders and members jointly determine goals and plans of action

n In group, members explore new courses of behavior that will bring them closer to getting what they want out of life

n Leaders challenge group members to evaluate for themselves if what they are currently doing is working for them

n Feedback from leaders and group members can help individuals design realistic and attainable plans

n Group setting encourages members to take an active stance in attaining change in their lives


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Copyright 2009 Wadsworth Group. Brooks/Cole is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.

Limitations of Reality Therapyn Some feel it does not adequately address important psychological concepts

such as insight, the unconscious, dreams and transference

n Clinicians may have trouble viewing all psychological disorders (including serious mental illness) as behavioral choices

n There is a danger for the therapist of imposing his or her personal views on clients by deciding for the client what constitutes responsible behavior

n Reality therapy is often construed as simple and easy to master when in fact it requires much training to implement properly.

n More empirical support is needed


4.Counseling Theory Slides.pptx

Documents

n dysfunction

reinforcement n

n emerging approaches

n humanistic approaches

n early development

edu3073cognitivebehavioral

n unconscious motives

context of counselling