49972120余允中(entailment)

2014.12.02

Course: Pragmatics

Presenter: 49972120 余允中Maggie

Instructor: Professor Huang

Outline Exercise 1

Entailment

Exercise 3

Exercise 2

Analytic / Synthetic / Contradiction

Exercise 1 It’s been an amazing year for Crystal Palace over the

past 12 months.

The robbery was committed by a pair of identical twins, both are said to be about age 20.

Send in your competition answers with your name, age, and how old you are.

So you’re a housewife and a mother. Do you have any children?

Exercise 1 Examples

There is a cat with four legs.

陳先生，請問您貴姓?

There is a dog with three legs.

Entailment Generally speaking, entailment is not a pragmatic

concept, but instead is considered a purely logical concept, symbolized by ||.

-- Yule, George “Pragmatics”

A relationship between two sentences such that if the first is true, the second must also be true.

Having to do with speaker meaning

Exercise 3 Annie caught a trout.

Annie caught a fish.

Annie is thin.

Annie is not fat.

Annie baked a cake.

Annie baked something.

A

B

B is an entailment of A.

A entails (||) B.Hyponym

Exercise 3 Examples

David stole a pound of beef.

David took a pound of beef.

全班的學生都喜歡英文。

有人喜歡英文。

Exercise 2 My mother is a woman.

My mother is a doctor.

The tiger is unhappy.

The tiger is an animal.

My mother is a boy.

The tiger is a reptile.

True

True

False

False

Unknown

Unknown

Analytic / Synthetic / Contradiction An analytic sentence is one that is necessarily true, as a

result of the meaning of the words in it.

A contradiction is a sentence that is necessarily false, as a result of the meaning of the words in it.

A synthetic sentence is one which is not analytic but may be either true or false depending on the way the world is.

Analytic / Synthetic / Contradiction You would need other, non-linguistic, information

about my mother and the particular tiger I am referring to.

Synthetically True

Synthetically False

Analytic / Synthetic / Contradiction Examples

影帝張家輝入行以來因和“大哥”張學友外形十分相像，多讓人誤會為張學友的親弟弟，而張家輝對此毫不避諱更大呼 “張學友確實是我哥”、 “他很有個人魅力”等等，對“大哥”張學友的敬愛之情溢於言表。“親大哥”是假，兩人確為多年好友，私下關係好到足以“兄弟”相稱。此次騙倒眾網友，同樣也得到粉絲的稱讚“影帝好演技！”